2,458
Views
127
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Regulation of Transpiration to Improve Crop Water Use

, , &
Pages 410-431 | Published online: 10 Nov 2009

REFERENCES

  • Abdulrahman , F. S. and Williams , G. J. 1981 . Temperature and salinity regulation of growth and gas exchange of Salicornia fruticosa (L.) L . Oecologia. , 48 : 346 – 352 .
  • Aharoni , A. , Dixit , S. , Jetter , R. , Thoenes , E. , van Arkel , G. and Pereira , A. 2004 . The SHINE clade of AP2 domain transcription factors activates wax biosynthesis, alters cuticle properties, and confers drought tolerance when overexpressed in Arabidopsis . Plant Cell , 16 : 2463 – 2480 .
  • Ahmad , M. and Cashmore , A. R. 1993 . HY4 gene of A. thaliana encodes a protein with characteristics of a blue-light photoreceptor . Nature , 11 : 162 – 166 .
  • Alonso-Blanco , C. and Koornneef , M. 2000 . Naturally occurring variation in Arabidopsis: an undersxploited resource for plant genetics . Trends Plant Sci. , 5 : 22 – 29 .
  • Araus , J. L. , Slafer , G. A. , Reynolds , M. P. and Royo , C. 2002 . Plant breeding and drought in C3 cereals: what should we breed for? . Ann. Bot. , 89 : 925 – 940 .
  • Avola , G. , Cavallaro , V. , Patané , C. and Riggi , E. 2008 . Gas exchange and photosynthetic water use efficiency in response to light, CO2 concentration and temperature in . Vicia faba. J. Plant Physiol. , 165 : 796 – 804 .
  • Baker , D. N. and Myhre , D. L. 1969 . Effects of leaf shape and boundary layer thickness on photosynthesis in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) . Physiol. Plantarum. , 22 : 1043 – 1049 .
  • Ball , M. C. 1988 . Salinity tolerance in the mangroves Aegiceras corniculatum Avicennia marina I. Water use in relation to growth, carbon partitioning, and salt balance . Aust. J. Plant Physiol. , 15 : 447 – 464 .
  • Balota , M. , Payne , W. A. , Rooney , W. and Rosenow , D. 2008 . Gas exchange and transpiration ratio in sorghum . Crop Sci. , 48 : 2361 – 2371 .
  • Baxter , I. , Hosmani , P. S. , Rus , A. , Lahner , B. , Borevitz , J. , Muthukumar , B. , Mickelbart , M. V. , Schreiber , L. , Franke , R. B. and Salt , D. E. 2009 . Root suberin forms an extracellular barrier that affects water relations and mineral nutrition in Arabidopsis . PloS Genet. , In press
  • Beerling , D. J. and Chaloner , W. G. 1993 . Stomatal density responses of Egyptian Olea europaea L. leaves to CO2 change since 1327 BC . Ann. Bot. , 71 : 431 – 435 .
  • Benyon , R. 1999 . Nighttime water use in an irrigated Eucalyptus grandis plantation . Tree Physiology. , 19 : 853 – 859 .
  • Benz , B. W. and Martin , C. E. 2006 . Foliar trichomes, boundary layers, and gas exchange in 12 species of epiphytic Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae) . J. Plant Physiol. , 163 : 648 – 656 .
  • Benzing , D. H. , Henderson , K. , Kessel , B. and Sulak , J. 1976 . The absorptive capacities of bromeliad trichomes . Amer. J. Bot. , 63 : 1009 – 1014 .
  • Berger , D. and Altmann , T. 2000 . A subtilisin-like serine protease involved in the regulation of stomatal density and distribution in Arabidopsis thaliana. . Genes Dev. , 14 : 1119 – 1131 .
  • Bergmann , D. C. 2004 . Integrating signals in stomatal development . Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. , 7 : 26 – 32 .
  • Bergmann , D. 2006 . Stomatal development: from neighborly to global communication . Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. , 9 : 478 – 483 .
  • Bergmann , D. C. and Sack , F. D. 2007 . Stomatal development . Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. , 58 : 163 – 181 .
  • Bhatnagar-Mathur , P. , Devi , M. H. , Reddy , D. S. , Lavanya , M. , Vadez , V. , Serraj , R. , Yamaguchi-Shinozaki , K. and Sharma , K. K. 2007 . Stress-inducible expression of At DREB1A in transgenic peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) increases transpiration efficiency under water-limiting conditions . Plant Cell Rep. , 26 : 2071 – 2082 .
  • Blum , A. 2005 . Drought resistance, water-use efficiency, and yield potential-are they compatible, dissonant, or mutually exclusive? . Aust. J. Agr. Res. , 56 : 1159 – 1168 .
  • Boyer , J. S. , Wong , S. C. and Farquhar , G. D. 1997 . CO2 and water vapor exchange across leaf cuticle (epidermis) at various water potentials . Plant Physiol. , 114 : 185 – 191 .
  • Briggs , L. J. and Shantz , H. L. 1913 . The WaterRrequirements ofPplants. II. A Review of Literature Bulletin, USDA, Bureau of Plant Industry No. 285
  • Bucci , S. J. , Scholz , F. G. , Goldstein , G. , Meinzer , F. C. , Hinojosa , J. A. , Hoffman , W. A. and Franco , A. C. 2004 . Processes preventing nocturnal equilibration between leaf and soil water potential in tropical savanna woody species . Tree Physiology. , 24 : 1119 – 1127 .
  • Burghardt , M. and Riederer , M. 2006 . “ Cuticular transpiration ” . In Biology of the Plant Cuticle , Edited by: Riederer , M. and Müller , C. 292 – 311 . Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell .
  • Büssis , D. , von Groll , U. , Fisahn , J. and Altman , T. 2006 . Stomatal aperture can compensate altered stomatal density in Arabidopsis thaliana at growth light conditions . Funct. Plant Biol. , 33 : 1037 – 1043 .
  • Byrd , G. D. and May , P. A. 2000 . Physiological comparisons of switchgrass cultivars differing in transpiration efficiency . Crop Sci. , 40 : 1271 – 1277 .
  • Caird , M. A. , Richards , J. H. and Donovan , L. A. 2007a . Nighttime stomatal conductance and transpiration in C3 and C4 plants . Plant Physiol. , 143 : 4 – 10 .
  • Caird , M. A. , Richards , J. H. and Hsiao , T. C. 2007b . Significant transpirational water loss occurs throughout the night in field-grown tomato . Funct. Plant Biol. , 34 : 172 – 177 .
  • Casson , S. and Gray , J. E. 2008 . Influence of environmental factors on stomatal development . New Phytol. , 178 : 9 – 23 .
  • Chaerle , L. , Saibo , N. and Van Der Straeten , D. 2005 . Tuning the pores: towards engineering plants for improved water use efficiency . Trends Biotechnol. , 23 : 308 – 315 .
  • Chaves , M. M. , Osório , J. and Pereira , J. S. 2004 . “ Water use efficiency and photosynthesis ” . In Water Use Efficiency in Plant Biology , Edited by: Bacon , M. A. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
  • Chen , K. , Hu , G. , Keutgen , N. , Janssens , M. J. J. and Lenz , F. 1999 . Effects of NaCl salinity and CO2 enrichment on pepino (Solanum muricatum Ait.) II. Leaf photosynthetic properties and gas exchange . Scientia Horticulturae. , 81 : 43 – 56 .
  • Chen , C. , Payne , W. A. , Smiley , R. W. and Stoltz , M. A. 2003a . Yield and water-use efficiency of eight wheat cultivars planted on seven dates in northeastern Oregon . Agron. J. , 95 : 836 – 843 .
  • Chen , X. B. , Goodwin , S. M. , Boroff , V. L. , Liu , X. L. and Jenks , M. A. 2003b . Cloning and characterization of the WAX2 gene of Arabidopsis involved in cuticle membrane and wax production . Plant Cell , 15 : 1170 – 1185 .
