References
- Athens, A. (2017). Zoning ordinance. https://www.athensalabama.us/DocumentCenter/View/127/Zoning-Ordinance-2017-2016-Codified-through-Ord-No-2021-2067-PDF
- Bronin, S. C. (2023). Zoning by a thousand cuts. Pepperdine Law Review, 50(4), 719–784. https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/plr/vol50/iss4/2
- Bronin, S. C., & Ilyankou, I. (2021). How to make a zoning atlas: A methodology for translating and standardizing district-specific regulations. Social Science Research Network, 3996609. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3996609
- Caňon City. (2021). Municipal code, title 2017: Zoning. https://www.canoncity.org/DocumentCenter/View/450/Zoning-Regulations-PDF
- Chakraborty, A., Knapp, G., Nguyen, D., & Shin, J. H. (2010). The effects of high-density zoning on multifamily housing construction in the suburbs of six US metropolitan areas. Urban Studies, 47(2), 437–451. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098009348325
- Chapple, K., Wegmann, J., Mashhood, F., & Coleman, R. (2017). Jumpstarting the market for accessory dwelling units: Lessons learned from Portland, Seattle, and Vancouver. https://ternercenter.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/Jumpstarting_the_Market_–_ULI.pdf
- Clingermayer, J. C. (2004). Heresthetics and happenstance: Intentional and unintentional exclusionary impacts of the zoning decision-making process. Urban Studies, 41(2), 377–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098032000165307
- Davidoff, P., & Davidoff, L. (1971). Opening the suburbs: Toward inclusionary land use controls. Syracuse Law Review, 22(2), 509–536.
- Davidoff, P., & Gold, N. N. (1971, November 7). The suburbs have to open their gates. New York Times, Section SM, 40.
- DeVoe, J. (2022, October 31). Portland and Minneapolis allow ‘Missing Middle’ housing. So far, new construction has been modest. ARLnow. https://www.arlnow.com/2022/10/31/portland-and-minneapolis-allow-missing-middle-housing-so-far-new-construction-has-been-modest/
- Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center. (2018). National Land Cover Database. https://www.usgs.gov/centers/eros/science/national-land-cover-database
- Einstein, K. L., Glick, D. M., & Palmer, M. (2020). Neighborhood defenders: Participatory politics and America’s housing crisis. Political Science Quarterly, 135(2), 281–312. https://doi.org/10.1002/polq.13035
- Elbers, B. (2021). A method for studying differences in segregation across time and space. Sociological Methods & Research, 52(1), 5–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124121986204
- Ellickson, R. C. (2022). America’s frozen neighborhoods: The abuse of zoning. Yale University Press.
- Fischel, W. A. (2015). Zoning rules! The economics of land use regulation. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
- Freemark, Y., Lo, L., & Bronin, S. (2023). Bringing zoning into focus: A fine-grained analysis of zoning’s relationship to housing affordability, income distributions, and segregation in Connecticut. Urban Institute. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/2023-06/Bringing%20Zoning%20into%20Focus.pdf
- Frumkin, H., Frank, L., Frank, L. D., & Jackson, R. J. (2004). Urban sprawl and public health: Designing, planning, and building for healthy communities. Island Press.
- General Transit Feed Specification. (2023). GTFS: Making public data universally accessible. gtfs.org
- Glaeser, E. L., & Gottlieb, J. D. (2009). The wealth of cities: Agglomeration economies and spatial equilibrium in the United States. Journal of Economic Literature, 47(4), 983–1028. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.47.4.983
- Glaeser, E. L., & Gyourko, J. (2002). The impact of zoning on housing affordability. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 8835. http://www.nber.org/papers/w8835
- Glaeser, E. L., & Ward, B. A. (2009). The causes and consequences of land use regulation: Evidence from Greater Boston. Journal of Urban Economics, 65(3), 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2008.06.003
- Green, R. K. (1999). Land use regulation and the price of housing in a suburban Wisconsin county. Journal of Housing Economics, 8(2), 144–159. https://doi.org/10.1006/jhec.1999.0243
- Gyourko, J., Saiz, A., & Summers, A. (2008). A new measure of the local regulatory environment for housing markets: The Wharton Residential Land Use Regulatory Index. Urban Studies, 45(3), 693–729. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098007087341
- Haar, C. M. (1953). Zoning for minimum standards: The Wayne Township case. Harvard Law Review, 66(6), 1051–1063. https://doi.org/10.2307/1336995
- Hirt, S. A. (2015). Zoned in the USA: The origins and implications of American land-use regulation. Cornell University Press.
