We make us safe: Alternatives to policing in a Latinx immigrant inner-ring suburb

References

• Aizenman, N. C. (2004, May 5). Vendors get a taste of assertiveness: Aided by Pr. George’s lawmaker, immigrants try to end truck ban. The Washington Post.
   Google Scholar
• Ajayi, S., Carballo, L., & Moreira-Smith, Z. (2011). The International Corridor: Portrait of a threatened small business community. CASA. https://issuu.com/casademaryland2/docs/the_international_corridor_portrait_of_a_threatene
   Google Scholar
• Allard, S. W. (2017). Places in need: The changing geography of poverty. Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Armenta, A. (2016). Between public service and social control: Policing dilemmas in the era of immigration enforcement. Social Problems, 63(1), 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spv024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, B. (2019). Broken windows in the cul-de-sac? Race/ethnicity and quality-of-life policing in the changing suburbs. Crime & Delinquency, 65(2), 270–292. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128717739568
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, M. C. (2019). The community in criminal justice. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 16(1), 197–220. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X1900016X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, M. C. (2020). Anti-Segregation policing. New York University Law Review, 95(3), 650–765.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, M., Coman, E., & Schensul, J. J. (2009). Youth action research for prevention: A multi-level intervention designed to increase efficacy and empowerment among urban youth. American Journal of Community Psychology, 43(3–4), 345–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-009-9231-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyles, A. S. (2015). Race, place, and suburban policing: Too close for comfort. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boyles, A. S. (2019). You can’t stop the revolution: Community disorder and social ties in post-Ferguson America. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boyles, A. S. (2020). Racial-Spatial politics: Policing Black citizens in White spaces and a 21st century uprising. American Ethnologist, 47(2), 150–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12891
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, C. R., Neal, J. W., & Neal, Z. P. (2014). Transforming individual civic engagement into community collective efficacy: The role of bonding social capital. American Journal of Community Psychology, 54(3–4), 328–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-014-9675-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowley, M., & Lichter, D. T. (2009). Social disorganization in new Latino destinations? Rural Sociology, 74(4), 573–604. https://doi.org/10.1526/003601109789864026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, E., & Weil, M. (2020, June 3). Three Prince George’s County officers suspended after suspect kicked, police say. The Washington Post.
   Google Scholar
• Denny, G. D. (1997). Proud past, promising future: Cities and towns in Prince George’s County, Maryland. Tuxedo Press.
   Google Scholar
• Erickson, E. (2009). “Standing While Latino: Understanding Day Labor Ordinances in California Cities.” PhD Dissertation, University of California, San Diego.
   Google Scholar
• The Ferguson Commission. (2015). Forward through Ferguson: A path towards racial equity. https://3680or2khmk3bzkp33juiea1-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/101415_FergusonCommissionReport.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Fielding, N. G. (2005). Concepts and theory in community policing. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 44(5), 460–472. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.2005.00391.x
   Google Scholar
• Gallaher, C. (2020, August 18). Langley Park was already ripe for gentrification. COVID-19 could speed up the process. Greater Greater Washington. https://ggwash.org/view/78752/covid-19-could-accelerate-displacement-in-langley-park
   Google Scholar
• Garcia-Hallett, J., Like, T., Torres, T., & Irazábal, C. (2020). Latinxs in the Kansas City metro area: Policing and criminalization in ethnic enclaves. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 40(2), 151–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X19882749
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graber, L., & Marquez, N. (2016). Searching for sanctuary: An analysis of America’s counties and their voluntary assistance with deportations. Immigrant Legal Resource Center.
   Google Scholar
• Green, R. (2020a). The incidence of COVID-19 in Langley Park: A report to the community-based crime reduction program. Howard University Center for Urban Progress.
   Google Scholar
• Green, R. (2020b). Crime levels, trends, and recommendations for the Langley Park target area and five hotspots. Howard University.
   Google Scholar
• Hanlon, B. (2009). A typology of inner–ring suburbs: Class, race, and ethnicity in U.S. suburbia. City & Community, 8(3), 221–246. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2009.01287.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanlon, B. (2010). Once the American Dream: Inner-ring suburbs of the metropolitan United States. Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Henricks, K., & Harvey, D. C. (2017). Not one but many: Monetary punishment and the Fergusons of America. Sociological Forum, 32(S1), 930–951.
   Google Scholar
• Hernández, A. R. (2019, June 26). Sanctuary or not? After immigrants were wrongly targeted in Md. suburb, officials strengthen protections. The Washington Post.
   Google Scholar
• Herrera, J. (2016). Racialized illegality: The regulation of informal labor and space. Latino Studies, 14, 320–343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutto, Sr., J., & Green, R. (2016). Social movements against racist police brutality and Department of Justice intervention in Prince George’s County, Maryland. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 93(Suppl 1), 89–121.