  • Chen , Z. , Zhang , H. , Jablonowski , D. , Zhou , X. , Ren , X. , Hong , X. , Schaffrath , R. , Zhu , J. K. and Gong , Z. 2006a . Mutations in ABO1/ELO2, a subunit of holo-Elongator, increase abscisic acid sensitivity and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana . Mol. Cell Biol. , 26 : 6902 – 6912 .
  • Chen , Y. , Ji , F. , Xie , H. and Liang , J. 2006b . Overexpression of the regulator of G-protein signaling protein enhances ABA-mediated inhibition of root elongation and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis . J. Exp. Bot. , 57 : 2101 – 2110 .
  • Cheong , Y. H. , Pandey , G. K. , Grant , J. J. , Batistic , O. , Li , L. , Kim , B. G. , Lee , S. C. , Kudla , J. and Luan , S. 2007 . Two calcineurin B-like calcium sensors, interacting with protein kinase CIPK23, regulate leaf transpiration and root potassium uptake in . Arabidopsis. Plant J. , 52 : 223 – 239 .
  • Christman , M. A. , Richards , J. H. , McKay , J. K. , Stahl , E. A. , Juenger , T. E. and Donovan , L. A. 2008 . Genetic variation in Arabidopsis thaliana for night-time leaf conductance . Plant Cell Environ. , 31 : 1170 – 1178 .
  • Christman , M. A. , Donovan , L. A. and Richards , J. H. 2009a . Magnitude of nighttime transpiration does not affect plant growth or nutrition in well-watered Arabidopsis . Physiol. Plant. , 136 : 264 – 273 .
  • Christman , M. A. , James , J. J. , Drenovsky , R. E. and Richards , J. H. 2009b . Environmental stress and genetics influence night-time leaf conductance in the C4 grass Distichlis spicata. . Funct. Plant Biol. , 36 : 50 – 55 .
  • Clemente , H. S. and Marler , T. E. Drought stress influences gas-exchange responses of papaya leaves to rapid changes in irradiance . J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 121 292 – 295 .
  • Clifton-Brown , J. C. and Lewandowski , I. 2000 . Water use efficiency and biomass partitioning of three different Miscanthus genotypes with limited and unlimited water supply . Ann. Bot. , 86 : 191 – 200 .
  • Cominelli , E. , Galbiati , M. , Vavasseur , A. , Conti , L. , Sala , T. , Vuylsteke , M. , Leonhardt , N. , Dellaporta , S. L. and Tonelli , C. 2005 . A guard-cell-specific MYB transcription factor regulates stomatal movements and plant drought tolerance . Curr. Biol. , 15 : 1196 – 1200 .
  • Condon , A. G. , Richards , R. A. , Rebetzke , G. J. and Farquhar , G. D. 2002 . Improving intrinsic water-use efficiency and crop yield . Crop Sci. , 42 : 1693 – 1711 .
  • Dai , Q. , Peng , S. , Chavez , A. and Vergara , B. S. 1995 . Effects of UVB radiation on stomatal density and opening in rice (Oryza sativa L.) . Ann. Bot. , 76 : 65 – 70 .
  • Daley , M. J. and Phillips , N. G. 2006 . Interspecific variation in nighttime transpiration and stomatal conductance in a mixed New England deciduous forest . Tree Physiology. , 26 : 411 – 419 .
  • Dawson , T. E. , Burgess , S. S. O. , Tu , K. P. , Oliveira , R. S. , Santiago , L. S. , Fisher , J. B. , Simonin , K. A. and Ambrose , A. R. 2007 . Nighttime transpiration in woody plants from contrasting ecosystems . Tree Physiology. , 27 : 561 – 575 .
  • De Veylder , L. , Beeckman , T. , Beemster , G. T. , de Almeida Engler , J. , Ormenese , S. , Maes , S. , Naudts , M. , Van Der Schueren , E. , Jacqmard , A. , Engler , G. and Inzé , D. 2002 . Control of proliferation, endoreduplication and differentiation by the Arabidopsis E2Fa-DPa transcription factor . EMBO J. , 21 : 1360 – 1368 .
  • del Amor , F. M. and Marcelis , L. F. M. 2006 . Differential effect of transpiration and Ca2 + supply on growth and Ca2 +concentration of tomato plants . Scientia Horticulturae , 111 : 17 – 23 .
  • Dias , P. C. , Araujo , W. L. , Moraes , G. A. , Barros , R. S. and DaMatta , F. M. 2007 . Morphological and Physiological responses of two coffee progenies to soil water availability . J. Plant Physiol. , 164 : 1639 – 1647 .
  • Ealson , H. M. and Richards , J. H. 2009 . Photosynthesis affects following night leaf conductance in Vicia faba. . Plant Cell Environ. , 32 : 58 – 63 .
  • Ehleringer , J. 1984 . “ Ecology and ecophysiology of leaf pubescence in North American desert plants ” . In Biology and Chemistry of Plant Trichomes , Edited by: Rodrigues , E. , Healy , P. L. and Mehta , I. 113 – 132 . New York : Plenum Press .
  • Elias , P. 1995 . Stomatal density and size of apple tree growing irrigated and non-irrigated conditions . Biologia , 50 : 115 – 118 .
  • Eller , B. M. and Ferrari , S. 1997 . Water use efficiency of two succulents with contrasting CO2 fixation pathways . Plant Cell Environ. , 20 : 93 – 100 .
  • Falkenmark , M. 1997 . Meeting water requirements of an expanding world population . Phil. Trans. R. Roc. Lond. B , 352 : 929 – 936 .
  • Fan , L. M. , Zhao , Z. and Assmann , S. M. 2004 . Guard cells: a dynamic signaling model . Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. , 7 : 537 – 546 .
  • Fan , X. W. , Li , F. M. , Xiong , Y. C. , An , L. Z. and Long , R. J. 2008 . The cooperative relation between non-hydraulic root signals and osmotic adjustment under water stress improves grain formation for spring wheat varieties . Physiol. Plantarum. , 131 : 283 – 292 .
  • Farquhar , G. D. and Sharkey , T. 1982 . Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis . Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. , 33 : 317 – 345 .
  • Field , T. S. , Zwieniecki , M. A. , Donoghue , M. J. and Holbrook , N. M. 1998 . Stomatal plugs of Drimys winteri (Wenteraceae) protect leaves from mist but not drought . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. , 95 : 14256 – 14259 .
  • Flanagan , L. B. and Jefferies , R. L. 1988 . Stomatal limitation of photosynthesis and reduced growth of the halophyte, Plantago maritima L., at high salinity . Plant Cell Environ. , 11 : 239 – 245 .
  • Franks , P. J. 2006 . Higher rates of leaf gas exchange are associated with higher leaf hydrodynamic pressure gradients . Plant Cell Environ. , 29 : 584 – 592 .
  • Fraser , L. H. , Greenall , A. , Carlyle , C. , Turkington , R. and Friedman , C. R. 2009 . Adaptive phenotypic plasticity of Pseudoroegneria spicata: response of stomatal density, leaf area and biomass to changes in water supply and increased temperature . Ann. Bot. , 103 : 769 – 775 .
  • Gates , D. M. 1968 . Transpiration and leaf temperature . Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. , 19 : 211 – 238 .
  • Geber , M. A. and Dawson , T. E. 1990 . Genetic variation in and covariation between leaf gas exchange, morphology, and development in Polygonum arenastrum, an annual plant . Oecologia , 85 : 153 – 158 .
  • Geddes , R. D. , Scott , H. D. and Oliver , L. R. 1979 . Growth and water use by common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicum) and soybeans (Glycine max) under field conditions . Weed Sci. , 27 : 206 – 212 .
