Hidden barriers and divisive architecture: The role of “everyday space” in conflict and peacebuilding in Belfast

References

• Addley, E. (2007, August 1). British troops leave after 38 years. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/aug/01/northernireland.military
   Google Scholar
• Alcorn, D. (1982, April). Who plans Belfast? Scope Magazine, 4–6.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, B. (2012). Affect and biopower: Towards a politics of life. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 37(1), 28–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2011.00441.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, T., & Conlon, B. (2013). In the shadow of the peace walls: Art, education, and social reconstruction in Northern Ireland. Art Education, 66(4), 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043125.2013.11519230
   Google Scholar
• BBC News. (2000). Army posts being removed. Last Modified June 2, 2000. Retrieved March 3 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/774116.stm.
   Google Scholar
• BBC News. (2005). Army begins removing Divis post. Last Modified August 2, 2005. Retrieved March 3 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4738029.stm
   Google Scholar
• Belfast Interface Project. (2014). Exchanging perceptions. Belfast Interface Project.
   Google Scholar
• Belfast Interface Project. (2018). Reflected lives: Intergenerational oral histories of Belfast’s peace wall communities. Belfast Interface Project.
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Joseph, E. (1995). Changing the residential street scene: Adapting the shared street (woonerf) concept to the suburban environment. Journal of the American Planning Association, 61(4), 504–515. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369508975661
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beresford, D. (1982, March 13). Security forces build on Belfast’s sectarian divide. The Guardian, p. 13.
   Google Scholar
• Bereskin, E. (2015). Infrastructures of partition, infrastructures of juncture: Separation barriers and intercommunal contact in Belfast and Nicosia. New Diversities, 17(2), 35–58. https://newdiversities.mmg.mpg.de/?page_id=2184
   Google Scholar
• Berrisford, S. (2011). Unravelling apartheid spatial planning legislation in South Africa. Urban Forum, 22(3), 247–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-011-9119-8
   Google Scholar
• Boal, F. W. (1969). Territoriality on the Shankill-Falls divide, Belfast. Irish Geography, 6(1), 30–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/00750776909555645
   Google Scholar
• Boal, F. W. (1971). Territoriality and class: A study of two residential areas in Belfast. Irish Geography, 6(3), 229–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/00750777109555666
   Google Scholar
• Boal, F. W. (1982). Segregating and mixing: Space and residence in Belfast. In F. W. Boal & N. Douglas (Eds.), Integration and division: Geographical perspectives on the Northern Ireland problem (pp. 249–280). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boal, F. W. (1987). Segregation. Progress in social geography. Croom Helm.
   Google Scholar
• Boal, F. W. (1995). Shaping a city: Belfast in the late twentieth century. Institute of Irish Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Bollens, S. A. (1999). Urban peacebuilding in divided societies: Belfast and Johannesburg. Westview Press Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Bollens, S. A. (2001). City and soul: Sarajevo, Johannesburg, Jerusalem, Nicosia. City, 5(2), 169–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604810120092454
   Google Scholar
• Brett, C. E. B. (1986). Housing a divided community. Institute of Public Administration.
   Google Scholar
• Browne, B., & Dwyer, C. (2014). Navigating risk: Understanding the impact of the conflict on children and young people in Northern Ireland. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 37(9), 792–805. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2014.931213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan, D. (2015). Parades, flags, carnivals, and riots: Public space, contestation, and transformation in Northern Ireland. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 21(4), 565–573. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000136
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, J., Gormley-Heenan, C., Morrow, D., Rosato, M., & Cook, S. (2017). Analysing baseline data on peace walls (5): Exploring the socio-economic, education and employment factors. Institute for Research in Social Sciences (IRiSS) Ulster University.
   Google Scholar
• Byrne, J., Gormley-Heenan, C., Morrow, D., & Sturgeon, B. (2015). Public attitudes to peace walls (2015) survey results. Institute for Research in Social Sciences (IRiSS) Ulster University.
