124
Views
76
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Sweetening agents of plant originFootnote*

, &
Pages 79-120 | Published online: 02 Dec 2008

References

  • Nicol , W. M. 1982 . “ Sucrose, the optimum sweetener ” . In Nutritive Sweeteners , Edited by: Birch , G. G. and Parker , K. J. London : Applied Science . chap. 2.
  • Morris , J. A. 1976 . Sweetening agents from natural sources . Lloydia , 39 : 25
  • Nicol , W. M. 1977 . Carbohydrate sweeteners . Chem. Ind. , 11 : 427
  • Keim , C. R. 1978 . Sweeteners from starch . Sugar Azucar , 73 : 53
  • Hannigan , K. J. 1982 . The sweetener report, 1982–1987 . Food Eng , July : 75 issue
  • Palmer , T. J. 1982 . “ Nutritive sweeteners from starch ” . In Nutritive Sweeteners , Edited by: Birch , G. G. and Parker , K. J. London : Applied Science . chap. 5
  • Rose , D. J. Jr. and Anderson , J. J. B. 1983 . Sweeteners in our society . World Rev. Nutr. Diet. , 41 : 200
  • Abel , M. H. 1906 . Sugar as Food , Farmers’ Bulletin No. 93 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Department of Agriculture, Government Printing Office .
  • Fewkes , D. W. , Parker , K. J. and Vlitos , A. J. 1971 . Sucrose . Sci. Prog. , 59 : 25
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture . 1983 . Sugar: world production, consumption, and stocks, 1972–83 . Sugar and Sweetener Outlook and Situation Report , 8 (4) : 10
  • Dyer and Co. 1984 . Facts about sugar . Sugar Azucar , 79 : 11
  • McKay , D. A. M. and Vincent , P. M. 1979 . “ Summary and discussion of session III: practical problems in substituting sugar in various foods ” . In Health and Sugar substitutes , Edited by: Guggenheim , B. 321 Basel : Karger .
  • Yudkin , J. 1972 . Sweet and Dangerous , New York : Peter H. Wyden .
  • Anon . 1975 . Sweeteners — issues and Uncertainties , National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C : Academy Forum .
  • Bigaoutte , J. and Howard , L. 1977 . Nutrition‐related disorders . Int. J. Dermatol. , 16 : 605
  • Shaw , J. H. and Roussos , G. G. , eds. 1978 . Sweeteners and Dental Caries , Washington, D.C : Information Retrieval Inc. .
  • Drucker , D. B. 1979 . Sweetening agents in food, drinks and medicine: cariogenic potential and adverse effects . J. Hum. Nutr. , 33 : 114
  • Guggenheim , B. , ed. 1979 . Health and Sugar Substitutes , Basel : Karger .
  • Nuttall , F. Q. and Gannon , M. C. 1981 . Sucrose and disease . Diabetes Care , 4 : 305
  • Edgar , W. M. 1982 . “ Sugars and dental caries ” . In Nutritive Sweeteners , Edited by: Birch , G. G. and Parker , K. J. London : Applied . chap. 11
  • Bryan , G. T. , Ertürk , E. and Yoshida , O. 1970 . Production of urinary bladder carcinomas in mice by sodium saccharin . Science , 168 : 1238
  • Clayson , D. B. 1984 . The mode of carcinogenic action of saccharin . Cancer Lett. , 22 : 119
  • Hicks , R. M. 1984 . Promotion: is saccharin a promoter in the urinary bladder? . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 22 : 755
  • Anon . 1981 . Aspartame; commissioner's final decision . Fed. Regul. , 46 : 38285
  • Sadler , M. J. 1984 . Recent aspartame studies . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 22 : 771
  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration . 1970 . Revocations regarding cyclamate‐containing products intended for drug use . Fed. Regul. , 35 : 13644
  • Bazell , R. J. 1970 . Cyclamates: house report charges administrative alchemy at HEW . Science , 170 : 419
  • Department of Health and Human Services . 1983 . GRAS status of licorice (Glycyrrhiza) ammoniated glycyrrhizin, and monoammonium glycyrrhizinate . Fed. Regul. , 48 (237) : 54983
  • Higginbotham , J. D. , Snodin , D. J. , Eaton , K. K. and Daniel , J. W. 1983 . Safety evaluation of thaumatin (talin protein) . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 21 : 815
  • Kinghorn , A. D. and Soejarto , D. D. 1985 . “ Current status of stevioside as a sweetening agent for human use ” . In Economic and Medicinal Plant Research , Edited by: Wagner , H. , Hikino , H. and Farnsworth , N. R. Vol. 1 , London : Academic Press . Chap. 1
  • Crosby , G. A. and Wingard , R. E. Jr. 1979 . “ A survey of less common sweeteners ” . In Developments in Sweeteners — 1 , Edited by: Hough , C. A. M. , Parker , K. J. and Vlitos , A. J. London : Applied Science . chap. 6
  • Birch , G. G. , Green , L. F. and Coulson , C. B. , eds. 1971 . Sweetness and Sweeteners , London : Applied Science .
  • Farnsworth , N. R. 1973 . Current status of sugar substitutes . Cosmet. Perfum. , 88 : 27
  • Inglett , G. E. , ed. 1974 . Symposium: Sweeteners , Westport, Conn. : Avi Publ. .
  • Inglett , G. E. 1976 . A history of sweeteners — natural and synthetic . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 2 : 207
  • Hough , C. A. M. , Parker , K. J. and Vlitos , A. J. , eds. 1979 . Developments in Sweeteners — 1 , London : Applied Science Publishers . preface v.
  • Lee , C. K. 1979 . Carbohydrate sweeteners: structural requirements for taste . World Rev. Nutr. Diet. , 33 : 142
  • Higginbotham , J. D. 1980 . A la recherche de nouveaux edulcorants . Actual. Chim. , May : 21 issue
  • Lindner , K. 1980 . Non‐nutritive sweetening agents . Bibl. Nutr. Dieta , 29 : 82
  • Birch , G. G. and Parker , K. J. , eds. 1982 . Nutritive Sweeteners , London : Applied Science .
  • DuBois , G. E. 1982 . “ Nonnutritive sweeteners. The search for sucrose mimics ” . In Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry , Edited by: Hess , H.‐J. Vol. 17 , 323 New York : Academic Press .