  • Geller , G. N. and Smith , W. K. 1982 . Influence of leaf size, orientation, and arrangement on temperature and transpiration in three high-elevation, large-leafed herbs . Oecologia , 53 : 227 – 234 .
  • Gitz , D. C. , Liu-Gitz , L. , Britz , S. J. and Sullivan , J. H. 2005 . Ultraviolet-B effects on stomatal density, water-use efficiency, and stable carbon isotope discrimination in four glasshouse-grown soybean (Glycine max) cultivars . Environ. Exp. Bot. , 53 : 343 – 355 .
  • Glenn , D. M. , Scorza , R. and Okie , W. R. 2006 . Genetic and environmental effects on water use efficiency in peach . J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 131 : 290 – 294 .
  • Glenn , E. P. and Brown , J. J. 1998 . Effects of soil salt levels on the growth and water use efficiency of Atriplex canescens (Chenopodiaceae) varieties in drying soil . Am. J. Bot. , 85 : 10 – 16 .
  • Górny , A. G. and Garczyñski , S. 2002 . Genotypic and nutrition-dependent variation in water use efficiency and photosynthetic activity of leaves in winter wheat. (Triticum aestivum L.) . J. Appl. Genet. , 43 : 145 – 160 .
  • Gosney , M. J. and Mickelbart , M. V. 2006 . Measuring Water Loss in Thellungiella halophila. The Biology of Transpiration: From Guard Cells to Globe, October 10–14, 2006, Snowbird, UT
  • Gosti , F. , Beaudoin , N. , Serizet , C. , Webb , A. A. , Vartanian , N. and Giraudat , J. 1999 . ABI1 protein phosphatase 2C is a negative regulator of abscisic acid signaling . Plant Cell , 11 : 1897 – 1910 .
  • Gottschlich , D. E. and Smith , A. P. 1982 . Convective heat transfer characteristics of toothed leaves . Oecologia , 53 : 418 – 420 .
  • Grace , J. , Fasehun , F. E. and Dixon , M. 1980 . Boundary layer conductance of the leaves of some tropical timber trees . Plant Cell Environ. , 3 : 443 – 450 .
  • Grace , J. and Wilson , J. 1976 . The boundary layer over a Populus leaf . J. Exp. Bot. , 27 : 231 – 241 .
  • Gravatt , D. A. and Martin , C. E. 1992 . Comparative ecophysiology of five species of Sedum (Crassulaceae) under well-watered and drought-stressed conditions . Oecologia , 92 : 532 – 541 .
  • Green , S. R. , McNaughton , K. G. and Clothier , B. E. 1989 . Observations of nighttime water use in kiwifruit vines and apple trees . Agr. Forest Meteorol. , 48 : 251 – 261 .
  • Grumet , R. , Albrechtsen , R. S. and Hanson , A. D. 1987 . Growth and yield of barley isopopulations differing in solute potential . Crop Sci. , 27 : 991 – 995 .
  • Hall , N. M. , Griffiths , H. , Corlett , J. A. , Jones , H. G. , Lynn , J. and King , G. J. 2005 . Relationships between water-use traits and photosynthesis in Brassica oleracea resolved by quantitative genetic analysis . Plant Breed. , 124 : 557 – 564 .
  • Hara , K. , Kajita , R. , Torii , K. U. , Bergmann , D. C. and Kakimoto , T. 2007 . The secretory peptide gene EPF1 enforces the stomatal one-cell-spacing rule . Genes Dev. , 21 : 1720 – 1725 .
  • Hausmann , N. J. , Juenger , T. E. , Sen , S. , Stowe , K. A. , Dawson , T. E. and Simms , E. L. 2005 . Quantitative trait loci affecting delta13C and response to differential water availability in Arabidopsis thaliana . Evolution Int. J. Org. Evolution. , 59 : 81 – 96 .
  • Hightower , M. and Pierce , A. S. 2008 . The energy challenge . Nature. , 452 : 285 – 286 .
  • Himmelbach , A. , Yang , Y. and Grill , E. 2003 . Relay and control of abscisic acid signaling . Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. , 6 : 470 – 479 .
  • Hobbie , E. A. and Colpaert , J. V. 2004 . Nitrogen availability and mycorrhizal colonization influence water use efficiency and carbon isotope patterns in Pinus sylvestris. . New Phytol. , 164 : 515 – 525 .
  • Hoffman , G. J. and Phene , C. J. 1971 . Effect of constant salinity levels on water-use efficiency of bean and cotton . Trans. of the ASAE. , 14 : 1103 – 1106 .
  • Howard , A. R. and Donovan , L. A. 2007 . Helianthus nighttime conductance and transpiration respond to soil water but not nutrient availability . Plant Physiol. , 143 : 145 – 155 .
  • Howell , T. A. 2001 . Enhancing water use efficiency in irrigated agriculture . Agron. J. , 93 : 281 – 289 .
  • Hu , H. , Dai , M. , Yao , J. , Xiao , B. , Li , X. , Zhang , Q. and Xiong , L. 2006 . Overexpressing a NAM, ATAF, and CUC (NAC) transcription factor enhances drought resistance and salt tolerance in rice . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. , 103 : 12987 – 12992 .
  • Hufstetler , E. V. , Boerma , H. R. , Carter , T. E. and Earl , H. J. 2007 . Genotypic variation for three physiological traits affecting drought tolerance in soybean . Crop Sci. , 47 : 25 – 35 .
  • Hugouvieux , V. , Murata , Y. , Young , J. J. , Kwak , J. M. , Mackesy , D. Z. and Schroeder , J. I. 2002 . Localization, ion channel regulation, and genetic interactions during abscisic acid signaling of the nuclear mRNA cap-binding protein, ABH1 . Plant Physiol. , 130 : 1276 – 1287 .
  • Impa , S. M. , Nadaradjan , S. , Boominathan , P. , Shashidhar , G. , Bindumadhava , H. and Sheshshayee , M. S. 2005 . Carbon isotope discrimination accurately reflects variability in WUE measured at a whole plant level in rice . Crop Sci. , 45 : 2517 – 2522 .
  • Iuchi , S. , Kobayashi , M. , Taji , T. , Naramoto , M. , Seki , M. , Kato , T. , Tabata , S. , Kakubari , Y. , Yamaguchi-Shinozaki , K. and Shinozaki , K. 2001 . Regulation of drought tolerance by gene manipulation of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, a key enzyme in abscisic acid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis . Plant J. , 27 : 325 – 333 .
  • Jackson , R. B. , Carpenter , S. R. , Dahm , C. N. , McKnight , D. M. , Naiman , R. J. , Postel , S. L. and Running , S. W. 2001 . Water in a changing world . Ecol. Appl. , 11 : 1027 – 1045 .
  • Janoudi , A. K. , Widders , I. E. and Flore , J. A. 1993 . Water deficits and environmental factors affect photosynthesis in leaves of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) . J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 118 : 366 – 370 .
  • Jarvis , P. G. and McNaughton , K. G. 1986 . Stomatal control of transpiration: scaling up from leaf to region . Adv. Ecol. Res. , 15 : 1 – 49 .
  • Jenks , M. A. , Eigenbrode , S. D. and Lemieux , B. 2002 . “ Cuticular waxes of Arabidopsis ” . In The Arabidopsis Book , Edited by: Somerville , C. and Meyerowitz , E. Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant Biologists .
  • Jeon , B. W. , Hwang , J. U. , Hwang , Y. , Song , W. Y. , Fu , Y. , Gu , Y. , Bao , F. , Cho , D. , Kwak , J. M. , Yang , Z. and Lee , Y. 2008 . The Arabidopsis small G protein ROP2 is activated by light in guard cells and inhibits light-induced stomatal opening . Plant Cell , 20 : 75 – 87 .
  • Jones , H. G. 1976 . Crop characteristics and the ratio between assimilation and transpiration . J. Appl. Ecol. , 13 : 605 – 622 .