   Google Scholar
• Byrne, J., Gormley-Heenan, C., & Robinson, G. (2012). Attitudes to peace walls: Research report to Office of First Minister and Deputy First Minister. University of Ulster.
   Google Scholar
• Calame, J., & Charlesworth, E. (2009). Divided cities: Belfast, Beirut, Jerusalem, Mostar, and Nicosia. University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Caner, G., & Bölen, F. (2016). Urban planning approaches in divided cities. AZ ITU Journal of Faculty of Architecture, 13(1), 139–156. https://doi.org/10.5505/itujfa.2016.74936
   Google Scholar
• Catney, G. (2014). ‘Religious’ concentration and health outcomes in Northern Ireland. In C. D. Lloyd, I. G. Shuttleworth, & D. W. S. Wong (Eds.), Social-spatial segregation: Concepts, processes, and outcomes (pp. 335–362). Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Community Relations Commission Research Unit. (1971). Flight: A report on population movement in Belfast during August, 1971. Community Relations Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Cowan, R. (1982). Belfast’s hidden planners. Town and Country Planning, 6(56), 163–165.
   Google Scholar
• Cownie, E. (2008). The Whitewell Youth Mediation Project. Engaging with disaffected youths in an interface context: A case study. Belfast Interface Project.
   Google Scholar
• Coyles, D. (2013). Reflections on Titanic Quarter: The cultural and material legacy of an historic Belfast brand. The Journal of Architecture, 18(3), 331–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602365.2013.804855
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyles, D. (2017). The security-threat-community. City, 21(6), 699–723. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2017.1412598
   Google Scholar
• Coyles, D., Spier, S., & Wylie, D. (2013). Connected communities: Communities as constructs of people and architecture. Council, Arts and Humanities Research Council.
   Google Scholar
• Cummings, E. M., Shirlow, P., Browne, B., Dwyer, C., Merrilees, C. E., & Taylor, L. K. (2016). Growing up on an interface: Findings and implications for the social needs, mental health and lifetime opportunities of Belfast youth. Office of the First Minister and Deputy First Minister.
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham, N. (2013). ‘The doctrine of vicarious punishment’: Space, religion and the Belfast Troubles of 1920–22. Journal of Historical Geography, 40(1), 52–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2013.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham, T. (2014). Changing direction: Defensive planning in a post-conflict city. City, 18(4–5), 455–462. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2014.939466
   Google Scholar
• Darby, J. P. (1976). Conflict in Northern Ireland: The development of a polarised community. Gill and Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Darby, J. P., & Morris, G. (1974). Intimidation in housing. Community Relations Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Dawson, G. (2016). Memoryscapes, spatial legacies of conflict, and the culture of historical reconciliation in ‘postconflict’ Belfast. In P. Gobodo-Madikizela (Ed.), Breaking intergenerational cycles of repetition: A global dialogue on historical trauma and memory (pp. 135–159). Barbara Budrich Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Dawson, G. M. (1984). Defensive planning in Belfast. Irish Geography, 1(17), 27. https://doi.org/10.1080/00750778409478858
   Google Scholar
• De Jong, F., & Rowlands, M. (2008). Postconflict heritage. Journal of Material Culture, 13(2), 131–134. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359183508090894
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department for Infrastructure. (2014). Living places: An urban stewardship and design guide for Northern Ireland.
   Google Scholar
• Department for Regional Development. (2010). Regional development strategy 2035: Building a better future.
   Google Scholar
• Department for Social Development. (2013). Urban regeneration and community development policy framework.
   Google Scholar
• Department of Justice. (2012). Building safer, shared and confident communities: A community safety strategy for Northern Ireland 2012-2017.
   Google Scholar
• Department of Justice. (2018). Department of Justice Interface Programme. Retrieved September 18, 2018, from https://www.justice-ni.gov.uk/articles/department-justice-interface-programme
   Google Scholar
• Department of the Environment. (2015). Strategic Planning Policy Statement for Northern Ireland (SPPS): Planning for sustainable development.
