The reinforcement of pedestrian safety in the central business district: A spatial analysis of Austin, Texas

References

• Arancibia, D., Farber, S., Savan, B., Verlinden, Y., Smith Lea, N., Allen, J., & Vernich, L. (2019). Measuring the local economic impacts of replacing on-street parking with bike lanes. Journal of the American Planning Association, 85(4), 463–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2019.1638816
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernhardt, M., & Kockelman, K. (2021). An analysis of pedestrian crash trends and contributing factors in Texas. Journal of Transport & Health, 22(May), 101090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2021.101090
   Google Scholar
• Birch, C. P. D., Oom, S. P., & Beecham, J. A. (2007). Rectangular and hexagonal grids used for observation, experiment and simulation in ecology. Ecological Modelling, 206(3–4), 347–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.03.041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birch, E. L. (2009). Downtown in the “New American City.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 626(1), 134–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716209344169
   Google Scholar
• Briz-Redón, Á., Martínez-Ruiz, F., & Montes, F. (2019). Estimating the occurrence of traffic accidents near school locations: A case study from Valencia (Spain) including several approaches. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 132(July), 105237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2019.07.013
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burayidi, M. A. (2018). Downtown revitalization in small and midsized cities (No. PAS Report 590). American Planning Association.
   Google Scholar
• Cho, G., Rodríguez, D. A., & Khattak, A. J. (2009). The role of the built environment in explaining relationships between perceived and actual pedestrian and bicyclist safety. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 41(4), 692–702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• City of Austin. (2018). Pedestrian safety action plan. https://www.austintexas.gov/department/pedestrian-safety-action-plan
   Google Scholar
• City of Austin. (2020). Austin Transportation gives pedestrians head start at 110 downtown intersections for improved safety. Retrieved September 24, 2021 from https://austintexas.gov/news/austin-transportation-gives-pedestrians-head-start-110-downtown-intersections-improved-safety
   Google Scholar
• Credit, K., & Mack, E. (2019). Place-making and performance: The impact of walkable built environments on business performance in Phoenix and Boston. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 46(2), 264–285. https://doi.org/10.1177/2399808317710466
   Google Scholar
• Ding, C., Chen, P., & Jiao, J. (2018). Non-linear effects of the built environment on automobile-involved pedestrian crash frequency: A machine learning approach. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 112(August 2017), 116–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2017.12.026
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dumbaugh, E., & Li, W. (2010). Designing for the safety of pedestrians, cyclists, and motorists in urban environments. Journal of the American Planning Association, 77(1), 69–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2011.536101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumbaugh, E., Li, W., & Joh, K. (2013). The built environment and the incidence of pedestrian and cyclist crashes. URBAN DESIGN International, 18(3), 217–228. https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.2013.2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esri. (n.d.) What is areal interpolation? Retrieved September 25, 2020 from https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/latest/extensions/geostatistical-analyst/what-is-areal-interpolation.htm
   Google Scholar
• Ewing, R., & Dumbaugh, E. (2009). The built environment and traffic safety. Journal of Planning Literature, 23(4), 347–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412209335553
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, D. J., & Glaister, S. (2003). Spatial variation in road pedestrian casualties: The role of urban scale, density and land-use mix. Urban Studies, 40(8), 1591–1607. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098032000094441
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang, J., Joh, K., & Woo, A. (2017). Social inequalities in child pedestrian traffic injuries: Differences in neighborhood built environments near schools in Austin, TX, USA. Journal of Transport & Health, 6, 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2017.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, J. (1961). The death and life of great American cities. Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Kaparias, I., Bell, M. G. H., Dong, W., Sastrawinata, A., Singh, A., Wang, X., & Mount, B. (2013). Analysis of pedestrian–vehicle traffic conflicts in street designs with elements of shared space. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2393(1), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.3141/2393-03
   Google Scholar
• Larned, T. (2020, February 17). Pedestrian traffic deaths hit high in Austin since 2015. KVUE.
   Google Scholar
• LaScala, E. A., Gerber, D., & Gruenewald, P. J. (2000). Demographic and environmental correlates of pedestrian injury collisions: A spatial analysis. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 32(5), 651–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-4575(99)00100-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, B. A., Reardon, S. F., Firebaugh, G., Farrell, C. R., Matthews, S. A., & O’Sullivan, D. (2008). Beyond the census tract: Patterns and determinants of racial segregation at multiple geographic scales. American Sociological Review, 73(5), 766–791. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240807300504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litman, T. A. (2003). Economic value of walkability. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1828(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.3141/1828-01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, J. S., & Freese, J. (2014). Regression models for categorical dependent variables using Stata (3rd ed.). StataCorp LP.
