References
- Agência Estado. (2007, March 4). Dez anos depois, tragédia vira lição [Ten years later, tragedy becomes a lesson]. UOL Notícias. https://atarde.uol.com.br/brasil/noticias/1180256-dez-anos-depois,-tragedia-vira-licao
- Ahnen, R. E. (2007). The politics of police violence in democratic Brazil. Latin American Politics and Society, 49(1), 141–164. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2007.tb00377.x
- Altbeker, A. (2009). The building of a new South African Police Service: The dynamics of police reform in a changing (and violent) country. In M. S. Hinton & T. Newburn (Eds.), Policing developing democracies (pp. 260–279). Routledge.
- Alves, M. H. M., & Evanson, P. (2011). Living in the crossfire: Favela residents, drug dealers, and police violence in Rio de Janeiro. Temple University Press.
- Arias, E. D. (2013). The impacts of differential armed dominance of politics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Studies in Comparative International Development, 48(3), 263–284. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-013-9137-8
- Arias, E. D. (2016). Criminal enterprises and governance in Latin America and the Caribbean. Cambridge University Press.
- Arias, E. D., & Ungar, M. (2009). Community policing and Latin America’s citizen security crisis. Comparative Politics, 41(4), 409–429. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5129/001041509X12911362972476
- Auyero, J., & Berti, M. F. (2015). In harm’s way: The dynamics of urban violence. Princeton University Press.
- Barcellos, C. (2005). Rota 66: A história da polícia que mata [Route 66: The story of the police who kill]. Editora Record.
- Bayley, D. H. (2006). Changing the guard: Developing democratic police abroad. Oxford University Press.
- Beltrame, J. M. (2014). Todo dia é segunda-feira [Every day is Monday]. Primeira Pessoa.
- Bergman, M. (2018). More money, more crime: Prosperity and rising crime in Latin America. Oxford University Press.
- Bialik, C. (2015, May 1). Police killings almost never lead to murder charges. FiveThirtyEight. https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/baltimore-police-officers-charged-freddie-gray/
- Bicudo, H. (2002). Meu depoimento sobre o esquadrão da morte [My statement about the death squad]. Martins Fontes.
- Bonner, M. D. (2019). Tough on crime: The rise of punitive populism in Latin America. University of Pittsburgh Press.
- Brinks, D. M. (2008). The judicial response to police killings in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.
- Brown, M. K. (1981). Working the street: Police discretion and the dilemmas of reform. Russell Sage Foundation.
- Caldeira, T. P. R. (2000). City of walls: Crime, segregation, and citizenship in São Paulo. University of California Press.
- Caldeira, T. P. R., & Holston, J. (1999). Democracy and violence in Brazil. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 41(4), 691–729. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417599003102
- Cano, I. (1997). Letalidade da ação policial no Rio de Janeiro [Lethality of police action in Rio de Janeiro]. ISER.
- Cano, I. (2010). Racial bias in police use of lethal force in Brazil. Police Practice and Research, 11(1), 31–43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15614260802586350
- Carrion, Jr., F. M. (1989). Brizola: Momentos de decisão [Brizola: Moments of decision]. L&PM Editores.
- Cavallaro, J., & Manuel, A. (1997). Police brutality in urban Brazil. Human Rights Watch.
- Cerqueira, C. M. N. (2001). O futuro de uma ilusão: O sonho de uma nova polícia [The future of an illusion: The dream of a new police]. Instituto Carioca de Criminologia: F. Bastos Editora.
- Chevigny, P. (1995). Edge of the knife: Police violence in the Americas. New Press, Norton.
- Comparato, B. K. (2005). As ouvidorias de polícia no Brasil: Controle e participação [The police ombudsman in Brazil: Control and participation] [PhD Diss.]. Universidade de São Paulo.