   Google Scholar
• Doherty, P., & Poole, M. A. (1997). Ethnic residential segregation in Belfast, Northern Ireland, 1971–1991. Geographical Review, 87(4), 520–536. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.1997.tb00088.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy, G., & Gallagher, T. (2017). Shared education in contested spaces: How collaborative networks improve communities and schools. Journal of Educational Change, 18(1), 107–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-016-9279-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esposito de Vita, G., Trillo, C., & Martinez-Perez, A. (2016). Community planning and urban design in contested places. Some insights from Belfast. Journal of Urban Design, 21(3), 320–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2016.1167586
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essex Planning Officers Association. (1973). Essex design guide for residential areas. Anchor Press.
   Google Scholar
• Evelegh, R. (1978). Peace keeping in a democratic society: The lessons of Northern Ireland. McGill-Queen’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• Forde, S. (2016). The bridge on the Neretva: Stari Most as a stage of memory in post-conflict Mostar, Bosnia–Herzegovina. Cooperation and Conflict, 51(4), 467–483. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836716652430
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (1972). The archeology of knowledge. Travistock.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish. Vintage.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972-1977. Harvester Press.
   Google Scholar
• Franzén, M. (2009). Matters of urban segregation. Proceedings to the 7th International Space Syntax Symposium, School of Architecture and Built Environment, KTH Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, M. (1996). John Bull’s other homes: State housing and British policy in Ireland, 1883-1922. Liverpool University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Garland, D. (2014). What is a “history of the present”? On Foucault’s genealogies and their critical preconditions. Punishment & Society, 16(4), 365–384. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474514541711
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldie, R., & Ruddy, B. (2010). Crossing the line: Key features of executive practice in the development of shared space in areas close to an interface. Belfast Interface Project.
   Google Scholar
• Gormley-Heenan, C., Byrne, J., & Robinson, G. (2013). The Berlin walls of Belfast. British Politics, 8(3), 357–382. https://doi.org/10.1057/bp.2013.11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimes, S. (1993). Residential segregation in Australian cities: A literature review. International Migration Review, 27(1), 103–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839302700105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, D. M. (1988). Political manipulation of urban space: The razing of District Six, Cape Town. Urban Geography, 9(6), 603–628. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.9.6.603
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepburn, A. C. (1994). Long division and ethnic conflict: The experience of Belfast. In S. Dunn (Ed.), Managing divided cities (pp. 88–104). Ryburn Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Hepburn, A. C. (1996). A past apart: Studies in the history of Catholic Belfast, 1850-1950. Ulster Historical Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Hocking, B. (2012). Beautiful barriers: Art and identity along a Belfast ‘peace’ wall. Anthropology Matters Journal, 14(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.22582/am.v14i1.273
   Google Scholar
• Huck, J. J., Whyatt, J. D., Dixon, J., Sturgeon, B., Hocking, B., Davies, G., Jarman, N., & Bryan, D. (2019). Exploring segregation and sharing in Belfast: A PGIS approach. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 109(1), 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2018.1480930
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, A., & Wickham, G. (1994). Foucault and law: Towards a sociology of law as governance. Pluto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jarman, N., & O’Halloran, C. (2001). Recreational rioting: Young people, interface areas and violence. Child Care in Practice, 7(1), 2–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13575270108413230
   Google Scholar
• Jones, E. (1960). A social geography of Belfast. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly, G., Gray, A., Hamilton, J., Melaugh, M., Lynn, B., & Robinson, G. (2018). Northern Ireland peace monitoring report: Number five. Community Relations Council.
