502
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Topography and crime in place: The effects of elevation, slope, and betweenness in San Francisco street segments

References

  • Atash, F. (1994). Redesigning suburbia for walking and transit: Emerging concepts. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 120(1), 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(1994)120:1(48)
  • Baumer, E. P. (2002). Neighborhood disadvantage and police notification by victims of violence. Criminology, 40(3), 579–616. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00967.x
  • Bernasco, W., & Block, R. (2011). Robberies in Chicago: A block-level analysis of the influence of crime generators, crime attractors, and offender anchor points. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 48(1), 33–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427810384135
  • Bernasco, W., Ruiter, S., & Block, R. (2016). Do street robbery location choices vary over time of day or day of week? A test in Chicago. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 54(2), 244–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427816680681
  • Boessen, A., & Hipp, J. R. (2015). Close-ups and the scale of ecology: Land use and the geography of social context and crime. Criminology, 53(3), 399–426. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12074
  • Brantingham, P., & Brantingham, P. (1995). Criminality of place: Crime generators and crime attractors. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 3(3), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02242925
  • Brantingham, P. L., & Brantingham, P. J. (1984). Patterns in crime. Macmillan.
  • Brantingham, P. L., & Brantingham, P. J. (1993). Nodes, paths and edges: Considerations on the complexity of crime and the physical environment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13(1), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80212-9
  • Breetzke, G. D. (2012). The effect of altitude and slope on the spatial patterning of burglary. Applied Geography, 34, 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.10.017
  • Browning, C. R., Byron, R. A., Calder, C. A., Krivo, L. J., Kwan, M.-P., Lee, J.-Y., & Peterson, R. D. (2010). Commercial density, residential concentration, and crime: Land use patterns and violence in neighborhood context. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 47(3), 329–357. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427810365906
  • Byun, G., & Ha, M. (2016). Factors of a surveillance environment that affect burglaries in commercial districts. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 15(1), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.15.73
  • Cotes, J. E., & Meade, F. (1960). The energy expenditure and mechanical energy demand in walking. Ergonomics, 3(2), 97–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140136008930473
  • Davies, T., & Johnson, S. D. (2015). Examining the relationship between road structure and burglary risk via quantitative network analysis. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 31(3), 481–507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-014-9235-4
  • Dean, G. A. (1965). An analysis of the energy expenditure in level and grade walking. Ergonomics, 8(1), 31–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140136508930772
  • Felson, M., & Boba, R. (2010). Crime and everyday life (4th ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Freeman, L. C. (1977). A set of measures of centrality based on betweenness. Sociometry, 40(1), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.2307/3033543
  • Freeman, L. C. (1978). Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification. Social Networks, 1(3), 215–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8733(78)90021-7
  • Frith, M. J., Johnson, S. D., & Fry, H. M. (2017). Role of the street network in burglars’ spatial decision-making*. Criminology, 55(2), 344–376. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12133
  • Gilderbloom, J. I., Riggs, W. W., & Meares, W. L. (2015). Does walkability matter? An examination of walkability’s impact on housing values, foreclosures and crime. Cities, 42(Part A), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2014.08.001
  • Groff, E. R., & Lockwood, B. (2014). Criminogenic facilities and crime across street segments in Philadelphia: Uncovering evidence about the spatial extent of facility influence. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51(3), 277–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427813512494
  • Haberman, C. P., & Kelsay, J. D. (2020). The topography of robbery: Does slope matter? Journal of Quantitative Criminology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-020-09451-z
  • Hilbe, J. M. (2007). Negative binomial regression. Cambridge University Press.