- Correll, J., Park, B., Judd, C. M., Wittenbrink, B., Sadler, M. S., & Keesee, T. (2007). Across the thin blue line: Police officers and racial bias in the decision to shoot. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(6), 1006–1023. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1006
- Davis, D. E. (2006). Undermining the rule of law: Democratization and the dark side of police reform in Mexico. Latin American Politics and Society, 48(1), 55–86. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2006.tb00338.x
- De Hollanda, C. B. (2005). Polícia e direitos humanos: Política de segurança pública no primeiro governo Brizola (Rio de Janeiro, 1983–1986) [Police and human rights: Public security policy in the first Brizola government (Rio de Janeiro, January, 1983–1986)]. Editora Revan.
- De Souza, S. E. I. (2019). Expiration date: Mega-events and police reform in Rio de Janeiro’s Favelas. University of Notre Dame.
- Denyer Willis, G. (2015). The killing consensus: Police, organized crime, and the regulation of life and death in urban Brazil. University of California Press.
- Dias, C. C. N. (2013). PCC: Hegemonia nas prisões e monopólio da violência [PCC: Hegemony in prisons and monopoly of violence]. Editora Saraiva.
- Durán-Martínez, A. (2018). The politics of drug violence: Criminals, cops and politicians in Colombia and Mexico. Oxford University Press.
- Eaton, K. (2008). Paradoxes of police reform: Federalism, parties, and civil society in Argentina’s public security crisis. Latin American Research Review, 43(3), 5–32. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1353/lar.0.0053
- Faull, A. (2007). Corruption and the South African Police Service. A review and its implications. Institute for Security Studies Papers, 2007(150), 20–40.
- Feltran, G. D. S. (2011). Fronteiras de tensão: Política e violência nas periferias de São Paulo [Frontiers of tension: Politics and violence in the outskirts of São Paulo]. Editora UNESP.
- Freire, D. (2018). Evaluating the effect of homicide prevention strategies in São Paulo, Brazil: A synthetic control approach. Latin American Research Review, 53(2), 2. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.25222/larr.334
- Freitas, C. F. S. (2017). Undoing the right to the city: World Cup investments and informal settlements in Fortaleza, Brazil. Journal of Urban Affairs, 39(7), 953–969. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2017.1328974
- Friendly, A. (2019). The contradictions of participatory planning: Reflections on the role of politics in urban development in Niterói, Brazil. Journal of Urban Affairs, 41(7), 910–929. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2019.1569468
- Garotinho, A., & Soares, L. E. (1998). Violência e criminalidade no Estado do Rio de Janeiro: Diagnóstico e propostas para uma política democrática de segurança pública [Violence and criminality in the State of Rio de Janeiro: Diagnosis and proposals for a democratic public security policy] (1a ed.). Editora Hama.
- Gay, R. (2005). Lucia: Testimonies of a Brazilian drug dealer’s woman. Temple University Press.
- Gay, R. (2015). Bruno: Conversations with a Brazilian drug dealer. Duke University Press.
- Glenny, M. (2016). Nemesis: One man and the battle for Rio (1st ed.). Alfred A. Knopf.
- Goertzel, T., & Kahn, T. (2009). The great Sao Paulo homicide drop. Homicide Studies, 13(4), 398–410. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1088767909348711
- Goldstein, H. (1990). Excellence in problem-oriented policing. McGraw-Hill.
- González, Y. (2019). The social origins of institutional weakness and change: Preferences, power, and police reform in Latin America. World Politics, 71(1), 44–87. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S004388711800014X
- González, Y. M. (2020). Authoritarian police in democracy: Contested security in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.
- Harris, M. C., Park, J., Bruce, D. J., & Murray, M. N. (2017). Peacekeeping force: Effects of providing tactical equipment to local law enforcement. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 9(3), 291–313. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20150525
- Harvey, D. (2012). The right to the city. In J. Lin & C. Mele (Eds.), The urban sociology reader (pp. 443–446). Routledge.
- Hinton, M. S. (2006). The state on the streets: Police and politics in Argentina and Brazil. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
- Hinton, M. S., & Newburn, T. (2009). Policing developing democracies. Routledge.