   Google Scholar
• Lord, D., & Mannering, F. (2010). The statistical analysis of crash-frequency data: A review and assessment of methodological alternatives. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 44(5), 291–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2010.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loukaitou-Sideris, A., Liggett, R., & Sung, H.-G. (2007). Death on the crosswalk: A study of pedestrian-automobile collisions in Los Angeles. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 26(3), 338–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X06297008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, R. L., & Zisman, S. B. (1962). The pedestrian, downtown, and the planner. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 28(3), 152–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944366208979437
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, R. E. (2017). The central business district: A study in urban geography. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Nashad, T., Yasmin, S., Eluru, N., Lee, J., & Abdel-Aty, M. A. (2016). Joint modeling of pedestrian and bicycle crashes: Copula-based approach. Transportation Research Record, 2601(1), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.3141/2601-14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2015). Critical reasons for crashes investigated in the National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey (No. DOT HS 812 115). U.S. Department of Transportation. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812115
   Google Scholar
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2019). 2018 fatal motor vehicle crashes: Overview (No. DOT HS 812 826). U.S. Department of Transportation. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812826
   Google Scholar
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2020). 2018 pedestrians traffic safety fact sheet (No. DOT HS 812 850). U.S. Department of Transportation. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812850
   Google Scholar
• Parajuli, A., & Pojani, D. (2018). Barriers to the pedestrianization of city centres: Perspectives from the Global North and the Global South. Journal of Urban Design, 23(1), 142–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2017.1369875
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, K. M., Koch, F. H., Oswalt, C. M., & Iannone, B. V. (2016). Data, data everywhere: Detecting spatial patterns in fine-scale ecological information collected across a continent. Landscape Ecology, 31(1), 67–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-015-0295-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, K. A. (1993). Pedestrianization strategies for downtown planners: Skywalks versus pedestrian malls. Journal of the American Planning Association, 59(3), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369308975887
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, R. J., & Blackburn, L. (2019). Pedestrian transportation research: Past and future. Transportation Research Board.
   Google Scholar
• Siddiqui, C., Abdel-Aty, M., & Choi, K. (2012). Macroscopic spatial analysis of pedestrian and bicycle crashes. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 45, 382–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoker, P., Garfinkel-Castro, A., Khayesi, M., Odero, W., Mwangi, M. N., Peden, M., & Ewing, R. (2015). Pedestrian safety and the built environment. Journal of Planning Literature, 30(4), 377–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412215595438
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streicher, B. (2020, January 1). Austin sees rise in traffic deaths in 2019. KVUE. https://www.kvue.com/article/news/local/austin-sees-rise-in-traffic-deaths-in-2019/269-0c37d5f1-e1b1-43c1-8855-3e9fcd1fd945
   Google Scholar
• Topp, H., & Pharoah, T. (1994). Car-free city centres. Transportation, 21(3), 231–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01099212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, A. E. (2020). Legal tools for achieving low traffic zones. Environmental Law Reporter, 50(4), 10329–10342. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/elrna50&i=309
   Google Scholar
• Ukkusuri, S., Hasan, S., & Aziz, H. M. A. (2011). Random parameter model used to explain effects of built-environment characteristics on pedestrian crash frequency. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2237(1), 98–106. https://doi.org/10.3141/2237-11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ukkusuri, S., Miranda-Moreno, L. F., Ramadurai, G., & Isa-Tavarez, J. (2012). The role of built environment on pedestrian crash frequency. Safety Science, 50(4), 1141–1151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2011.09.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2017). Longitudinal employer-household dynamics. Retrieved September 18, 2020, from https://onthemap.ces.census.gov/
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2018). B01003: Total population, 2014–2018 American Community Survey 5-year estimates. Retrieved September 18, 2020 from https://data.census.gov/
   Google Scholar
• Wier, M., Weintraub, J., Humphreys, E. H., Seto, E., & Bhatia, R. (2009). An area-level model of vehicle-pedestrian injury collisions with implications for land use and transportation planning. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 41(1), 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2008.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, C.-Y., & Xu, M. (2017). Local variations in the impacts of built environments on traffic safety. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 38(3), 0739456X1769603. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X17696035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahabi, S. A. H., Strauss, J., Manaugh, K., & Miranda-Moreno, L. F. (2011). Estimating potential effect of speed limits, built environment, and other factors on severity of pedestrian and cyclist injuries in crashes. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2247(1), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.3141/2247-10
   Google Scholar
• Zein, S. R., Geddes, E., Hemsing, S., & Johnson, M. (1997). Safety benefits of traffic calming. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1578(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.3141/1578-01
   Google Scholar