  • Hipp, J. R. (2007). Block, tract, and levels of aggregation: Neighborhood structure and crime and disorder as a case in point. American Sociological Review, 72(5), 659–680. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240707200501
  • Hipp, J. R., & Boessen, A. (2013). Egohoods as waves washing across the city: A new measure of “neighborhoods”. Criminology, 51(2), 287–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12006
  • Hipp, J. R., & Kim, Y.-A. (2019). Explaining the temporal and spatial dimensions of robbery: Differences across measures of the physical and social environment. Journal of Criminal Justice, 60, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2018.10.005
  • Hipp, J. R., Kim, Y.-A., & Wo, J. C. (2020). Micro-scale, macro-scale, and temporal scale: Comparing the relative importance for robbery risk in New York City. Justice Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2020.1730423
  • Hipp, J. R., Wo, J. C., & Kim, Y.-A. (2017). Studying neighborhood crime across different macro spatial scales: The case of robbery in 4 cities. Social Science Research, 68, 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2017.08.007
  • Hunter, L. C., Hendrix, E. C., & Dean, J. C. (2010). The cost of walking downhill: Is the preferred gait energetically optimal? Journal of Biomechanics, 43(10), 1910–1915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.03.030
  • Inlow, A. R. (2020). Does land use matter? Understanding homicide counts beyond the effects of social disorganization. Homicide Studies, 24(4), 311–332. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088767919884672
  • Jacobs, J. (1961). The death and life of great American cities. Random House.
  • Johnson, S. D., & Bowers, K. J. (2010). Permeability and burglary risk: Are cul-de-sacs safer? Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 26(1), 89–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-009-9084-8
  • Kawamura, K., Tokuhiro, A., & Takechi, H. (1991). Gait analysis of slope walking: A study on step length, stride width, time factors and deviation in the center of pressure. Acta Medica Okayama, 45(3), 179–184. https://doi.org/10.18926/AMO/32212
  • Kawata, A., Shiozawa, N., & Makikawa, M. (2007). Estimation of energy expenditure during walking including up/down hill. Paper read at World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering 2006, 2007 at Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Kim, E. J., & Kim, H. (2020). Neighborhood walkability and housing prices: A correlation study. Sustainability, 12(2), 593. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020593
  • Kim, Y.-A. (2018). Examining the relationship between the structural characteristics of place and crime by imputing census block data in street segments: Is the pain worth the gain? Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 34(1), 67–110.
  • Kim, Y.-A., & Hipp, J. R. (2020a). Pathways: Examining street network configurations, structural characteristics and spatial crime patterns in street segments. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 36, 725–752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-019-09428-7
  • Kim, Y.-A., & Hipp, J. R. (2020b). Street egohood: An alternative perspective of measuring neighborhood and spatial patterns of crime. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 36, 29–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-019-09410-3
  • Kurtz, E. M., Koons, B. A., & Taylor, R. B. (1998). Land use, physical deterioration, resident-based control, and calls for service on urban streetblocks. Justice Quarterly, 15(1), 121–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829800093661
  • Land, K. C., McCall, P. L., & Cohen, L. E. (1990). Structural covariates of homicide rates - Are there any invariances across time and social space? American Journal of Sociology, 95(4), 922–963. https://doi.org/10.1086/229381
  • Litman, T. A. (2003). Economic value of walkability. Transportation Research Record, 1828(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.3141/1828-01
  • Meeder, M., Aebi, T., & Weidmann, U. (2017). The influence of slope on walking activity and the pedestrian modal share. Transportation Research Procedia, 27, 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.12.095
  • Megler, V., Banis, D., & Chang, H. (2014). Spatial analysis of graffiti in San Francisco. Applied Geography, 54, 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.06.031
  • Morenoff, J. D., Sampson, R. J., & Raudenbush, S. W. (2001). Neighborhood inequality, collective efficacy, and the spatial dynamics of urban violence. Criminology, 39(3), 517–559. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00932.x
  • Newman, O. (1972). Defensible space. Macmillan New York.
  • Oberwittler, D., & Wikstrom, H. (2009). Why small is better: Advancing the study of the role of behavioral contexts in crime causation. In D. Weisburd, W. Bernasco, & G. Bruinsma (Eds.), Putting crime in its place: Units of analysis in spatial crime research (pp. 35–59). Springer.