  • Jones , H. 2004 . “ What is water use efficiency? ” . In Water Use Efficiency in Plant Biology , Edited by: Bacon , M. A. 27 – 41 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
  • Juenger , T. E. , McKay , J. K. , Hausmann , N. , Keurentjes , J. J. B. , Sen , S. , Stowe , K. A. , Dawson , T. E. , Simms , E. L. and Richards , J. H. 2005 . Identification and characterization of QTL underlying whole-plant physiology in Arabidopsis thaliana: delta C-13, stomatal conductance and transpiration efficiency . Plant Cell Environ. , 28 : 697 – 708 .
  • Jung , C. , Seo , J. S. , Han , S. W. , Koo , Y. J. , Kim , C. H. , Song , S. I. , Nahm , B. H. , Choi , Y. D. and Cheong , J. J. 2008 . Overexpression of AtMYB44 enhances stomatal closure to confer abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis . Plant Physiol. , 146 : 623 – 635 .
  • Kang , S. , Shi , W. and Zhang , J. 2000 . An improved water-use efficiency for maize grown under regulated deficit irrigation . Field Crop. Res. , 67 : 207 – 214 .
  • Kang , J. Y. , Choi , H. I. , Im , M. Y. and Kim , S. Y. 2002 . Arabidopsis basic leucine zipper proteins that mediate stress-responsive abscisic acid signaling . Plant Cell , 14 : 343 – 357 .
  • Karaba , A. , Dixit , S. , Greco , R. , Aharoni , A. , Trijatmiko , K. R. , Marsch-Martinez , N. , Krishnan , A. , Nataraja , K. N. , Udayakumar , M. and Pereira , A. 2007 . Improvement of water use efficiency in rice by expression of HARDY, an Arabidopsis drought and salt tolerance gene . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. , 104 : 15270 – 15275 .
  • Kenzo , T. , Yoneda , R. , Azani , M. A. and Majid , N. M. 2008 . Changes in leaf water use after removal of leaf lower surface hairs on Mallotus macrostachyus (Euphorbiaceae) in a tropical secondary forest in Malaysia . J. For. Res. , 13 : 137 – 142 .
  • Kerr , R. A. 2007 . How urgent is climate change? . Science , 318 : 230 – 231 .
  • Kerstiens , G. , Schreiber , L. and Lendzian , K. J. 2006 . Quantification of cuticular permeability in genetically modified plants . J. Exp. Bot. , 57 : 2547 – 2552 .
  • Kinoshita , T. , Doi , M. , Suetsugu , N. , Kagawa , T. , Wada , M. and Shimazaki , K. 2001 . phot1 and phot2 mediate blue light regulation of stomatal opening . Nature , 414 : 656 – 660 .
  • Klein , M. , Perfus-Barbeoch , L. , Frelet , A. , Gaedeke , N. , Reinhardt , D. , Mueller-Roeber , B. , Martinoia , E. and Forestier , C. 2003 . The plant multidrug resistance ABC transporter AtMRP5 is involved in guard cell hormonal signaling and water use . Plant J. , 33 : 119 – 129 .
  • Kosma , D. K. and Jenks , M. A. 2007 . “ Eco-physiological and molecular-genetic determinants of plant cuticle function in drought and salt stress tolerance ” . In Advances in Molecular Breeding Toward Drought and Salt Tolerant Crops , Edited by: Jenks , M. A. , Hasegawa , P. M. and Jain , S. M. 91 – 120 . Netherlands : Springer .
  • Kuhn , R. M. , Caspar , T. , Dehesh , K. and Quail , P. H. 1993 . DNA binding factor GT-2 from Arabidopsis . Plant Mol. Biol. , 23 : 337 – 348 .
  • Kwak , J. M. , Murata , Y. , Baizabal-Aguirre , V. M. , Merrill , J. , Wang , M. , Kemper , A. , Hawke , S. D. , Tallman , G. and Schroeder , J. I. 2001 . Dominant negative guard cell K+ channel mutants reduce inward-rectifying K+ currents and light-induced stomatal opening in Arabidopsis. . Plant Physiol. , 127 : 473 – 485 .
  • Lake , J. A. , Quick , W. P. , Beerling , D. J. and Woodward , F. I. 2001 . Plant development: Signals from mature to new leaves . Nature , 411 : 154
  • Lake , J. A. and Woodward , F. I. 2008 . Response of stomatal numbers to CO2 and humidity: control by transpiration rate and abscisic acid . New Phytol. , 179 : 397 – 404 .
  • Lawes , J. B. 1850 . Experimental investigation into the amount of water given off by plants during their growth, especially in relation to the fixation and source of their various constituents . J. Hortic. Soc. Lond. , 5 : 38 – 63 .
  • Leegood , R. C. 2002 . C4 photosynthesis: principles of CO2 concentration and prospects for its introduction into C3 plants . J. Exp. Bot. , 53 : 581 – 590 .
  • Liang , Y. M. , Hazlett , D. L. and Lauenroth , W. K. 1989 . Biomass dynamics and water use efficiencies of five plant communities in the short grass steppe . Oecologia , 80 : 148 – 153 .
  • Liang , Y. K. , Dubos , C. , Dodd , I. C. , Holroyd , G. H. , Hetherington , A. M. and Campbell , M. M. 2005 . AtMYB61, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor controlling stomatal aperture in Arabidopsis thaliana . Curr. Biol. , 15 : 1201 – 1206 .
  • Liang , Z. S. , Yang , J. W. , Shao , H. B. and Han , R. L. 2006 . Investigation on water consumption characteristics and water use efficiency of poplar under soil water deficits on the Loess Plateau . Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces , 53 : 23 – 28 .
  • Lin , C. , Robertson , D. E. , Ahmad , M. , Raibekas , A. A. , Jorns , M. S. , Dutton , P. L. and Cashmore , A. R. 1995 . Association of flavin adenine dinucleotide with the Arabidopsis blue light receptor CRY1 . Science , 18 : 968 – 970 .
  • Liu , F. , Shahnazari , A. , Andersen , M. N. , Jacobsen , S. and Jensen , C. R. 2006 . Physiological responses of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) to partial root-zone drying: ABA signalling, leaf gas exchange, and water use efficiency . J. Exp. Bot. , 57 : 3727 – 3735 .
  • Liu , Q. , Kasuga , M. , Sakuma , Y. , Abe , H. , Miura , S. , Yamaguchi-Shinozaki , K. and Shinozaki , K. 1998 . Two transcription factors, DREB1 and DREB2, with an EREBP/AP2 DNA binding domain separate two cellular signal transduction pathways in drought- and low-temperature-responsive gene expression, respectively, in Arabidopsis. . Plant Cell , 10 : 1391 – 1406 .
  • Liu , X. , Mickelbart , M. V. , Robinson , P. W. , Hofshi , R. and Arpaia , M. L. 2002 . Photosynthetic characteristics of avocado leaves . Acta Horticulturae , 575 : 865 – 874 .
  • Long , S. P. , Zhu , X. G. , Naidu , S. L. and Ort , D. R. 2006 . Can improvement in photosynthesis increase crop yields? . Plant Cell Evnrion. , 29 : 315 – 330 .
  • Luan , S. 2002 . Signaling drought in guard cells . Plant Cell Environ. , 25 : 229 – 237 .
  • Luan , S. 2009 . The CBL-CIPK network in plant calcium signaling . Trends Plant Sci. , 14 : 37 – 42 .
  • Ludwig , F. , Jewitt , R. A. and Donovan , L. A. 2006 . Nutrient and water addition effects on day- and night-time conductance and transpiration in a C3 desert annual . Oecologia , 148 : 219 – 225 .
  • Luomala , E. M. , Laitinen , K. , Sutinen , S. , Kellomäki , S. and Vapaavuori , E. 2005 . Stomatal density, anatomy and nutrient concentrations of Scots pine needles are affected by elevated CO2 and temperature . Plant Cell Environ. , 28 : 733 – 749 .
  • Ma , S. Y. and Wu , W. H. 2007 . AtCPK23 functions in Arabidopsis responses to drought and salt stresses . Plant Mol. Biol. , 65 : 511 – 518 .
  • Mansfield , T. A. , Hetherington , A. M. and Atkinson , C. J. 1990 . Some current aspects of stomatal physiology . Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. , 41 : 55 – 75 .
  • Mao , J. , Zhang , Y. C. , Sang , Y. , Li , Q. H. and Yang , H. Q. 2005 . A role for Arabidopsis cryptochromes and COP1 in the regulation of stomatal opening . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. , 23 : 12270 – 12275 .
  • Marcelis , L. F. M. and Van Hoojidonk , J. 1999 . Effect of salinity on growth, water use and nutrient use in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) . Plant Soil , 215 : 57 – 64 .
  • Marler , T. E. and Zozor , Y. 1996 . Salinity influences photosynthetic characteristics, water relations, and foliar mineral composition of Annona squamosa L . J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 121 : 243 – 248 .
  • Martin , B. , Nienhuis , J. , King , G. and Schaefer , A. 1989 . Restriction fragment length polymorphisms associated with water use efficiency in tomato . Science , 243 : 1725 – 1728 .
  • Martin , B. and Ruiz-Torres , N. A. 1992 . Effects of water-deficit stress on photosynthesis, its components and component limitations, and on water use efficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) . Plant Physiol. , 100 : 733 – 739 .
  • Martínez , J. P. , Ledent , J. F. , Bajji , M. , Kinet , J. M. and Lutts , S. 2003 . Effect of water stress on growth, Na+ and K+ accumulation and water use efficiency in relation to osmotic adjustment in two populations of Atriplex halimus L . Plant Growth Regul. , 41 : 63 – 73 .
  • Masle , J. , Gilmore , S. R. and Farquhar , G. D. 2005 . The ERECTA gene regulates plant transpiration efficiency in Arabidopsis . Nature , 436 : 866 – 870 .
  • Massinga , R. A. , Currie , R. S. and Trooien , T. P. 2003 . Water use and light interception under Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and corn competition . Weed Sci. , 51 : 523 – 531 .
  • Massonnet , C. , Costes , E. , Rambal , S. , Dreyer , E. and Regnard , J. L. 2007 . Stomatal regulation of photosynthesis in apple leaves: evidence for different water-use strategies between two cultivars . Ann. Bot. (Lond.). , 100 : 1347 – 1356 .
  • Matyssek , R. , Gunthardtgoerg , M. S. , Maurer , S. and Keller , T. 1995 . Night-time exposure to ozone reduces whole-plant production in Betula pendula . Tree Physiology , 15 : 159 – 165 .
  • Medrano , H. , Escalona , J. M. , Bota , J. , Gulías , J. and Flexas , J. 2002 . Regulation of photosynthesis of C3 plants in response to progressive drought: stomatal conductance as a reference parameter . Ann. Bot. , 89 : 895 – 905 .
  • Medrano , H. , Escalona , J. M. , Cifre , J. , Bota , J. and Flexas , J. 2003 . A ten-year study on the physiology of two Spanish grapevine cultivars under field conditions: effects of water availability from leaf photosynthesis to grape yield and quality . Funct. Plant Biol. , 30 : 607 – 619 .
  • Meinzer , F. C. and Grantz , D. A. 1991 . Coordination of stomatal, hydraulic, and canopy boundary layer properties: Do stomata balance conductances by measuring transpiration? . Physiol. Plant. , 83 : 324 – 329 .
  • Melaragno , J. E. , Mehrotra , B. and Coleman , A. W. 1993 . Relationship between endopolyploidy and cell size in epidermal tissue of Arabidopsis . Plant Cell , 5 : 1661 – 1668 .
  • Mian , M. A. , Ashley , D. A. and Boerma , H. R. 1998 . An additional QTL for water use efficiency in soybean . Crop Sci. , 38 : 1998
  • Mian , M. A. R. , Bailey , M. A. , Ashley , D. A. , Wells , R. , Carter , T. E. , Parrott , W. A. and Boerma , H. R. 1996 . Molecular markers associated with water use efficiency and leaf ash in soybean . Crop Sci. , 36 : 1252 – 1257 .
  • Michaels , S. D. and Amasino , R. M. 1999 . FLOWERING LOCUS C encodes a novel MADS domain protein that acts as a repressor of flowering . Plant Cell , 11 : 949 – 956 .
  • Miskin , K. E. , Rasmusson , D. C. and Moss , D. N. 1972 . Inheritance and physiological effects of stomatal frequency in barley . Crop Sci. , 12 : 780 – 783 .
  • Mitchell-Olds , T. and Schmitt , J. 2006 . Genetic mechanisms and evolutionary significance of natural variation in . Arabidopsis. , 441 : 947 – 952 .
  • Mobley , K. N. and Marini , R. P. 1990 . Gas exchange characteristics of apple and peach leaves infested by european red mite and twospotted spider mite . J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 115 : 757 – 761 .
  • Monclus , R. , Dreyer , E. , Villar , M. , Delmotte , F. M. , Delay , D. , Petit , J. M. , Barbaroux , C. , Le Thiec , D. , Bréchet , C. and Brignolas , F. 2006 . Impact of drought on productivity and water use efficiency in 29 genotypes of Populus deltoids × Populus nigra. . New Phytol. , 169 : 765 – 777 .
  • Monson , R. K. and Grant , M. C. 1989 . Experimental studies of ponderosa pine. III. Differences in photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and water-use efficiency between two genetic lines . Amer. J. Bot. , 76 : 1041 – 1047 .
  • Monson , R. K. , Sackschewsky , M. R. and Williams , G. J. 1986 . Field measurements of photosynthesis, water-use efficiency, and growth in Agropyron smithii (C3) and Bouteloua gracilis (C4) in the Colorado shortgrass steppe . Oecologia , 68 : 400 – 409 .
  • Morgan , J. A. , LeCain , D. R. , Read , J. J. , Hunt , H. W. and Knight , W. G. 1998 . Photosynthetic pathway and ontogeny affect water relations and the impact of CO2 on Bouteloua gracilis (C4) and Pascopyrum smithii (C3) . Oecologia. , 114 : 483 – 493 .
  • Muchow , R. C. and Sinclair , T. R. 1989 . Epidermal conductance, stomatal density and stomatal size among genotypes of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench . Plant Cell Environ. , 12 : 425 – 431 .
  • Muñoz-Perea , C. G. , Allen , R. G. , Westermann , D. T. , Wright , J. L. and Singh , S. P. 2007 . Water use efficiency among dry bean landraces and cultivars in drought-stressed and non-stressed environments . Euphytica. , 155 : 393 – 402 .
  • Musselman , R. C. and Minnick , T. 2000 . Nocturnal stomatal conductances and ambient air quality standards for ozone . Atmos. Environ. , 34 : 719 – 733 .
  • Nadeau , J. A. 2009 . Stomatal development: new signals and fate determinants . Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. , 12 : 29 – 35 .
  • Nienhuis , J. , Sills , G. R. , Martin , B. and King , G. 1994 . Variance for water-use efficiency among ecotypes and recombinant inbred lines of Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) . Am. J. Bot. , 81 : 943 – 947 .
  • Nilson , S. E. and Assmann , S. M. 2007 . The control of transpiration. Insights from Arabidopsis . Plant Physiol. , 143 : 19 – 27 .
  • Nobel , P. S. 1974 . Boundary layers of air adjacent to cylinders . Plant Physiol. , 54 : 177 – 181 .
  • Nobel , P. S. 1999 . Physicochemical & Environmental Plant Physiology, , 2nd ed. , San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
  • Ogren , W. L. 1984 . Photorespiration: pathways, regulation, and modification . Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. , 35 : 415 – 442 .