   Google Scholar
• Kerley, K. R., & Benson, M. L. (2000). Does community-oriented policing help build stronger communities? Police Quarterly, 3(1), 46–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611100003001002
   Google Scholar
• Keyes, E. (2012). Examining Maryland’s views on immigrants and immigration. University of Baltimore Law Forum, 43(1), 1–34.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J., & Conley, M. E. (2011). Neighborhood disorder and the sense of personal control: Which factors moderate the association? Journal of Community Psychology, 39(8), 894–907. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20476
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinhans, R., & Bolt, G. (2014). More than just fear: On the intricate interplay between perceived neighborhood disorder, collective efficacy, and action. Journal of Urban Affairs, 36(3), 420–446. https://doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kneebone, E., & Berube, A. (2013). Confronting suburban poverty in America. Brookings Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kneebone, E., & Holmes, N. (2016). U.S. concentrated poverty in the wake of the Great Recession. Brookings Institution.
   Google Scholar
• Lara, J. (2018). Latino placemaking and planning. University of Arizona Press.
   Google Scholar
• Li, W. (2008). Ethnoburb: The new ethnic community in urban America. University of Hawaii Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lichter, D., Parisi, D., Taquino, M. C., & Grice, S. M. (2010). Residential segregation in new Hispanic destinations: Cities, suburbs, and rural communities compared. Social Science Research, 39(2), 215–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.08.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Local Initiatives Support Corporation. (n.d.). How BCJI works. https://www.lisc.org/our-initiatives/safety-justice/cbcr/how-does-it-work/
   Google Scholar
• Loewen, J. W. (2005). Sundown towns: A hidden dimension of American racism. New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lombardo, R. M., & Donner, C. M. (2018). Can community policing increase residents’ informal social control? Testing the impact of the Chicago alternative policing strategy. Police Practice and Research, 19(5), 427–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2017.1405265
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lung-Amam, W., Alvarez, N., & Green, R. (2021). Beyond community policing: Centering community development in efforts to improve safety in immigrant communities. Journal of Community Practice, 29(4), 375–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705422.2021.1997850
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lung-Amam, W., Anacker, K. B., & Finio, N. (2022). Worlds away in suburbia: The changing geography of high-poverty neighborhoods in the. In P. J. Maginn & K. Anacker (Eds.), Suburbia in the 21st century: From dreamscape to nightmare? (pp. 179–201). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lung-Amam, W., & Dawkins, C. (2020). The power of participatory story mapping: Advancing equitable development in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Community Development Journal, 55(3), 473–495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lung-Amam, W., Pendall, R., & Knaap, E. (2019). Mi casa no es su casa: Transit-induced gentrification and the fight for equitable development in an inner-ring, immigrant Suburb. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 39(4), 442–455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lung-Amam, W., & Schafran, A. (2019). From Sanford to Ferguson: Race, protest and democracy in the American suburbs. In B. Hanlon & T. Vicino (Eds.), The Routledge companion to the suburbs (pp. 220–229). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald, J. (2002). The effectiveness of community policing in reducing violence. Crime & Delinquency, 48(4), 592–618.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meehan, A., & Ponder, M. (2002). Race and place: The ecology of racial profiling African American motorists. Justice Quarterly, 19(3), 399–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820200095291
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meils, J. F. (2017, September 17). Maryland’s Langley Park tests yet another relationship with Prince George’s County. Capital News Service.
   Google Scholar
• Menjívar, C., Gómez Cervantes, A., & Alvord, D. (2018). The expansion of “crimmigration,” mass detention, and deportation. Sociology Compass, 12(4), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12573
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse, D. (2020, April 15). Prince George’s police officer suspended after confrontation outside liquor store. The Washington Post.
   Google Scholar
• Nopper, T. A. (2020, July 16). Abolition is not a suburb: Affluent white havens are not models of accountability. The New Inquiry. https://thenewinquiry.com/abolition-is-not-a-suburb/
   Google Scholar
• Orfield, M., & Luce, T. F. (2012). America’s racially diverse suburbs: Opportunities and challenges. Housing Policy Debate, 23(2), 395–430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, M., & McHugh, M. (2014). Immigrant parents and early childhood programs: Addressing barriers of literacy, culture, and systems knowledge. Migration Policy Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Passel, J. S., & Cohn, D. (2019). Mexican decline to less than half the U.S. unauthorized immigrant population for the first time. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/12/us-unauthorized-immigrant-population-2017/
   Google Scholar
• Prowse, G., Weaver, V. M., & Meares, T. L. (2020). The state from below: Distorted responsiveness in policed communities. Urban Affairs Review, 56(5), 1423–1471. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087419844831
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rainey, R. (2017, May 17). Pedestrian casualties mount in Maryland town as officials defer action. Capital News Service.