- Hirata, D., Grillo, C., Dirk, R., & Lyra, D. (2021). Operações policiais e violência letal no Rio de Janeiro: Os impactos da ADPF 635 na defesa da vida [Police operations and lethal violence in Rio de Janeiro: The impacts of ADPF 635 in defense of life]. Grupo de Estudos dos Novos Ilegalismos – GENI, Universidade Federal Fluminense.
- Holston, J. (2009). Insurgent citizenship: Disjunctions of democracy and modernity in Brazil. Princeton University Press.
- Huggins, M. K. (Ed.). (1991). Vigilantism and the state in modern Latin America: Essays on extralegal violence. Praeger.
- Lessing, B. (2017). Making peace in drug wars: Crackdowns and cartels in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.
- Magaloni, B., Franco Vivanco, E., & Melo, V. (2020). Killing in the slums: The problems of social order and police violence in Rio de Janeiro. American Political Science Review 114(2), 552–572. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3010013
- Magaloni, B., & Rodriguez, L. (2020). Institutionalized police brutality: Torture, the militarization of security, and the reform of inquisitorial criminal justice in Mexico. American Political Science Review, 114(4), 1013–1034. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000520
- Manso, B. P. (2009). Um debate sobre o PCC: Entrevista com Camila Nunes Dias, Gabriel de Santis Feltran, Adalton Marques e Karina Biondi [A debate on the PCC: Interview with Camila Nunes Dias, Gabriel de Santis Feltran, Adalton Marques and Karina Biondi]. Revista de Antropologia Social dos Alunos do PPGAS-UFSCar, 1(2), 154–175.
- McCann, B. (2014). Hard times in the marvelous city: From dictatorship to democracy in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro. Duke University Press.
- Méndez, J. E., O’Donnell, G. A., & Pinheiro, P. S. D. M. S. (Eds.). (1999). The (un)rule of law and the underprivileged in Latin America. University of Notre Dame Press.
- Miller, L. L. (2016). The myth of mob rule: Violent crime and democratic politics. Oxford University Press.
- Mingardi, G. (1992). Tiras, gansos e trutas: Cotidiano e reforma na polícia civil [Strips, geese and trout: Daily life and reform in the civil police] (1a ed.). Scritta Editorial: Editora Página Aberta.
- Moncada, E. (2009). Toward democratic policing in Colombia? Institutional accountability through lateral reform. Comparative Politics, 41(4), 431–449. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5129/001041509X12911362972511
- Neme, C. (1999). A instituição policial na ordem democrática: O caso da polícia militar do estado de São Paulo [The police institution in the democratic order: The case of the military police of the state of São Paulo]. Universidade de São Paulo. http://www.nevusp.org/downloads/down147.pdf
- O’Donnell, G. (1993). On the state, democratization and some conceptual problems: A Latin American view with glances at some postcommunist countries. World Development, 21(8), 1355–1369. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(93)90048-E
- Ortega, D. E. (2018, March 20). The challenge of improving police behavior in Latin America. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-challenge-of-improving-police-behavior-in-latin-america/
- Owens, E., Weisburd, D., Amendola, K. L., & Alpert, G. P. (2018). Can you build a better cop? Experimental evidence on supervision, training, and policing in the community. Criminology & Public Policy, 17(1), 41–87. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12337
- Owens, M. L. (2020). The urban world is a world of police. Journal of Race, Ethnicity and the City, 1(1–2), 11–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/26884674.2020.1795488
- País tem 1 PM para cada 473 habitantes, diz IBGE. (2015, August 26). G1. http://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2015/08/pais-tem-1-pm-para-cada-473-habitantes-diz-ibge.html
- Paraguassú, L. (2001, June 26). Segurança pública: Faltam policiais civis e militares no Brasil [Public security: Lack of civil and military police in Brazil]. Folha de São Paulo. https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/cotidian/ff2606200114.htm
- Polícia de São Paulo mata 414 pessoas em 2019. “Doria é uma espécie de mandante,” diz membro do Condepe. (2019, August 5). Rede Brasil Atual [Current Brazil Network]. https://www.redebrasilatual.com.br/cidadania/2019/08/policia-de-sp-mata-414-pessoas-em-2019-doria-e-uma-especie-de-mandante-diz-membro-do-condepe/
- Romero, S. (2010, October 2). Alarm grows in São Paulo as more police officers are murdered. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/03/world/americas/spike-in-police-officer-deaths-alarms-sao-paulo.html
- Rouvenat, F. (2019, December 16). Estudo aponta que RJ gasta muito com Segurança Pública, mas resultados são ruins. G1 [Study points out that RJ spends a lot on Public Security, but results are bad. G1]. https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2019/12/16/estudo-aponta-que-rj-gasta-muito-com-seguranca-publica-mas-resultados-sao-ruins.ghtml
- Salário-base da PM do Espírito Santo é o menor do país, mostra levantamento. (2017, February 11). G1. https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/salario-base-da-pm-do-espirito-santo-e-o-menor-do-pais-mostra-levantamento.ghtml
- Sapori, L. F. (2007). Segurança pública no Brasil: Desafios e perspectivas [Public security in Brazil: Challenges and perspectives]. FGV.