  • Oliveira , M. R. G. , Calado , A. M. and Portas , C. A. M. 1996 . Tomato root distribution under drip irrigation . J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 121 : 644 – 648 .
  • Omani , E. N. , Hammes , P. S. and Robbertse , P. J. 2006 . Differences in salinity tolerance for growth and water-use efficiency in some amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) genotypes . New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science. , 34 : 11 – 22 .
  • Oren , R. , Sperry , J. S. , Ewers , B. E. , Pataki , D. E. , Phillips , N. and Megonigal , J. P. 2001 . Sensitivity of mean canopy stomatal conductance to vapor pressure deficit in a flooded Taxodium distichum L. forest: hydraulic and non-hydraulic effects . Oecologia. , 126 : 21 – 29 .
  • Ouda , S. A. , El-Mesiry , T. and Gaballah , M. S. 2007 . Effect of using stabilizing agents on increasing yield and water use efficiency in Barley grown under water stress . Aust. J. Basic & Applied Sci. , 1 : 571 – 577 .
  • Outlaw , W. H. Jr. 2003 . Integration of cellular and physiological functions of guard cells . Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. , 22 : 503 – 529 .
  • Pandey , S. , Zhang , W. and Assmann , S. M. 2007 . Roles of ion channels and transporters in guard cell signal transduction . FEBS Lett. , 581 : 2325 – 2336 .
  • Papp , I. , Mur , L. A. , Dalmadi , A. , Dulai , S. and Koncz , C. 2004 . A mutation in the cap binding protein 20 gene confers drought tolerance to Arabidopsis. . Plant Mol. Biol. , 55 : 679 – 686 .
  • Patterson , D. T. and Flint , E. P. 1983 . Comparative water relations, photosynthesis, and growth of soybean (Glycine max) and seven associated weeds . Weed Sci. , 31 : 318 – 323 .
  • Patterson , D. T. 1986 . Responses of soybean (Glycine max) and three C4 grass weeds to CO2 enrichment during drought . Weed Sci. , 34 : 203 – 210 .
  • Perniola , M. Ecophysiological parameters and water relations of sweet sorghum, cotton and sunflower during drought cycles . International Conference on Land and Water Resources Management in the Mediterranean Region . pp. 97 – 115 . Valenzano, Bari, Italy 4-8 September. 5
  • Pierce , S. , Maxwell , K. , Griffiths , H. and Winter , K. 2001 . Hydrophobic trichome layers and epicuticular wax powders in Bromeliaceae . Amer. J. Bot. , 88 : 1371 – 1389 .
  • Plaut , Z. and Federman , E. 1991 . Acclimation of CO2 assimilation in cotton leaves to water stress and salinity . Plant Physiol. , 97 : 515 – 522 .
  • Polly , H. W. 2002 . Implications of atmospheric and climatic change for crop yield and water use efficiency . Crop Sci. , 42 : 131 – 140 .
  • Popp , C. , Burghardt , M. , Friedmann , A. and Riederer , M. 2005 . Characterization of hydrophilic and lipophilic pathways of Hedera helix L. cuticular membranes: permeation of water and uncharged organic compounds . J. Exp. Bot. , 56 : 2797 – 2806 .
  • Pritchard , S. G. and Amthor , J. S. 2005 . “ Crops and Environmental Change: An Introduction to Effects of Global Warming, Increasing Atmospheric CO 2 and O 3 ” . In Concentrations, and Soil Salinization on Crop Physiology and Yield , Roselle, NJ : Haworth Press .
  • Qin , X. and Zeevaart , J. A. 2002 . Overexpression of a 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia increases abscisic acid and phaseic acid levels and enhances drought tolerance . Plant Physiol. , 128 : 544 – 551 .
  • Radin , J. W. , Lu , Z. M. , Percy , R. G. and Zeiger , E. 1994 . Genetic variation for stomatal conductance in pima cotton and its relation to improvements of heat adaptation . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 94 : 7217 – 7221 .
  • Ramankutty , N. , Foley , J. A. and Olejniczak , N. J. 2008 . “ Land-use change and global food production ” . In Land Use and Soil Resources , Edited by: Braimoh , A. K. and Vlek , P. L. G. 23 – 40 . Dordrecht, , Netherlands : Springer .
  • Reich , P. B. and Lassoie , J. P. 1984 . Effects of low level O3 exposure on leaf diffusive conductance and water-use efficiency in hybrid poplar . Plant Cell Environ. , 7 : 661 – 668 .
  • Reicosky , D. A. and Hanover , J. W. 1976 . Seasonal changes in leaf surface waxes of Picea pungens. . Amer. J. Bot. , 63 : 449 – 456 .
  • Reinert , F. and Meirelles , S. T. 1993 . Water acquisition strategy shifts in the heterophylous saxicolous bromeliad, Vriesea geniculata (Wawra) Wawra . Selbyana , 14 : 80 – 88 .
  • Richards , R. A. , Rawson , H. M. and Johnson , D. A. 1986 . Glaucousness in wheat: its development and effect on water-use efficiency, gas exchange and photosynthetic tissue temperatures . Aust. J. Plant Physiol. , 13 : 465 – 473 .
  • Riederer , M. and Schreiber , L. 2001 . Protecting against water loss: analysis of the barrier properties of plant cuticles . J. Exp. Bot. , 52 : 2023 – 2032 .
  • Ripley , B. S. , Gilbert , M. E. , Ibrahim , D. G. and Osborne , C. P. 2007 . Drought constraints on C4 photosynthesis: stomatal and metabolic limitations in C3 and C4 subspecies of Alloteropsis semialata. . J. Exp. Bot. , 58 : 1351 – 1363 .
  • Ripullone , F. , Lauteri , M. , Grassi , G. , Amato , M. and Borghetti , M. 2004 . Variation in nitrogen supply changes water-sue efficiency of Pseudotsuga menziesii Populus × eroamericana; a comparison of three approaches to determine water-use efficiency . Tree Physiology. , 24 : 671 – 679 .
  • Ristic , Z. and Jenks , M. A. 2002 . Leaf cuticle and water loss in maize lines differing in dehydration avoidance . J. Plant Physiol. , 159 : 645 – 651 .
  • Rockström , J. , Lannerstad , M. and Falkenmark , M. 2007 . Assessing the water challenge of a new green revolution in developing countries . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. , 104 : 6253 – 6260 .
  • Roelfsema , M. R. G. and Hedrich , R. 2005 . In the light of stomatal opening: new insights into ‘the Watergate’ . New Phytologist , 167 : 665 – 691 .
  • Romero-Aranda , R. , Soria , T. and Cuartero , J. 2001 . Tomato plant-water uptake and plant-water relationships under saline growth conditions . Plant Sci. , 160 : 265 – 272 .
  • Rosadi , R. A. B. , Afandi Senge , M. , Ito , K. and Adomako , J. T. 2007 . The effect of water deficit in typical soil types on the yield and water requirement of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) in Indonesia . Jpn. Agr. Res. Q. , 41 : 47 – 52 .
  • Rosen , C. 2000 . World Resources 2000–2001: People and Ecosystems: the Fraying Web of Life , Amsterdam, , Netherlands : Elsevier Science .
  • Rosenberg , N. J. , Blad , B. L. and Verma , S. B. 1983 . Microclimate: The Biological Environment, , 2nd ed. , Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Interscience .
  • Saab , I. N. , Sharp , R. E. , Pitchard , J. and Voetberg , G. S. 1990 . Increased endogenous abscisic acid maintains primary root growth and inhibits shoot growth of maize seedlings at low water potentials . Plant Physiol. , 93 : 1329 – 1336 .