  • Osgood, D. W. (2000). Poisson-based regression analysis of aggregate crime rates. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 16(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007521427059
  • Ousey, G. C., & Kubrin, C. E. (2018). Immigration and crime: Assessing a contentious issue. Annual Review of Criminology, 1(1), 63–84. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-092026
  • Peterson, R. D., & Krivo, L. J. (2010). Divergent social worlds: Neighborhood crime and the racial-spatial divide. Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Pierce, J., & Kolden, C. A. (2015). The hilliness of U.S. cities. Geographical Review, 105(4), 581–600. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2015.12099.x
  • Pratt, T. C., & Cullen, F. T. (2005). Assessing macro-level predictors and theories of crime: A meta-analysis. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and justice: A review of research (pp. 373–450). The University of Chicago Press.
  • Reynald, D. M., & Elffers, H. (2009). The future of Newman’s defensible space theory: Linking defensible space and the routine activities of place. European Journal of Criminology, 6(1), 25–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370808098103
  • Sampson, R. J., & Groves, B. (1989). Community structure and crime: Testing social-disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology, 94(4), 774–802. https://doi.org/10.1086/229068
  • Sherman, L., Gartin, P., & Buerger, M. (1989). Hot spots of predatory crime: Routine activities and the criminology of place. Criminology, 27(1), 27–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1989.tb00862.x
  • Sherman, L. W. (1995). Hot spots of crime and criminal careers of places. Crime and Place, 4, 35–52.
  • Sousa, A., Santos, B., & Goncalves, J. (2019). Pedestrian environment quality assessment in Portuguese medium-sized cities. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 471(6), 062033. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/471/6/062033
  • Stucky, T. D., & Ottensmann, J. R. (2009). Land use and violent crime. Criminology, 47(4), 1223–1264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00174.x
  • Summers, L., & Johnson, S. D. (2017). Does the configuration of the street network influence where outdoor serious violence takes place? Using space syntax to test crime pattern theory. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 33(2), 397–420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-016-9306-9
  • Sun, J. I. E., Walters, M., Svensson, N., & Lloyd, D. (1996). The influence of surface slope on human gait characteristics: A study of urban pedestrians walking on an inclined surface. Ergonomics, 39(4), 677–692. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139608964489
  • Taylor, R. B. (1988). Human territorial functioning: An empirical, evolutionary perspective on individual and small group territorial cognitions, behaviors, and consequences. Cambridge University Press.
  • Taylor, R. B., Koons, B. A., Kurtz, E. M., Greene, J. R., & Perkins, D. D. (1995). Street blocks with more nonresidential land use have more physical deterioration: Evidence from Baltimore and Philadelphia. Urban Affairs Review, 31(1), 120–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/107808749503100106
  • Twinam, T. (2017). Danger zone: Land use and the geography of neighborhood crime. Journal of Urban Economics, 100, 104–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2017.05.006
  • Weisburd, D., Groff, E. R., & Yang, S.-M. (2012). The criminology of place: Street segments and our understanding of the crime problem. Oxford University Press.
  • Wo, J. C. (2019a). Mixed land use and neighborhood crime. Social Science Research, 78, 170–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.12.010
  • Wo, J. C. (2019b). Understanding the differential effects of land uses on crime: An examination across Philadelphia neighborhoods. British Journal of Criminology, 59(6), 1432–1454. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azz019
  • Wortley, R., & Mazerolle, L. (2008). Environmental criminology and crime analysis. Routledge.
  • Wright, R. T., & Decker, S. H. (1997). Armed robbers in action: Stickups and street culture. Northeastern University Press.
  • Yang, Y., & Diez-Roux, A. V. (2012). Walking distance by trip purpose and population subgroups. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 43(1), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.03.015
  • Ye, V. Y., & Becker, C. M. (2018). The Z-axis: Elevation gradient effects in urban America. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 70(C), 312–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2017.10.002
  • Zipf, G. K. (1949). Human behavior and the principle of least effort: An introduction to human ecology. Addison-Wesley.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.