  • Inglett , G. E. 1981 . Sweeteners — a review . Food Technol. , 35 March : 37 issue
  • Hugill , A. 1979 . “ Sucrose — a royal carbohydrate ” . In Developments in Sweeteners‐1 , Edited by: Hough , C. A. M. , Parker , K. J. and Vlitos , A. J. London : Applied Science Publishers . chap. 1
  • Inglett , G. E. and May , J. F. 1968 . Tropical plants with unusual taste properties . Econ. Bot. , 22 : 326
  • van der Wel , H. 1972 . Isolation and characterization of the sweet principle from Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii (Stapf) Diels . FEBS Lett. , 21 : 88
  • Morris , J. A. , Martenson , R. , Diebler , G. and Cagan , R. H. 1973 . Characterization of monellin, a protein that tastes sweet . J. Biol. Chem. , 248 : 534
  • Nieman , C. 1957 . “ Licorice ” . In Advances in Food Research , Edited by: Mark , E. M. and Stewart , G. F. Vol. 7 , 339 New York : Academic Press .
  • Asahina , Y. and Ueno , E. 1916 . Phyllodulcin, a chemical constituent of Amacha (Hydrangea thunbergii Sieb.) . J. Pharm. Soc. Jpn. , 408
  • 1916 . Chem. Abstr. , 10 : 1524
  • Hernández , F. 1959 . Obras Completas Tomo II: Historia Natural de Nueva España , Vol. 1 , ix 208 México City : Universidad Nacional de Mexico . Vol. 2, 68, 264
  • Martińez , M. 1969 . Las Plantas Medicinales de México, , 4th ed. , 166 Mexico : Ediciones Botas .
  • Compadre , C. M. , Pezzuto , J. M. , Kinghorn , A. D. and Kamath , S. K. 1985 . Hernandulcin: an intensely sweet compound discovered by review of ancient literature . Science , 227 : 417
  • Nie , R.‐L. , Tanaka , T. , Zhou , J. and Tanaka , O. 1982 . Phlorizin and trilobatin, sweet dihydrolchalcone‐glucosides from leaves of Lithocarpus litseifolius (Hance) Rehd. (Fagaceae) . Agric. Biol. Chem. , 46 : 1933
  • Williams , A. H. 1961 . Dihydrochalcones of Malus species . J. Chem. Soc. , 1961 : 4133
  • Uphof , J. C. T. 1968 . Dictionary of Economic Plants , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Cramer , J. Germany : Lehre .
  • Hashimoto , Y. , Ishizone , H. and Ogura , M. New sweet constituents of Periandra dulcis — structures of periandrins I, II and IV . Symp. Chem. Nat. Prod. 22nd . pp. 63 Japan : Furuoka .
  • Furukawa , S. and Tomizawa , Z. 1920 . Essential oil of Perilla nankinensis Decne . J. Chem. Ind. Tokyo , 23 : 342
  • 1920 . Chem. Abstr. , 14 : 2839
  • Barton , B. H. , Castle , T. and Jackson , J. R. 1877 . The British Flora Medica , revised ed. , 325 London : Chatto and Williams .
  • Wren , R. C. and Wren , R. W. 1956 . Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations , 7th ed. , 242 New York : Pitman Publ. .
  • Jizba , J. and Herout , V. 1967 . Plant Substances. XXVI. Isolation of constituents of common Polypody rhizomes (Polypodium vulgare L.) . Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. , 32 : 2867
  • Jizba , J. , Dolejs , L. , Herout , V. and Šorm , F. 1971 . Structure of osladin — the sweet principle of the rhizomes of Polypodium vulgare L. . Tetrahedron Lett. , : 1329
  • Daniell , W. F. 1852 . On the Synsepalum dulcificum De Cand. or, miraculous berry of Western Africa . Pharm. J. Trans. , 11 : 445
  • Inglett , G. E. , Dowling , B. , Albrecht , J. J. and Hoglan , F. A. 1968 . Taste‐modifying properties of miracle fruit (Synsepalum dulcificum) . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 13 : 284
  • Kurihara , Y. and Terasaki , S. 1982 . Isolation and chemical properties of multiple active principles from Miracle Fruit . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 719 : 444
  • Hu , H. H. 1925 . Rubus chungii sp. nov. . J. Arnold Arbor. , 6 : 142
  • Tanaka , T. , Kohda , H. , Tanaka , O. , Chen , F.‐H. , Chou , W.‐H. and Leu , J.‐L. 1981 . Rubososide (β‐d‐glucosyl ester of 13‐Oβ‐D‐glucosyl‐steviol), a sweet principle of Rubus chingii Hu (Rosaceae) . Agric. Biol. Chem. , 45 : 2165
  • Tanaka , T. , Tanaka , O. , Lin , Z.‐W. , Zhou , J. and Ageta , H. 1983 . Sweet and bitter glycosides of the Chinese drug, Bai‐Yun‐Shen (roots of Salvia digitaloides) . Chem. Pharm. Bull. , 31 : 780
  • Aider‐Wright , C. R. A. and Rennie , E. H. 1881 . XXXVII — Note on the sweet principle of Smilax glycyphylla . J. Chem. Soc. Trans. , 39 : 237
  • Bertoni , M. S. 1905 . Le Kaá Hé‐é: sa nature et ses propriétés . An. Cie. Paraguay , 5 (Ser. 1)
  • Tanaka , T. , Yamasaki , K. , Kohda , H. , Tanaka , O. and Mahato , S. B. 1980 . Dihydrochalcone‐glucosides as sweet principles of Symplocos species . Planta Med. (Suppl.) , 1980 : 81
  • Daniell , W. F. 1855 . Katemfe, or the Miraculous Fruit of Soudan . Pharm. J. Trans. , 14 : 158
  • van der Wel , H. and Loewe , K. 1972 . Isolation and characterization of thaumatins I and II, the sweettasting proteins from Thaumatococcus danielli Benth . Eur. J. Biochem. , 31 : 221
  • Swingle , W. T. 1941 . Momordica grosvenori sp. nov. the source of the Chinese lo han kuo . J. Arnold Arbor. , 22 : 197
  • Lee , C.‐H. 1975 . Intense sweetener from Lo Han Kuo (Momordica grosvenori) . Experientia , 31 : 533
  • Takemoto , T. , Arihara , S. , Nakajima , T. and Okuhira , M. 1983 . Studies on the constituents of Fructus Momordicae. I. On the sweet principle . Yakugaku Zasshi , 103 : 1151
  • Bucke , C. 1979 . “ Recent developments in production and use of glucose and fructose syrups ” . In Developments in Sweeteners ‐ 1 , Edited by: Hough , C. A. M. , Parker , K. J. and Vlitos , A. J. London : Applied Science . chap. 2
  • Baillon , H. E. 1891 . Histoire des Plantes 286 Paris
  • Baehni , C. 1965 . Memoire sur les Sapotacées. III. Inventaire des genres . Boissiera , 11 : 96
  • Beidler , L. M. 1975 . “ The biological and cultural role of sweeteners ” . In Sweeteners: Issues and Uncertainties , 11 Washington, D.C : National Academy of Sciences .