   Google Scholar
• Komarova, M., & Bryan, D. (2014). Introduction: Beyond the divided city: Policies and practices of shared space. City, 18(4–5), 427–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2014.939480
   Google Scholar
• Koopman, S. (2011). Let’s take peace to pieces. Political Geography, 4(30), 193–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2011.04.013
   Google Scholar
• Kraay, J. (1986). Woonerfs and other experiments in the Netherlands. Built Environment, 12(1/2), 20–29. https://www.swov.nl/en/publication/woonerfs-and-other-experiments-netherlands
   Google Scholar
• Leonard, M. (2006). Teens and territory in contested spaces: Negotiating sectarian interfaces in Northern Ireland. Children’s Geographies, 4(2), 225–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733280600807112
   Google Scholar
• Leonard, M., & McKnight, M. (2011). Bringing down the walls: Young people’s perspectives on peace‐walls in Belfast. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 31(9/10), 569–582. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443331111164151
   Google Scholar
• McAlister, S., Scraton, P., & Haydon, D. (2009). ‘Insiders’ and ‘outsiders’: Young people, place and identity in Northern Ireland. Shared Space, 9, 69–83. https://www.community-relations.org.uk/sites/crc/files/media-files/Insiders%20and%20Outsiders-%20yound%20peole%20place%20and%20identity.pdf
   Google Scholar
• McAlister, S., Scraton, P., & Haydon, D. (2014). Childhood in transition: Growing up in ‘post-conflict’ Northern Ireland. Children’s Geographies, 12(3), 297–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2014.888399
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCafferty, K. (2001). Ethnicity and language change: English in (London) Derry, Northern Ireland. John Benjamins Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• McEvoy-Levy, S. (2012). Youth spaces in haunted places: Placemaking for peacebuilding in theory and practice. International Journal of Peace Studies, 17(2), 1–32. https://www.gmu.edu/programs/icar/ijps/Vol17_2/McEvoy-LevyISAYouthSpaces.pdf
   Google Scholar
• McKeown, B., & Thomas, D. B. (2013). Q methodology. Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Megoran, N. (2011). War and peace? An agenda for peace research and practice in geography. Political Geography, 30(4), 178–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2010.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrissey, M., & Gaffikin, F. (2006). Planning for peace in contested space. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 30(4), 873–893. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2006.00696.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muir, J. (2014). Neoliberalising a divided society? The regeneration of Crumlin Road Gaol and Girdwood Park, North Belfast. Local Economy, 29(1–2), 52–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269094213516279
   Google Scholar
• Murtagh, B. (1992). Sectarian interface research in Belfast: Project management and implementation. University of Ulster.
   Google Scholar
• Murtagh, B. (1995). Image making versus reality: Ethnic division and the planning challenge of Belfast’s peace lines. In W. J. V. Neill, D. S. Fitzsimons, & B. Murtagh (Eds.), Reimaging the pariah city: Urban development in Belfast & Detroit (pp. 209–230). Avebury.
   Google Scholar
• Murtagh, B. (2018). Contested space, peacebuilding and the post-conflict city. Parliamentary Affairs, 71(2), 438–460. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsx031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murtagh, B., Boland, P., & Shirlow, P. (2017). Contested heritages and cultural tourism. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 23(6), 506–520. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2017.1287118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murtagh, B., & Murphy, A. (2011). Environmental affordances and children in post-conflict Belfast. Space and Polity, 15(1), 65–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562576.2011.567903
   Google Scholar
• Nagle, J., & Clancy, M. A. C. (2010). Shared society or benign apartheid?: Understanding peace-building in divided societies. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Neill, W. J., Murray, M., & Grist, B. (2013). Relaunching Titanic: Memory and marketing in the new Belfast. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Newman, O. (1972). Defensible space. Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Newman, O. (1976). Design guidelines for creating defensible space. National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Nolan, P. (2012). The Northern Ireland peace monitoring report: Number one. Community Relations Council.
   Google Scholar
• Nolan, P. (2013). The Northern Ireland peace monitoring report: Number two. Community Relations Council.