- Hoyt, H., & Schuetz, J. (2020). Making apartments more affordable starts with understanding the costs of building them. brookings.edu/articles/making-apartments-more-affordable-starts-with-understanding-the-costs-of-building-them
- Ihlanfeldt, K. (2007). The effect of land use regulation on housing and land prices. Journal of Urban Economics, 61(3), 420–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2006.09.003
- Kahlenberg, R. D. (2017). An economic fair housing act. Poverty and Race, 26(3), 1–12.
- Kahlenberg, R. D. (2023). Excluded: How snob zoning, NIMBYism, and class bias build the walls we don’t see. Public Affairs.
- Land Use Atlas, Inc. (2024). National zoning Atlas. Zoningatlas.org.
- Lasker, B. (1920). Unwalled towns. The Survey, 43, 675–718.
- Lens, M. C., & Monkkonen, P. (2016). Do strict land use regulations make metropolitan areas more segregated by income? Journal of the American Planning Association, 82(1), 6–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2015.1111163
- Lo, L., Gallagher, M., Pendall, R., Hariharan, A., & Davis, C. (2019). National longitudinal land use survey. https://datacatalog.urban.org/dataset/national-longitudinal-land-use-survey-nllus
- Malpezzi, S. (1996). Housing prices, externalities, and regulation in US metropolitan areas. Journal of Housing Research, 7(2), 209–241.
- Manville, M., Monkkonen, P., & Lens, M. (2020). It’s time to end single-family zoning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 86(1), 106–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2019.1651216
- Menendian, S., Gambhir, S., French, K., & Gailes, A. (2020). Single-family zoning in the San Francisco Bay Area: Characteristics of exclusionary communities. Othering & Belonging Institute, University of California. https://belonging.berkeley.edu/single-family-zoning-san-francisco-bay-area
- Menendian, S., Gambhir, S., & Hsu, C. (2022). Single-family zoning in greater Los Angeles. University of California. https://belonging.berkeley.edu/single-family-zoning-greater-los-angeles
- Michney, T. M. (2017). Surrogate suburbs: Black upward mobility and neighborhood change in Cleveland, 1900–1980. University of North Carolina Press.
- MIT Election Data and Science Lab. (2023). U.S. President precinct-level returns 2020, Harvard dataverse, V4. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/JXPREB
- Montgomery, J. (1998). Making a city: Urbanity, vitality and urban design. Journal of Urban Design, 3(1), 93–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809808724418
- National Commission on Urban Problems. (1969). Building the American city. U.S. Government Printing Office.
- Parolek, D. G., & Nelson, A. C. (2020). Missing middle housing: Thinking big and building small to respond to today’s housing crisis. Island Press.
- Pendall, R. (2000). Local land use regulation and the chain of exclusion. Journal of the American Planning Association, 66(2), 125–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360008976094
- Perin, C. (1977). Everything in its place: Social order and land use in America. Princeton University Press.
- Rothstein, R. (2017). The color of law: A forgotten history of how our government segregated America. Liveright Publishing.
- Rothwell, J. (2011). Racial enclaves and density zoning: The institutionalized segregation of racial minorities in the United States. American Law and Economics Review, 13(1), 290–358. https://doi.org/10.1093/aler/ahq015
- Rothwell, J., & Massey, D. S. (2009). The effect of density zoning on racial segregation in US urban areas. Urban Affairs Review, 44(6), 779–806. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087409334163
- Sager, L. G. (1969). Tight little islands: Exclusionary zoning, equal protection, and the indigent. Stanford Law Review, 21(4), 767–800. https://doi.org/10.2307/1227567
- Schwieterman, J. P., & Caspall, D. M. (2006). A history of zoning in Chicago. Lake Claremont Press.
- Trounstine, J. (2018). Segregation by design: Local politics and inequality in American cities. Cambridge University Press.
- U.S. Census Bureau. (2021). American community survey. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs
- U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (U.S. HUD). (2020). HUD 2019 aggregated USPS administrative data on address vacancies.
- Webster, M., & Corey, M. (2021). When you look at these neighborhoods, what do you see? Star Tribune. https://www.startribune.com/how-twin-cities-housing-rules-keep-the-metro-segregated/600081529/
- Wegmann, J. (2020). Death to single-family zoning and new life to the missing middle. Journal of the American Planning Association, 86(1), 113–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2019.1651217
- Whittemore, A. H. (2018). The role of racial bias in exclusionary zoning: The case of Durham, North Carolina, 1945-2014. Environment & Planning A: Economy & Space, 50(4), 826–847. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518x18755144
- Whittemore, A. H., & Curran-Groome, W. (2022). A case of (decreasing) American exceptionalism: Single-family zoning in the United States, Australia, and Canada. Journal of the American Planning Association, 88(3), 335–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2021.1985591
- Young, L. C. (2004). Breaking the color line: Zoning and opportunity in America’s metropolitan areas. Journal of Gender, Race & Justice, 8, 667–710.