- Schultz, K., & Yasir, S. (2020, January 2). As India violence gets worse, police are accused of abusing Muslims. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/02/world/asia/india-protests-police-muslims.html
- Sento-Sé, J. T. (1999). Brizolismo: Estetização da política e carisma [Brizolism: Aestheticization of politics and charisma]. Espaço e Tempo: Editora FGV.
- Sinyangwe, S. (2016). Examining the role of use of force policies in ending police violence. Campaign Zero.
- Skogan, W. G., & Hartnett, S. M. (1999). Community policing, Chicago style. Oxford University Press.
- Skujis, H. (2010, April 30). Conheça Antônio Ferreira Pinto, o secretário de Segurança Pública [Meet Antônio Ferreira Pinto, the Secretary of Public Security]. VEJA SÃO PAULO. https://vejasp.abril.com.br/cidades/antonio-ferreira-pinto-secretario-seguranca-publica/
- Soares, L. E. (2000). Meu casaco de general: 500 dias no front da segurança pública do Rio de Janeiro [My General's Coat: 500 Days on the Public Security Front in Rio de Janeiro]. Companhia das Letras.
- Soares, L. E., Batista, A., & Pimentel, R. (2008). Elite squad. Weinstein Books.
- Soares, L. E., & Sento-Sé, J. T. (2000). Segurança pública no Rio de Janeiro: Políticas, instituições e inovações. Relatório final do projeto [Public security in Rio de Janeiro: Policies, institutions and innovations. End of project report]. In L. Musumeci (Ed), Reforma do Estado e proteção social: Os setores de saúde e segurança no Rio de Janeiro [State reform and social protection: The health and safety sectors in Rio de Janeiro], subprojeto Segurança pública. Instituto de Economia da UFRJ.
- Soss, J., & Weaver, V. (2017). Police are our government: Politics, political science, and the policing of race–class subjugated communities. Annual Review of Political Science, 20(1), 565–591. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-060415-093825
- Tribunal de Contas do Estado de Rio de Janeiro. (2006). O investimento público e a efetividade das ações Estatais na Segurança [Public investment and the effectiveness of state actions in safety]. Fundação Getúlio Vargas.
- Veloso, F., & Ferreira, S. A. G. (Eds.). (2008). É possível: Gestão da segurança pública e redução da violência [It is possible: Managing public safety and reducing violence]. Contra Capa: IEPE/CdG.
- Weber, M. (1978). Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology (Vol. 1). University of California Press.
- Wilkinson, S. (2006). Votes and violence: Electoral competition and ethnic riots in India. Cambridge University Press.
- Wood, G., Tyler, T. R., & Papachristos, A. V. (2020). Procedural justice training reduces police use of force and complaints against officers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(18), 9815–9821. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920671117
- Yashar, D. J. (2018). Homicidal ecologies: Illicit economies and complicit states in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.
- Zhang, Y. (2020). Rightful squatting: Housing movements, citizenship, and the “right to the city” in Brazil. Journal of Urban Affairs, 43(10), 1405–1422. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2020.1749005