  • Pangborn , R. M. 1974 . “ Sensory perception of sweetness ” . In Symposium: Sweeteners , Edited by: Inglett , G. E. Westport, Conn. : Avi Publ. . chap. 3
  • Milum , V. G. 1949 . “ Honey ” . In The Hive and the Honey Bee, , revised ed. Edited by: Grout , R. A. 363
  • Brothwell , D. and Brothwell , P. 1969 . Food in Antiquity , New York : F. A. Praeger .
  • White , J. W. Jr. , Riethof , M. L. , Subers , M. H. and Kushnir , I. 1962 . Composition of American honeys . Tech. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agric. , : 1261
  • White , J. W. Jr. 1975 . “ Composition of honey ” . In Honey — A Comprehensive Survey , Edited by: Crane , E. London : Heinemann . chap. 5
  • Obermaier , H. 1925 . Fossil Man in Spain , 250 New Haven, Conn : Vale University Press .
  • Fraser , H. M. 1931 . Beekeeping in Antiquity , London : University of London Press, Ltd. . chap. 1.
  • Coon , C. S. 1955 . The History of Man , 421 London : Jonathan Cape .
  • Crane , E. 1975 . “ History of honey ” . In Honey — A Comprehensive Survey , Edited by: Crane , E. London : Heinemann . chap. 19
  • Brouk , B. 1975 . Plants Consumed by Man , New York : Academic Press . chap. 6
  • Moldenke , H. N. and Moldenke , A. L. 1952 . Plants of the Bible , Waltham, Mass : Chronica Botanica .
  • Arlington , L. R. 1959 . Foods of the Bible . J. Am. Diet. Assoc. , 35 : 816
  • Goor , A. 1965 . The history of the fig in the Holy Land from Ancient Times to the present . Econ. Bot. , 19 : 124
  • Zohary , M. 1982 . Plants of the Bible , Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press .
  • Goor , A. 1966 . The history of the grape‐vine in the Holy Land . Econ. Bot. , 20 : 46
  • Goor , A. 1967 . The history of the date through the Ages in the Holy Land . Econ. Bot. , 21 : 320
  • Strong , L. A. G. 1954 . The Story of Sugar , London : George Weidenfeld and Nicolson .
  • Gopal , L. 1964 . Sugar‐making in ancient India . J. Econ. Soc. Hist. Orient. , 7 : 57
  • von Lippmann , E. O. 1929 . Geschichte des Zuckers , 116 Berlin : Julius Springer .
  • van Hook , A. 1949 . Sugar, Its Production, Technology and Uses , New York : Ronald Press . chap. 6.
  • Reed , W. 1866 . The History of Sugar and Sugar‐Yielding Plants London
  • Deerr , N. 1949 . The History of Sugar , Vol. 1 , London : Chapman and Hall . Vol. 2, 1950
  • Aykroyd , W. R. 1967 . The Story of Sugar , Chicago : Quadrangle Book . chap. 2
  • Barnes , A. C. 1974 . The Sugar Cane. , 2nd ed. , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Deerr , N. 1929 . The original home of the sugar cane . Int. Sugar J. , 31 : 184
  • Harris , F. S. 1919 . The Sugar‐Beet in America , New York : MacMillan . chap. 2
  • Hedrick , U. P. , ed. 1919 . Sturtevant's Notes on Edible Plants , 21 Albany, New York : J. B. Lyon .
  • Nearing , H. and Nearing , S. 1950 . The Maple Sugar Book , New York : John Day . chap. 2
  • Hill , A. F. 1937 . Economic Botany, , 1st ed. , New York : McGraw‐Hill . chap. 10
  • Vasaniya , P. C. 1966 . Palm sugar — a plantation industry in India . Econ. Bot. , 20 : 40
  • Schery , R. W. 1972 . Plants for Man , 2nd ed. , Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice‐Hall . chap. 14
  • Robiquet , M. 1809 . Analyse de la réglisse . Ann. Chim. , 72 : 143
  • Cook , M. K. 1970 . Ammoniated glycyrrhizin: a useful natural sweetener and flavor potentiator . The Flavour Industry , December : 831 issue
  • Grieve , M. 1931 . A Modern Herbal , Vol. 1 , 307 London : Jonathan Cape .
  • King , J. 1855 . American Eclectic Dispensatory , 760 Cincinnati, Ohio : Moore, Wilstach, Keys & Co. .
  • Bennett , J. J. 1855 . Description of a new species of Phrynium from Western Africa . Pharm. J. Trans. , 14 : 161
  • Bentham , G. and Hooker , J. D. 1883 . Genera Plantarum , Vol. 3 , 652 London : L. Reeve and Co. and Williams and Norgate .
  • Edens , L. and van der Wel , H. 1985 . Microbial synthesis of the sweet‐tasting plant protein thaumatin . Trends Biotech. , 3 : 61
  • Jeffrey , C. 1979 . A new combination in Thladiantha (Cucurbitaceae) for a Chinese medicinal plant . Kew Bull. , 33 : 393
  • Jeffrey, C., Personal communication, 1983
  • Sipple , H. L. and McNutt , K. W. , eds. 1974 . Sugars in Nutrition , New York : Academic Press .
  • Koivistoinen , P. and Hyvo¨nen , L. , eds. 1980 . Carbohydrate Sweeteners in Food and Nutrition , New York : Academic Press .
  • Anon . 1984 . King sugar: still no. 1, but losing ground . Food Eng. , 56 November : 108 issue
  • Nicol , W. M. 1980 . “ Sucrose in food systems ” . In Carbohydrate Sweeteners in Food and Nutrition , Edited by: Koivis‐toinen , P. and Hyvönen , L. 151 New York : Academic Press .
  • Lehninger , A. L. 1975 . Biochemistry. , 2nd ed. , 263 New York : Worth Publ. .
  • Frostell , G. 1980 . “ Natural and added sweet carbohydrates in foods and diets ” . In Carbohydrate Sweeteners in Foods and Nutrition , Edited by: Koivistoinen , P. and Hyvönen , L. 1 New York : Academic Press .