  • Saez , A. , Apostolova , N. , Gonzalez-Guzman , M. , Gonzalez-Garcia , M. P. , Nicolas , C. , Lorenzo , O. and Rodriguez , P. L. 2004 . Gain-of-function and loss-of-function phenotypes of the protein phosphatase 2C HAB1 reveal its role as a negative regulator of abscisic acid signaling . Plant J. , 37 : 354 – 369 .
  • Saez , A. , Robert , N. , Maktabi , M. H. , Schroeder , J. I. , Serrano , R. and Rodriguez , P. L. 2006 . Enhancement of abscisic acid sensitivity and reduction of water consumption in Arabidopsis by combined inactivation of the protein phosphatases type 2C ABI1 and HAB1 . Plant Physiol. , 141 : 1389 – 1399 .
  • Sage , R. F. and Kubien , D. S. 2007 . The temperature response of C3 and C4 photosynthesis . Plant Cell Environ. , 30 : 1086 – 1106 .
  • Schmitt , A. K. , Martin , C. E. and Lüttage , U. E. 1989 . Gas exchange and water vapor uptake in the atmospheric CAM bromeliad Tillandsia recurvata L.: The influence of trichomes . Bot. Acta , 102 : 80 – 84 .
  • Schuepp , P. H. 1993 . Transley review no. 59: Leaf boundary layers . New Phytol. , 125 : 477 – 507 .
  • Sekiya , N. and Yano , K. 2008 . Stomatal density of cowpea correlates with carbon isotope discrimination in different phosphorus, water and CO2 environments . New Phytol. , 179 : 799 – 807 .
  • Sharma-Natu , P. and Ghildiyal , M. C. 2005 . Potential targets for improving photosynthesis and crop yield . Curr. Sci. , 88 : 1918 – 1928 .
  • Shimazaki , K. , Doi , M. , Assmann , S. M. and Kinoshita , T. 2007 . Light regulation of stomatal movement . Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. , 58 : 219 – 247 .
  • Shindo , C. , Bernasconi , G. and Hardtke , C. S. 2007 . Natural genetic variation in Arabidopsis: tools, traits and prospects for evolutionary ecology . Ann. Bot. , 99 : 1043 – 1054 .
  • Shinozaki , K. and Yamaguchi-Shinozaki , K. 2000 . Molecular responses to dehydration and low temperature: differences and cross-talk between two stress signaling pathways . Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. , 3 : 217 – 223 .
  • Shreiber , L. and Riederer , M. 1996 . Ecophysiology of cuticular transpiration: comparative investigation of cuticular water permeability of plant species from different habitats . Oecologia. , 107 : 426 – 432 .
  • Sinclair , T. R. , Purcell , L. C. and Sneller , C. H. 2004 . Crop transformation and the challenge to increase yield potential . Trends Plant Sci. , 9 : 70 – 75 .
  • Sinclair , T. R. , Hammer , G. L. and van Oosterom , E. J. 2005 . Potential yield and water-use efficiency benefits in sorghum from limited maximum transpiration rate . Funct. Plant Biol. , 32 : 945 – 952 .
  • Sirichandra , C. , Wasilewska , A. , Vlad , F. , Valon , C. and Leung , J. 2009 . The guard cell as a single-cell model towards understanding drought tolerance and abscisic acid action . J. Exp. Bot. , 60 : 1439 – 1463 .
  • Snyder , K. A. , James , J. J. , Richards , J. H. and Donovan , L. A. 2008 . Does hydraulic lift or nighttime transpiration facilitate nitrogen acquisition? . Plant Soil. , 306 : 159 – 166 .
  • Snyder , K. A. , Richards , J. H. and Donovan , L. A. 2003 . Night-time conductance in C3 and C4 species: do plants lose water at night? . J. Exp. Bot. , 54 : 861 – 865 .
  • Srinivasan , S. , Gomez , S. M. , Kumar , S. S. , Ganesh , S. K. , Biji , K. R. , Senthil , A. and Babu , R. C. 2008 . QTLs linked to leaf epicuticular wax, physio-morphological and plant production traits under drought stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.) . Plant Growth Regul. , 56 : 245 – 256 .
  • Stokes , V. J. , Morecroft , M. D. and Morison , J. I. L. 2006 . Boundary layer conductance for contrasting leaf shapes in a deciduous broadleaved forest canopy . Agr. Forest Meteorol. , 139 : 40 – 54 .
  • Stuart , B. L. , Krieg , D. R. and Abernathy , J. R. 1985 . Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance responses of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) to water stress . Weed Sci. , 33 : 635 – 639 .
  • Sugimoto-Shirasu , K. and Roberts , K. 2003 . “Big it up”: endoreduplication and cell-size control in plants . Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. , 6 : 544 – 543 .
  • Szyroki , A. , Ivashikina , N. , Dietrich , P. , Roelfsema , M. R. G. , Ache , P. , Reintanz , B. , Deeken , R. , Godde , M. , Felle , H. , Steinmeyer , R. , Palme , K. and Hedrich , R. 2001 . KAT1 is not essential for stomatal opening . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. , 98 : 2917 – 2921 .
  • Taiz , L. and Zeiger , E. 2006 . Plant Physiology, , 4th ed. , Sunderland, MA : Sinauer Associates .
  • Takeda , S. and Matsuoka , M. 2008 . Genetic approaches to crop improvement: responding to environmental and population changes . Nat. Rev. Genet. , 9 : 444 – 457 .
  • Takemiya , A. , Inoue , S. , Doi , M. , Kinoshita , T. and Shimazaki , K. 2005 . Phototropins promote plant growth in response to blue light in low light environments . Plant Cell , 17 : 1120 – 1127 .
  • Tallman , G. 2004 . Are diurnal patterns of stomatal movement the result of alternating metabolism of endogenous guard cell ABA and accumulation of ABA delivered to the apoplast around guard cells by transpiration? . J. Exp. Bot. , 55 : 1963 – 1976 .
  • Tambussi , E. A. , Bort , J. and Araus , J. L. 2007 . Water use efficiency in C3 cereals under Mediterranean conditions: a review of physiological aspects . Ann. Appl. Biol. , 150 : 307 – 321 .
  • Teulat , B. , Merah , O. , Sirault , X. , Borries , C. , Waugh , R. and This , D. 2002 . QTLs for grain carbon isotope discrimination in field-grown barley . Theor. Appl. Genet. , 106 : 118 – 126 .
  • Thomas , P. W. , Woodward , F. I. and Quick , W. P. 2004 . Systemic irradiance signaling in tobacco . New Phytol. , 161 : 193 – 198 .
  • Thompson , A. J. , Andrews , J. , Mulholland , B. J. , McKee , J. M. , Hilton , H. W. , Horridge , J. S. , Farquhar , G. D. , Smeeton , R. C. , Smillie , I. R. , Black , C. R. and Taylor , I. B. 2007 . Overproduction of abscisic acid in tomato increases transpiration efficiency and root hydraulic conductivity and influences leaf expansion . Plant Physiol. , 143 : 1905 – 1917 .
  • Thumma , B. R. , Naidu , B. P. , Chandra , A. , Cameron , D. F. , Bahnisch , L. M. and Liu , C. 2001 . Identification of causal relationships among traits related to drought resistance in Stylosanthes scabra using QTL analysis . J. Exp. Bot. , 52 : 203 – 214 .
  • Timlin , D. , Bunce , J. , Fleisher , D. , Reddy , V. R. , Yang , Y. , Kim , S. H. , Saseendran , S. A. and Quebedeaux , B. 2008 . “ Simulation of the effects of limited water on photosynthesis and transpiration in field crops: can we advance our modeling approaches? ” . In Responses of Crops to Limited Water: Understanding and Modeling Water Stress Effects on Plant Growth Processes , Edited by: Ahuja , L. R. , Reddy , V. R. , Saseendran , S. A. and Yu , Q. 105 – 144 . Madison, WI : ASA-CSSA-SSSA .