   Google Scholar
• Nolan, P. (2014). The Northern Ireland peace monitoring report: Number three. Community Relations Council.
   Google Scholar
• Northern Ireland Housing Executive. (2015). The Housing Executive’s community cohesion strategy 2015-2020.
   Google Scholar
• Northern Ireland Office. (1998). The Agreement.
   Google Scholar
• Office of the First Minister and Deputy First Minister (OFMDFM). (2013). Together: Building a united community.
   Google Scholar
• O’Neill, S. (2000). Liberty, equality and the rights of cultures: The marching controversy at Drumcree. The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 2(1), 26–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-856X.00023
   Google Scholar
• Parkinson, A. (2004). Belfast’s unholy war: The troubles of the 1920s. Four Courts Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rabinow, P., & Foucault, M. (1984). Space, knowledge and power. In P. Rabinow (Ed.), The Foucault reader (pp. 239–256). Pantheon.
   Google Scholar
• Rafferty, G. (2012). Embracing the creation of shared space: Considering the potential intersection between community planning and peace-building. Space and Polity, 16(2), 197–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562576.2012.721509
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, A. (1969). Geographical field work in an Irish border area: Londonderry and Moville. Department of Geography, Bishop Grosseteste College of Education.
   Google Scholar
• Rolston, B. (2004). The war of the walls: Political murals in Northern Ireland. Museum International, 56(3), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1350-0775.2004.00480.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnell, I., & Benjamini, Y. (2005). Globalisation and the structure of urban social space: The lesson from Tel Aviv. Urban Studies, 42(13), 2489–2510. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980500380402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal, R., Tartakover, D., & Weizman, E. (2003). A civilian occupation: The politics of Israeli architecture. Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, M. (2014). The Cyprus game: Crossing the boundaries in a divided island. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 12(2), 262–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2014.892424
   Google Scholar
• Shirlow, P., & Murtagh, B. (2006). Belfast: Segregation, violence and the city. Pluto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Skinner, J. (2016). Walking the falls: Dark tourism and the significance of movement on the political tour of West Belfast. Tourist Studies, 16(1), 23–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468797615588427
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tumarkin, M. M. (2005). Traumascapes: The power and fate of places transformed by tragedy. Melbourne University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weizman, E. (2010). Legislative attack. Theory, Culture & Society, 27(6), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276410380937
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weizman, E. (2012). Hollow land: Israel’s architecture of occupation. Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Wiedenhoft Murphy, W. A. (2010). Touring the troubles in West Belfast: Building peace or reproducing conflict? Peace & Change, 35(4), 537–560. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0130.2010.00655.x
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, R. (2016). The Northern Ireland peace monitoring report: Number four. Community Relations Council.
   Google Scholar
• Wylie, D. (2007). British watchtowers. Steidl.
   Google Scholar
• Yiftachel, O. (1998). Planning and social control: Exploring the dark side. Journal of Planning Literature, 12(4), 395–406. https://doi.org/10.1177/088541229801200401
   Google Scholar
• Yiftachel, O. (2010). From Sharon to Sharon: Spatial planning and separation regime in Israel/Palestine. HAGAR Studies in Culture, Polity and Identities, 10(1), 71–104. http://www.geog.bgu.ac.il/members/yiftachel/new_papers_2009/yiftachel%20sharon%20to%20sharon%20Hagar%2010-1%20(2010).pdf
   Google Scholar
• Yiftachel, O. (2015). Epilogue—From ‘gray space’ to equal ‘metrozenship’? Reflections on urban citizenship. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 39(4), 726–737. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12263
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yiftachel, O., & Yacobi, H. (2003). Urban ethnocracy: Ethnicization and the production of space in an Israeli ‘mixed city.’ Environment and Planning D, 21(6), 673–694. https://doi.org/10.1068/d47j
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, O. (2013). Identifying potential for sharing education in interface areas. Belfast Interface Project/Institute for Conflict Research.
   Google Scholar