  • Shallenberger , R. S. 1974 . “ Occurrence of various sugars in foods ” . In Sugars in Nutrition , Edited by: Sipple , H. C. and McNutt , K. W. 67 New York : Academic Press .
  • Commerford , J. D. Corn sweetener industry . Symposium: Sweeteners . Edited by: Inglett , G. E. pp. 78 Westport, Conn. : Avi Publ. .
  • Berghmans , E. and Aschengreen , N. H. 1980 . “ Starch hydrolysates: improved sweeteners obtained by the use of enzymes ” . In Carbohydrate Sweeteners in Food and Nutrition , Edited by: Koivistoinen , P. and Hyvönen , L. 213 New York : Academic Press .
  • von Hertzen , G. and Lindquist , C. 1980 . “ Comparative evaluation of carbohydrate sweeteners ” . In Carbohydrate Sweeteners in Food and Nutrition , Edited by: Koivistoinen , P. and Hyvönen , L. 127 New York : Academic Press .
  • Anon . 1985 . Dextrose does it . Food Eng. , 57 May : 60 issue
  • Morris , C. E. 1984 . Maltodextrins . Food Eng , 56 July : 48 issue
  • Aminoff , C. 1974 . “ New carbohydrate sweeteners ” . In Sugars in Nutrition , Edited by: Sipple , H. L. and McNutt , K. W. New York : Academic Press . chap. 10
  • Scheinin , A. , Makinen , K. K. and Ylitalo , K. 1974 . Turku sugar studies . Acta Odoritol: Scand. , 32 : 383
  • Scheinin , A. 1980 . “ Sweeteners and dental caries ” . In Carbohydrate Sweeteners in Foods and Nutrition , Edited by: Koivistoinen , P. and Hyvönen , L. 37 New York : Academic Press .
  • Doty , T. 1980 . “ Fructose: the rationale for traditional and modern uses ” . In Carbohydrate Sweeteners in Foods and Nutrition , Edited by: Koivistoinen , P. and Hyvönen , L. 259 New York : Academic Press .
  • Olefsky , J. M. and Crapo , P. A. 1980 . Fructose, xylitol, and sorbitol . Diabetes Care , 3 : 390
  • Anon . 1984 . Athlete's energy drink contains fructose . Food Eng. , 56 May : 64 issue
  • Hyvönen , L. and Koivistoinen , P. 1982 . “ Fructose in food systems ” . In Nutritive Sweeteners , Edited by: Birch , G. G. and Parker , K. J. London : Applied Science . chap. 7
  • Newton , J. M. and Wardrip , E. K. 1974 . “ High‐fructose corn syrup ” . In Symposium: Sweeteners , Edited by: Inglett , G. E. 87 Conn : Avi Publ. Westport .
  • Carasik , W. and Carroll , J. 1983 . Development of immobilized enzymes for production of high‐fructosecorn syrup . Food Technol , 37 October : 85 issue
  • Fullbrook , P. D. 1982 . “ Malt and maltose syrups ” . In Nutritive Sweeteners , Edited by: Birch , G. G. and Parker , K. J. London : Applied Science . chap. 4
  • Moskowitz , H. R. 1974 . “ The psychology of sweetness ” . In Sugars in Nutrition , Edited by: Sipple , H. and McNutt , K. W. 37 New York : Academic Press .
  • Sicard , P. J. 1982 . “ Hydrogenated glucose syrups, sorbitol, mannitol and xylitol ” . In Nutritive Sweeteners , Edited by: Birch , G. G. and Parker , K. J. London : Applied Science . chap. 8
  • Hough , C. A. M. 1979 . “ Sweet polyhydric alcohols ” . In Developments in Sweeteners — 1 , Edited by: Hough , C. A. M. , Parker , K. J. and Vlitos , A. J. London : Applied Science . chap. 3
  • Touster , O. and Shaw , D. R. D. 1962 . Biochemistry of the acyclic polyols . Physiol. Rev. , 42 : 181
  • Washüttl , J. , Riederer , P. and Bancher , E. 1973 . A qualitative and quantitative study of sugar‐alcohols in several foods . J. Food Sci. , 38 : 1262
  • Voirol , F. A. 1980 . “ Xylitol properties and applications in foods and Pharmaceuticals ” . In Carbohydrate Sweeteners in Foods and Nutrition , Edited by: Koivistoinen , P. and Hyvönen , L. 269 New York : Academic Press .
  • Counsell , J. N. and Roberton , D. J. 1976 . Xylitol — a sweetener which is kind to the teeth . Food Process. Ind. , 45 : 540
  • Smith , R. J. 1978 . Xylitol: another sweetener turns sour . Science , 199 : 670
  • Guenther , E. 1949 . The Essential Oils , Vol. 3 , 687 Princeton, N.J. : Van Nostrand .
  • Acton , E. M. , Stone , H. , Leaffer , M. A. and Oliver , S. M. 1970 . Perillartine and some derivatives: clarification of structures . Experientia , 26 : 473
  • Acton , E. M. and Stone , H. 1976 . Potential new artificial sweetener from study of structure‐taste relationships . Science , 193 : 584
  • Kazuyama , S. 1979 . Present status of natural sweeteners from Stevia . Shokuhin Kagaku , 21 (4) : 90
  • Soejarto , D. D. , Compadre , C. M. , Medon , P. J. , Kamath , S. K. and Kinghorn , A. D. 1983 . Potential sweetening agents of plant origin. II. Field search for sweet‐tasting Stevia species . Econ. Bot. , 37 : 74
  • Wood , H. B. Jr. , Allerton , R. , Diehl , H. W. and Fletcher , H. G. Jr. 1955 . Stevioside. I. The structure of the glucose moieties . J. Org. Chem. , 20 : 875
  • Mosettig , E. , Beglinger , U. , Dolder , F. , Lichti , H. , Quitt , P. and Waters , J. A. 1963 . The absolute configuration of steviol and isosteviol . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 85 : 2305
  • Kohda , H. , Kasai , R. , Yamasaki , K. , Murakami , K. and Tanaka , O. 1976 . New sweet diterpene glucosides from Stevia rebaudiana . Phytochemistry , 15 : 981
  • Sakamoto , I. , Yamasaki , K. and Tanaka , O. 1977 . Application of 13C nmr spectroscopy to chemistry of natural glycosides: rebaudioside‐C, a new sweet diterpene glycoside of Stevia rebaudiana . Chem. Pharm. Bull. , 25 : 844
  • Sakamoto , I. , Yamasaki , K. and Tanaka , O. 1977 . Application of 13C nmr spectroscopy to chemistry of plant glycosides: rebaudiosides‐D and ‐E, new sweet diterpene‐glucosides of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni . Chem. Pharm. Bull. , 25 : 3437
  • Kobayashi , M. , Horikawa , S. , Degrandi , I. H. , Ueno , J. and Mitsuhashi , H. 1977 . Dulcosides A and B, new diterpene glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana . Phytochemistry , 16 : 1405
  • Makapugay , H. C. , Nanayakkara , N. P. D. and Kinghorn , A. D. 1984 . Improved high‐performance liquid Chromatographic separation of the Stevia rebaudiana sweet diterpene glycosides using linear gradient elution chromatography . J. Chromatogr. , 283 : 390
  • Kinghorn , A. D. , Soejarto , D. D. , Nanayakkara , N. P. D. , Compadre , C. M. , Makapugay , H. C. , Hovanec‐Brown , J. M. , Medon , P. J. and Kamath , S. K. 1984 . A phytochemical screening procedure for sweet ent‐kaurene glycosides in the genus Stevia . J. Nat. Prod. , 47 : 439
  • Sakaguchi , M. and Kan , T. 1982 . As pesquisas Japonesas com Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni e o esteviosideo . Ciênc. Cult. (Saõ Paulo) , 34 : 235
  • Darise , M. , Kohda , H. , Mizutani , K. , Kasai , R. and Tanaka , O. 1983 . Chemical constituents of flowers of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni . Agric. Biol. Chem. , 47 : 133
  • Kotani , C. Steviosides . Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho , 80 19 009
  • 1980 . Chem. Abstr , 93 : 4133
  • Hsing , Y. I. , Su , W. F. and Chang , W. C. 1983 . Accumulation of stevioside and rebaudioside A in callus culture of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni . Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. , 24 : 115
  • 1983 . Chem. Abstr , 99 : 172877b
  • Isima , N. and Kakayama , O. 1976 . Sensory evaluation of stevioside as a sweetener . Shokuhin Sogo Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku , 31 : 80
  • 1977 . Chem. Abstr , 87 : 182752y
  • Kamiya , S. , Konishi , F. and Esaki , S. 1979 . Synthesis and taste of some analogs of stevioside . Agric. Biol. Chem. , 43 : 1863
  • Kasai , R. , Kaneda , N. , Tanaka , O. , Yamasaki , K. , Sakamoto , I. , Morimoto , K. , Okada , S. , Kitahata , S. and Furukawa , H. 1981 . Sweet diterpene‐glycosides of leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni — synthesis and structure‐sweetness relationship of rebaudiosides‐A, ‐D, ‐E and their related glycosides . Nippon Kagaku Kaishi , 5 : 726
  • DuBois , G. E. , Dietrich , P. S. , Lee , J. F. , McGarraugh , G. V. and Stephenson , R. A. 1981 . Diterpenoid sweeteners. Synthesis and sensory evaluation of stevioside analogues nondegradable to steviol . J. Med. Chem. , 24 : 1269
  • DuBois , G. E. , Bunes , L. A. , Dietrich , P. S. and Stephenson , R. A. 1984 . Diterpenoid sweeteners. Synthesis and sensory evaluation of biologically stable analogues of stevioside . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 32 : 1321
  • Darise , M. , Mirutani , K. , Kasai , R. , Tanaka , O. , Kitahata , S. , Okada , S. , Ogawa , S. , Murakami , F. and Chen , F.‐H. 1984 . Enzymatic transglucosylation of rubusoside and the structure‐sweetness relationship of steviol‐bisglycosides . Agric. Biol. Chem. , 48 : 2483
  • DuBois , G. E. and Stephenson , R. A. 1985 . Diterpenoid sweeteners. Synthesis and sensory evaluation of stevioside analogues with improved organoleptic properties . J. Med. Chem. , 28 : 93
  • Tanaka , O. 1982 . Steviol‐glycosides: new natural sweeteners . Trends Anal. Chem. , 1 : 246
  • Kinghorn , A. D. , Nanayakkara , N. P. D. , Soejarto , D. D. , Medon , P. J. and Kamath , S. 1982 . Potential sweetening agents of plant origin. I. Purification of Stevia rebaudiana sweet constituents by droplet counter‐current chromatography . J. Chromatogr. , 237 : 478
  • Fujita , H. and Edahiro , T. 1979 . Safety and utilization of Stevia sweetener . Shokuhin Kogyo , 22 (20) : 65
  • Shirakawa , T. and Onishi , T. 1979 . Quantitative analysis of stevioside in soy sauce and hydrolyzate of vegetable protein . Kagawa‐ken Hakko Shokuhin Shikenjo Hokoku , 71 : 35
  • Thomas , E. 1937 . Stevia rebaudiana . Bull. Assoc. Chim. , 54 : 844
  • 1937 . Chem. Abstr. , 32 : 944
  • Fletcher , H. G. Jr. 1955 . The sweet herb of Paraguay . Chemurgic Digest , 14 (7/8) : 7
  • Xu , W. , Meng , L. and Li , Z. 1982 . Study on the composition of the sweetener from Rubus sauvissimus S. Lee, sp. nov. . Linchan Huaxue Yu Gongye , 2 (2) : 38
  • 1982 . Chem. Abstr. , 97 : 214442x
  • Tanaka, O., personal communication, 1984
  • Tahara , A. , Nakata , T. and Ohtsuka , Y. 1971 . New type of compound with strong sweetness . Nature (London) , 233 : 619
  • Cook , M. K. and Gorminger , B. H. Glycyrrhizin . Symposium: Sweeteners . Edited by: Inglett , G. E. Westport, Conn. : Avi Publ. . chap. 19
  • Gibson , M. R. 1978 . Glycyrrhiza in old and new perspectives . Lloydia , 41 : 348
  • Tschirch , A. and Cederberg , H. 1907 . Über das Glycyrrhizin . Arch. Pharm. , 245 : 97
  • Hodge , J. E. and Inglett , G. E. 1974 . “ Structural aspects of glycosidic sweeteners containing (1´?2)‐linked disaccharides ” . In Symposium: Sweeteners , Edited by: Inglett , G. E. Westport, Conn. : Avi Publ. . chap. 20
  • Hashimoto , Y. , Ogura , M. and Ishizone , H. Periandrins extracted from plants of the genus Periandra . U.S. Patent 4,320,225 . March 16, 1982 .
  • Esaki , S. , Konishi , F. and Kamiya , S. 1978 . Synthesis and taste of some glycosides of glycyrrhetic acid . Agric. Biol. Chem. , 42 : 1599
  • Brieskorn , C. H. and Lang , J. 1978 . 18β‐Glycyrrhetinsäure und süβer Geschmack . Arch. Pharm. , 311 : 1001
  • Machado , A. 1941 . Chemical study of Brazilian licorice . Rev. Soc. Brasil. Quim. , 10 : 101
  • 1942 . Chem. Abstr. , 36 : 3319
  • Hashimoto , Y. , Ishizone , H. and Ogura , M. 1980 . Periandrin II and IV, triterpene glycosides from Periandra dulcis . Phytochemistry , 19 : 2411
  • Hashimoto , Y. , Ohta , Y. , Ishizone , H. , Kuriyama , M. and Ogura , M. 1982 . Periandrin III, a novel sweet triterpene glycoside from Periandra dulcis . Phytochemistry , 21 : 2335
  • Hashimoto , Y. , Ishizone , H. , Suganuma , M. , Ogura , M. , Nakatsu , K. and Yoshioka , H. 1983 . Periandrin I, a sweet triterpene‐glycoside from Periandra dulcis . Phytochemistry , 23 : 259
  • Yamasa Shoyu Co. Ltd. and Hashimoto , Y. New sweeteners from Periandra dulcis: periandrinic acid monoglucuronides . Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho , JP82 11 995
  • 1982 . Chem. Abstr , 97 : 54294v
  • Takemoto , T. , Arihara , S. , Nakajima , T. and Okuhira , M. 1983 . Studies on the constituents of Fructus Momordicae. II. Structure of sapogenin . Yakugaku Zasshi , 103 : 1155
  • Takemoto , T. , Arihara , S. , Nakajima , T. and Okuhira , M. 1983 . Studies on the constituents of Fructus Momordicae. III. Structure of mogrosides . Yakugaku Zasshi , 103 : 1167
  • Makapugay , H. C. , Nanayakkara , N. P. D. , Soejarto , D. D. and Kinghorn , A. D. 1985 . High‐performance liquid Chromatographic analysis of the major sweet principle of Lo Han Kuo fruits . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 33 : 348
  • Tunmann , P. and Schehrer , F. K. 1959 . Beitrag zur chemischen Konstitution des Bryodulcosides. III. Mitteilung über Inhaltsstoffe der Wurzeln von Bryonia dioica Jacq. . Arch. Pharm. , 292 : 745
  • Tunmann , P. and Stapel , G. 1966 . Über das bryodulcosid. VIII. Mitt. über Inhalsstoffe der Wurzel von Bryonia dioica Jacq. . Arch. Pharm. , 299 : 596
  • Tunmann , P. , Gerner , W. and Stapel , G. 1966 . Konstitution des Bryodulcosigenins . Chem. Ber. , 694 : 162
  • Hylands , P. J. and Kosogi , J. 1982 . Bryonoside and bryoside — new triterpene glycosides from Bryonia dioica . Phytochemistry , 21 : 1379
  • Duncan , G. R. , Levi , D. D. and Pyttel , R. 1968 . Bitter principles of the Cucurbitaceae: Bryonia dioica . Planta Med. , 16 : 224
  • Guignet , E. 1885 . De l'existence de la glycyrrhizine dans plusiers familles végétales . C.R. Hebd. Seances, Acad. Sci. , 100 : 151
  • Jermstad , A. , Brochmann‐Hanssen , E. and Svendsen , A. B. 1949 . Fytokjemisk undersøkelse over en del av innholdstoffene i rotstokken av Polypodium vulgare L. . Medd. Nor. Farm. Selsk. , 11 : 65
  • Reisch , J. and Dawidar , A. M. 1978 . Detection of osladin in the aerial parts of Polypodium vulgare L. . Sci. Pharm. , 46 : 281
  • Fischer , L. and Goodrich , F. J. 1930 . Polypodium occidentale . J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. , 19 : 1063
  • Fischer , L. and Lynn , E. V. 1933 . Licorice fern and wild licorice as substitutes for licorice . J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. , 22 : 1225
  • Arakawa , H. and Nakazaki , M. 1959 . Absolute configuration of phyllodulcin . Chem. Ind. (London) , : 671
  • Asahina , Y. and Asano , J. 1929 . Über die Konstitution von Hydrangenol und Phyllodulcin . Chem. Ber. , 62 : 171
  • Asahina , Y. and Asano , J. 1931 . Über die Konstitution von Hydrangenol und Phyllodulcin. IV. Mitteil: Synthese des Phyllodulcin‐dimethyläthers . Chem. Ber. , 64 : 1252
  • Suzuki , H. , Ikeda , T. , Matsumoto , T. and Noguchi , M. 1977 . Isolation and identification of a new glycoside, phyllodulcin‐8‐Oβ‐D‐glucose from the cultured cells and fresh leaves of Amacha (Hydrangea macrophylla Seringe var. Thunbergii Makino) . Agric. Biol. Chem. , 41 : 1815
  • Takeuchi , N. , Murase , M. , Ochi , K. and Tobinaga , S. 1980 . Biogenetic synthesis of (±)‐phyllodulcin, a sweet principle of Hydrangea serrata Seringe var. thunbergii Sugimoto. (Studies on the β‐carbonyl compounds connected with the β‐polyketides. VI.) . Chem. Pharm. Bull. , 28 : 3613
  • Suzuki , H. , Ikeda , T. , Matsumoto , T. and Noguchi , M. 1977 . Isolation and identification of phyllodulcin and skimmin from the cultured cells of Amacha (Hydrangea macrophylla Seringe var. thunbergii Makino) . Agric. Biol. Chem. , 41 : 719
  • Tachibana , Y. , Hashimoto , Y. , Hagiwara , Y. , Konishi , T. and Kurokawa , N. 1974 . The quantitative analysis of phyllodulcin in “Amacha” (Sweet Hydrangea) by means of thin‐layer chromatography . Yakugaku Zasshi , 94 : 1167
  • Yamato , M. , Hashigaki , K. , Honda , E. , Sato , K. and Koyama , T. 1977 . Chemical structure and taste of isocoumarin and related compounds. VII . Chem. Phann. Bull. , 25 : 695
  • Dick , W. E. Jr. 1981 . Structure‐taste correlations for flavans and flavanones conformationally equivalent to phyllodulcin . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 29 : 305
  • Dick , W. E. Jr. and Hodge , J. E. 1978 . An intensely sweet analogue of phyllodulcin: 2‐(3‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxyphenyl)‐l,3‐benzodioxan . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 26 : 723
  • Horowitz , R. M. and Gentili , B. Dihydrochalcone derivatives and their use as sweetening agents . U.S. Patent 3,087,821 . 1963 .
  • Horowitz , R. M. and Gentili , B. 1969 . Taste and structure in phenolic glycosides . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 17 : 696
  • Horowitz , R. M. and Gentili , B. Dihydrochalcone sweeteners . Symposium: Sweeteners . Edited by: Inglett , G. E. Westport, Conn. : Avi Publ. . chap. 16
  • Horowitz , R. M. and Gentili , B. 1978 . “ Citrus‐based dihydrochalcone sweeteners ” . In Sweeteners and Dental Caries , Edited by: Shaw , J. H. and Roussos , G. G. 291 Washington, D.C : Information Retrieval Inc. .
  • Krbechek , L. , Inglett , G. E. , Holik , M. , Dowling , B. , Wagner , R. and Riter , R. 1968 . Dihydrochalcones. Synthesis of potential sweetening agents . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 16 : 108
  • Inglett , G. E. , Krbechek , L. , Dowling , B. and Wagner , R. 1969 . Dihydrochalcone sweeteners — sensory and stability evaluation . J. Food Sci. , 34 : 101
  • DuBois , G. E. , Crosby , G. A. , Stephenson , R. A. and Wingard , R. E. Jr. 1977 . Dihydrochalcone sweeteners. Synthesis and sensory evaluation of sulfonate derivatives . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 25 : 763
  • Rennie , E. H. 1886 . Glycyphyllin, the sweet principle of Smilax glycyphylla . J. Chem. Soc. , 49 : 857
  • Tanaka , T. , Kawamura , K. , Kohda , H. , Yamasaki , K. and Tanaka , O. 1982 . Glycosides of leaves of Symplocos spp. (Symplocaceae) . Chem. Pharm. Bull. , 30 : 2421
  • van der Wel , H. 1972 . “ Thaumatin, the sweet‐tasting protein from Thaumatococcus daniellii Benth ” . In Olfaction and Taste IV , Edited by: Schneider , D. 226 Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • van der Wel , H. 1974 . “ Miracle fruit, katernfe, and serendipity berry ” . In Symposium: Sweeteners , Edited by: Inglett , G. E. Westport, Conn. : Avi Publ. . chap. 17
  • Iyengar , R. B. , Smits , S. , van der Ouderaa , F. , van der Wel , H. , van Brouwershaven , J. , Ravestein , P. , Richters , G. and van Wassenaar , P. D. 1979 . The complete amino‐acid sequence of the sweet protein thaumatin I . Eur. J. Biochem. , 96 : 193
  • van der Wel , H. and Bel , W. J. 1980 . Enzymatic properties of the sweet‐tasting proteins thaumatin and monellin after partial reduction . Eur. J. Biochem. , 104 : 413
  • van der Wel , H. , Iyengar , R. B. , van Brouwershaven , J. , van Wassenaar , P. D. , Bel , W. J. and van der Ouderaa , F. J. G. 1984 . Assignment of the disulfide bonds in the sweet‐tasting protein thaumatin I . Eur. J. Biochem. , 144 : 41
  • de Vos , A. M. , Hatada , M. , van der Wel , H. , Krabbendam , H. , Peerdeman , A. F. and Kim , S.‐H. 1985 . Three‐dimensional structure of thaumatin I, an intensely sweet protein . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 82 : 1406
  • Higginbotham , J. D. 1979 . “ Protein sweeteners ” . In Developments in Sweeteners ‐ I , Edited by: Hough , C. A. M. , Parker , K. J. and Vlitos , A. J. London : Applied Science . chap. 4
  • Higginbotham , J. D. 1979 . “ Talin — a novel sweet protein from T. daniellii ” . In Health and Sugar Substitutes , Edited by: Guggenheim , B. 172 Basel : Karger .
  • Most , B. H. , Summerfield , R. J. and Boxall , M. 1978 . Tropical plants with sweetening properties. Physiological and agronomic problems of protected growing. II . Thaumatococcus daniellii, Econ. Bot. , 32 : 321
  • Morris , J. A. and Cagan , R. H. 1972 . Purification of monellin, the sweet protein of Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 261 : 114
  • Cagan , R. H. , Brand , J. G. , Morris , J. A. and Morris , R. W. 1978 . “ Monellin, a sweet‐tasting protein ” . In Sweeteners and Dental Caries , Edited by: Shaw , J. H. and Roussos , G. G. 311 Washington, D.C : Information Retrieval Inc. .
  • van der Wel , H. 1980 . Physiological action and structure characteristics of the sweet‐tasting proteins thaumatin and monellin . Trends Biochem. Sci. , 5 : 122
  • Kurihara , K. and Beidler , L. M. 1968 . Taste‐modifying protein from miracle fruit . Science , 161 : 1241
  • Brouwer , J. N. , van der Wel , H. , Francice , A. and Henning , G. J. 1968 . Miraculin, the sweetness‐inducing protein from miracle fruit . Nature (London) , 220 : 373
  • Giroux , E. I. and Henkin , R. I. 1974 . Purification and some properties of miraculin, a glycoprotein from Synsepalum dulcificum which provokes sweetness and blocks sourness . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 22 : 595
  • Dastoli , F. R. and Harvey , R. J. Miracle fruit concentrate . Symposium: Sweeteners . Edited by: Inglett , G. E. Westport, Conn. : Avi Publ. . chap. 18
  • Newbrun , E. 1983 . Cariology, , 2nd ed. , 122 Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins .
  • Bartochuk , L. M. , Lee , C.‐H. and Scarpellino , R. 1972 . Sweet taste of water induced by artichoke (Cynara scolymus) . Science , 178 : 988
  • Panizzi , L. and Scarpati , M. L. 1954 . Constitution of cynarine, the active principle of the artichoke . Nature (London) , 174 : 1062
  • Booth , A. N. , Emerson , O. H. , Jones , F. T. and DeEds , F. 1957 . Urinary metabolites of caffeic and chlorogenic acids . J. Biol. Chem. , 229 : 51
  • Lee , C.‐H. , Scarpellino , R. J. and Murtagh , M. M. Sweetness inducer . U.S. Patent 332,527 . 1975 .
  • 1976 . Chem. Abstr , 84 : 29459b
  • Warren , R. P. , Warren , R. M. and Weninger , M. G. 1969 . Inhibition of the sweet taste by Gymnema sylvestre . Nature (London) , 233 : 94
  • Hooper , D. 1887 . An examination of the leaves of Oymnema sylvestre . Pharm. J. Trans. , 17 : 867
  • Warren , R. M. and Pfaffmann , C. 1959 . Suppression of sweet sensitivity by potassium gymnemate . J. Appl. Physiol. , 14 : 40
  • Sinsheimer , J. E. , Subba Rao , G. , McIlhenny , H. M. , Smith , R. V. , Maassab , H. F. and Cochran , K. W. 1968 . Isolation and antiviral activity of the gymnemic acids . Experientia , 24 : 302
  • Stöcklin , W. 1969 . Chemistry and physiological properties of gymnemic acid, the antisaccharine principle of the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 17 : 704
  • Dateo , G. P. Jr. and Long , L. Jr. 1973 . Gymnemic acid, the antisaccharine principle of Gymnema sylvestre. Studies on the isolation and heterogeneity of gymnemic acid A . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 21 : 899
  • Wallis , T. E. 1967 . Textbook of Pharmacognosy , 5th ed. , 386 London : J. & A. Churchill .
  • Molhuysen , J. A. , Gerbrandy , J. , de Vries , L. A. , de Jong , J. C. , Lenstra , J. B. , Turner , K. P. and Borst , J. G. G. 1950 . A licorice extract with deoxycortone‐like action . Lancet , 23 : 381
  • Louis , L. H. and Conn , J. W. 1956 . Preparation of glycyrrhizinic acid, the electrolyte‐active principle of licorice: its effects upon metabolism and upon pituitary‐adrenal function in man . J. Lab. Clin. Med. , 47 : 20
  • Conn , J. W. , Rovner , D. R. and Cohen , E. L. 1968 . Licorice induced pseudoaldosteronism, hypertension, hypokalemia, aldosteronopenia, and suppressed plasma renin activity . JAMA , 205 : 492
  • Compadre, C. M., Pezzuto, J. M., Kinghorn, A. D., unpublished data, 1985.
  • Ellis , F. W. and Krantz , J. C. Jr. 1941 . Sugar alcohols. XII. Metabolism and toxicity studies with mannitol and sorbitol in man and animals . J. Biol. Chem. , 141 : 147
  • Batzinger , R. P. , Ou , S.‐Y. L. and Bueding , E. 1977 . Saccharin and other sweeteners: mutagenic properties . Science , 198 : 944
  • Gumbmann , M. R. , Gould , D. H. , Robbins , D. J. and Booth , A. N. 1978 . “ Toxicity studies of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone ” . In Sweeteners and Dental Caries , Edited by: Shaw , J. H. and Roussos , G. G. 301 Washington, D.C : Information Retrieval Inc. .
  • Kinghorn, A. D., Soejarto, D. D., Kamath, S. K., Katz, N. L., Pezzuto, J. M., unpublished data, 1985.
  • Booth , A. N. , Jones , F. T. and DeEds , F. 1958 . Metabolic and glucosuria studies on naringin and phloridzin . J. Biol. Chem. , 233 : 280
  • Medon , P. J. , Pezzuto , J. M. , Hovanec‐Brown , J. M. , Nanayakkara , N. P. D. , Soejarto , D. D. , Kamath , S. K. and Kinghorn , A. D. 1982 . Safety assessment of some Stevia rebaudiana sweet principles . Fed. Proc. , 41 : 1568
  • Pezzuto , J. M. , Compadre , C. M. , Swanson , S. M. , Nanayakkara , N. P. D. and Kinghorn , A. D. 1985 . Metabolically activated steviol, the aglycone of stevioside, is mutagenic . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 82 : 2478
  • Akashi , H. and Yokoyama , Y. 1975 . Dried‐leaf extracts of Stevia. Toxicological test . Shokuhin Kogyo , 18 (20) : 34
  • 1976 . Chem. Abstr , 84 : 42114e
  • Higginbotham , J. D. , Snodin , D. J. and Daniel , J. W. 1982 . Talin protein sweetener: toxicology and safety assessment . Toxicologist , 2 : 176
  • Bassler , K. H. 1978 . Absorption, metabolism, and tolerance of polyol sugar substitutes . Pharmacol. Ther. Dent , 3 : 85
  • Hall , R. L. 1981 . “ Condiments, spices, and flavors ” . In Impact of Technology on Food Processing , Edited by: Ayres , J. C. and Kirschman , J. C. 227 Westport, Conn. : Avi Publ. .
  • Crosby , G. A. , DuBois , G. E. and Wingard , R. E. Jr. 1979 . “ The design of synthetic sweeteners ” . In Drug Design , Edited by: Ariëns , E. J. Vol. 8 , 215 New York : Academic Press .
  • Shearman , G. T. , Cafaro , M. P. , Lal , H. and Howard , J. L. 1981 . Saccharin — taste discrimination by two‐level choice: a rat bioassay for sweetness . Drug Dev. Res. , 1 : 145
  • Hartwell , J. L. 1982 . Plants Used Against Cancer — A Survey , Lawrence, Mass. : Quarterman Publications .
  • Soejarto , D. D. , Bingel , A. S. , Slaytor , M. and Farnsworth , N. R. 1978 . Fertility regulating agents from plants . Bull. W.H.O. , 56 : 343
  • Farnsworth , N. R. , Bingel , A. S. , Soejarto , D. D. , Wijesekera , R. O. B. and Perea‐Sasiaiń , J. Prospects for higher plants as a source of useful fertility‐regulating agents for human use . Proc. Symp. Rec. Adv. Fert. Reg . Edited by: Fen , C.‐C. , Griffin , P. D. and Woolman , A. pp. 330 Geneva, , Switzerland : Atar, S. A. .
  • von Reis‐Altschul , S. 1973 . Drugs and Foods from Little‐known Plants , Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard Univ. Press .
  • von Reis , S. and Lipp , F. J. Jr. 1982 . New Plant Sources for Drugs and Foods from the New York Botanical Garden Herbarium , Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard Univ. Press .
  • 1895 . Index Kewensis Plantarum Phanerogamarum , Vol. 1 and 2 , Oxonii e prelo Clarendoniano . and Supplements 1–16, 1906–1981
  • Dedicated to Professor Richard Evans Schultes, Botanical Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, on the occasion of his retirement, June 30, 1985.
  • Author to whom reprint requests should be addressed.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.