  • Traas , J. , Hülskamp , M. , Gendreau , E. and Höfte , H. 1998 . Endoreduplication and development: rule without dividing? . Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. , 1 : 498 – 503 .
  • Udayakumar , M. , Sheshshayee , M. S. , Nataraj , K. N. , Bindumadhava , H. , Devendra , R. , Aftab Hussain , I. S. and Prasad , T. G. 1998 . Why breeding for water use efficiency has not been successful. An analysis and alternate approach to exploit this trait for crop improvement . Curr. Sci. , 74 : 994 – 1000 .
  • Ullah , H. , Chen , J. G. , Young , J. C. , Im , K. H. , Sussman , M. R. and Jones , A. M. 2001 . Modulation of cell proliferation by heterotrimeric G protein in Arabidopsis. . Science , 292 : 2066 – 2069 .
  • Umezawa , T. , Okamoto , M. , Kushiro , T. , Nambara , E. , Oono , Y. , Seki , M. , Kobayashi , M. , Koshiba , T. , Kamiya , Y. and Shinozaki , K. 2006 . CYP707A3, a major ABA 8′-hydroxylase involved in dehydration and rehydration response in Arabidopsis thaliana. . Plant J. , 46 : 171 – 182 .
  • Van den Boogaard , B. , Alewijnse , D. , Veneklaas , E. J. and Lambers , H. 1997 . Growth and water-use efficiency of 10 Triticum aestivum cultivars at different water availability in relation to allocation of biomass . Plant Cell Environ. , 20 : 200 – 210 .
  • Van Wychen , L. R. , Maxwell , B. D. , Bussan , A. J. , Miller , P. R. and Luschei , E. C. 2004 . Wild oat (Avena fatua) habitat and water use in cereal grain cropping systems . Weed Sci. , 52 : 352 – 358 .
  • Visser , A. J. , Tosserams , M. , Groen , M. W. , Kalis , G. , Kwant , R. , Magendans , G. W. H. and Rozema , J. 1997 . The combined effects of CO2 concentration and enhanced UV-B radiation on faba bean. 3. Leaf optical properties, pigments, stomatal index and epidermal cell density . Plant Ecology , 128 : 209 – 222 .
  • Vogg , G. , Fischer , S. , Leide , J. , Emmanuel , E. , Jetter , R. , Levy , A. A. and Riederer , M. 2004 . Tomato fruit cuticular waxes and their effects on transpiration barrier properties: functional characterization of a mutant deficient in a very long-chain fatty acid beta-ketoacyl-CoA synthase . J. Exp. Bot. , 55 : 1401 – 1410 .
  • von Caemmerer , S. and Farquhar , G. D. 1981 . Some relationships between the biochemistry of photosynthesis and the gas exchange of leaves . Planta , 153 : 376 – 387 .
  • von Groll , U. , Berger , D. and Altmann , T. 2002 . The subtilisin-like serine protease SDD1 mediates cell-to-cell signaling during Arabidopsis stomatal development . Plant Cell , 14 : 1527 – 1539 .
  • Vörösmarty , C. J. , Green , P. , Salisbury , J. and Lammers , R. B. 2000 . Global water resources: Vulnerability from climate change and population growth . Science , 289 : 284 – 288 .
  • Wang , Y. and Zwiazek , J. J. 1999 . Effects of early spring photosynthesis on carbohydrate content, bud flushing and root and shoot growth of Picea glauca bareroot seedlings . Scand. J. For. Res. , 14 : 295 – 302 .
  • Wikberg , J. and Ögren , E. 2007 . Variation in drought resistance, drought acclimation and water conservation in four willow cultivars used for biomass production . Tree Physiology. , 27 : 1339 – 1346 .
  • Winter , K. , Aranda , J. and Holturn , J. A. M. 2005 . Carbon isotope composition and water-use efficiency in plants with crassulacean acid metabolism . Funct. Plant Biol. , 32 : 381 – 388 .
  • Woodward , F. I. , Lake , J. A. and Quick , W. P. 2002 . Stomatal development and CO2: ecological consequences . New Phytol. , 153 : 477 – 484 .
  • Xu , Z. and Zhou , G. 2008 . Responses of leaf stomatal density to water status and its relationship with photosynthesis in a grass . J. Exp. Bot. , 59 : 3317 – 3325 .
  • Xue , Q. , Zhu , Z. , Musick , J. T. , Stewart , B. A. and Dusek , D. A. 2006 . Physiological mechanisms contributing to the increased water-use efficiency in winter wheat under deficit irrigation . J. Plant Physiol. , 163 : 154 – 164 .
  • Yoo , C. Y. , Jin , J. B. , Miura , K. , Gosney , M. , Jin , Y. , Mickelbart , M. V. and Hasegawa , P. M. AtGTL1 transcription factor regulates water use efficiency and drought adaptation through Ca2 +/Calmodulin signaling . 19th International Conference on Arabidopsis Research . July 23–27 , Montreal, Canada.
  • Yu , H. , Chen , X. , Hong , Y. Y. , Wang , Y. , Xu , P. , Ke , S. D. , Liu , H. Y. , Zhu , J. K. , Oliver , D. J. and Xiang , C. B. 2008 . Activated expression of an Arabidopsis HD-START protein confers drought tolerance with improved root system and reduced stomatal density . Plant Cell , 20 : 1134 – 1151 .
  • Zhang , J. , Sui , X. , Li , B. , Su , B. , Li , J. and Zhou , D. 1998 . An improved water-use efficiency for winter wheat grown under reduced irrigation . Field Crops Res. , 59 : 91 – 98 .
  • Zhang , X. , Zang , R. and Li , C. 2004 . Population differences in physiological and morphological adaptations of Populus davidiana seedlings in response to progressive drought stress . Plant Sci. , 166 : 791 – 797 .
  • Zhang , J. Y. , Broeckling , C. D. , Blancaflor , E. B. , Sledge , M. K. , Sumner , L. W. and Wang , Z. Y. 2005 . Overexpression of WXP1, a putative Medicago truncatula AP2 domain-containing transcription factor gene, increases cuticular wax accumulation and enhance drought tolerance in transgenic alfalfa (Medicago sativa) . Plant J. , 42 : 689 – 707 .
  • Zhang , J. Y. , Broeckling , C. D. , Sumner , L. W. and Wang , Z. Y. 2007a . Heterologous expression of two Medicago truncatula putative ERF transcription factor genes, WXP1 and WXP2, in Arabidopsis led to increased leaf wax accumulation and improved drought tolerance, but differential response in freezing tolerance . Plant Mol. Biol. , 64 : 265 – 278 .
  • Zhang , Y. , Yang , C. , Li , Y. , Zheng , N. , Chen , H. , Zhao , Q. , Gao , T. , Guo , H. and Xie , Q. 2007b . SDIR1 is a RING finger E3 ligase that positively regulates stress-responsive abscisic acid signaling in Arabidopsis . Plant Cell , 19 : 1912 – 1929 .
  • Zhang , L. , Hu , G. , Cheng , Y. and Huang , J. 2008a . Heterotrimeric G protein alpha and beta subunits antagonistically modulate stomatal density in Arabidopsis thaliana. . Dev. Biol. , 324 : 68 – 75 .
  • Zhang , X. , Wollenweber , B. , Jiang , D. , Liu , F. and Zhao , J. 2008b . Water deficits and heat shock effects on photosynthesis of a transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana constitutively expressing ABP9, a bZIP transcription factor . J. Exp. Bot. , 59 : 839 – 848 .
  • Zhu , X. G. , Long , S. P. and Ort , D. R. 2008 . What is the maximum efficiency with which photosynthesis can convert solar energy into biomass? . Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. , 19 : 153 – 159 .
  • Zollinger , R. K. and Kells , J. J. 1991 . Effect of soil, pH, soil water, light intensity, and temperature on perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis L.) . Weed Sci. , 39 : 376 – 384 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.