   Google Scholar
• Rattley, S., & Green, R. (2016). A plan of action to promote public safety in Langley Park, MD: A research report on crime/crime hotspots and community recommendations for addressing public safety challenges. Howard University Center for Urban Progress.
   Google Scholar
• Ridgley, J. (2008). Cities of refuge: Immigration Enforcement, police, and the insurgent genealogies of citizenship in U.S. sanctuary cities. Urban Geography, 29(1), 53–77. 10.2747/0272-3638.29.1.53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rios, J. (2020). Black lives and spatial matters: Policing blackness and practicing freedom in suburban St. Louis. Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Roth, B. J., & Grace, B. (2018). Structural barriers to inclusion in a Latino immigrant new destination: Exploring the adaptive strategies of social service organizations in South Carolina. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 19(4), 1075–1093. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-018-0587-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothstein, R. (2018). The color of law: A forgotten history of how our government segregated America. Liveright Publishing Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Sakala, L., Harvell, S., & Thomson, C. (2018). Public investment in community-driven safety initiatives. Urban Institute. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/99262/public_investment_in_community-driven_safety_initiatives.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. (2001). Crime and public safety: Insights from community-level perspectives on social capital. In M. R. Warren, J. P. Thompson, & S. Saegert (Eds.), Social capital and poor communities (pp. 89–114). Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J. (2004). Neighborhood and community: Collective efficacy and community safety. New Economy, 11, 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0041.2004.00346.x
   Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J., & Raudenbush, S. W. (2004). Seeing disorder: Neighborhood stigma and the social construction of “broken windows. Social Psychology Quarterly, 67(4), 319–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250406700401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328), 918–924. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5328.918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1998). Reducing violence through neighborhood collective efficacy. Alternatives to Incarceration, 4(4), 18–19.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, M., MacDonald, G., Collazos, J., Levinger, B., Leighton, E., & Ball, J. (2014). From cradle to career: The multiple challenges facing immigrant families in Langley Park Promise Neighborhood. Urban Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Singer, S. I., & Drakulich, K. (2019). Crime and safety in suburbia. Annual Review of Criminology, 2(1), 147–165. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024652
   Google Scholar
• Singer, A., Hardwick, S. W., & Brettell, C. (2008). Twenty-First-Century gateways: Immigrant incorporation in suburban America. Brookings Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sinyangwe, S. (2020). Police are killing fewer people in big cities, but more in suburban and rural America. FiveThirtyEight.
   Google Scholar
• Sisson, P. (2020, June 19). In suburbs and small towns, racial justice takes center stage. Bloomberg CityLab. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-06-19/protests-for-racial-justice-take-root-in-suburbia
   Google Scholar
• Soss, J., & Weaver, V. (2017). Police are Our Government: Politics, Political Science, and the Policing of Race–Class Subjugated Communities. Annual Review of Political Science, 20(1), 565–591. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-060415-093825
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuesse, A., & Coleman, M. (2014). Automobility, immobility, altermobility: Surviving and resisting the intensification of immigrant policing. City & Society, 26(1), 51–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/ciso.12034
   Google Scholar
• Stumpf, J. (2006). The crimmigration crisis: Immigrants, crime, and sovereign power. The American University Law Review, 56(2), 367–420.
   Google Scholar
• Sung, H., Delgado, S., Pena, D., & Paladino, A. (2016). Surveillance without protection: Policing undocumented migrant workers in an American suburb. The British Journal of Criminology, 56(5), 877–897. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azv086
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suro, R., Wilson, J. H., & Singer, A. (2011). Immigration and poverty in America’s suburbs. Brookings Institution, Metropolitan Opportunity Series.
   Google Scholar
• Theodore, N., & Habans, R. (2016). Policing immigrant communities: Latinx perceptions of police involvement in immigration enforcement. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 42(6), 970–988.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tick Tock Liquor Store Hearing. (2020). Prince George’s County board of license commissioners (anonymous testimony).
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division. (2015). The investigation of the Ferguson police department. U.S. DOJ. https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/press-releases/attachments/2015/03/04/ferguson_police_department_report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division. (2017). The civil rights division’s pattern and practice police reform work: 1994-present. U.S. DOJ. https://www.justice.gov/crt/file/922421/download
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Justice, Community Oriented Policing Services. (2014). Community policing defined. U.S. DOJ. https://cops.usdoj.gov/RIC/Publications/cops-p157-pub.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wacquant, L. (1997). Three pernicious premises in the study of the American ghetto. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 21(2), 341–353. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, E., Falcone, D. N., & Rabe-Hemp, C. (2003). Crime characteristics and policing styles in suburban agencies. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 26(4), 566–590.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickes, R., Hipp, J. R., Sargeant, E., & Homel, R. (2013). Collective efficacy as a task specific process: Examining the relationship between social ties, neighborhood cohesion and the capacity to respond to violence, delinquency, and civic problems. American Journal of Community Psychology, 52(1–2), 115–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar