968
Views
91
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Controls of Fine Root Life Span

&
Pages 151-161 | Published online: 17 Dec 2012

REFERENCES

  • Aerts , R. 1995 . The advantages of being evergreen . Trends Ecol. Evol. , 10 : 402 – 407 .
  • Anderson , L. J. , Comas , L. H. , Lakso , A. N. and Eissenstat , D. M. 2003 . Multiple risk factors in root survivorship: a 4-year study in Concord grape . New Phytol. , 158 : 489 – 501 .
  • Anderson , L. J. , Derner , J. D. , Polley , H. W. , Gordon , W. S. , Eissenstat , D. M. and Jackson , R. B. 2010 . Root responses along a subambient to elevated CO2 gradient in a C-3-C-4 grassland . Global Change Biol. , 16 : 454 – 468 .
  • Arnone , J. A. , Zaller , J. G. , Spehn , E. M. , Niklaus , P. A. , Wells , C. E. and Körner , C. 2000 . Dynamics of root systems in native grasslands: effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 . New Phytol. , 147 : 73 – 86 .
  • Atkinson , D. , Black , K. E. , Forbes , P. J. , Hooker , J. E. , Baddeley , J. A. and Watson , C. A. 2003 . The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and environment on root development in soil . Eur. J. Soil Sci. , 54 : 751 – 757 .
  • Baddeley , J. A. and Watson , C. A. 2005 . Influences of root diameter, tree age, soil depth and season on fine root survivorship in Prunus avium . Plant Soil , 276 : 15 – 22 .
  • Bai , W. M. , Wang , Z. W. , Chen , Q. S. , Zhang , W. H. and Li , L. H. 2008 . Spatial and temporal effects of nitrogen addition on root life span of Leymus chinensis in a typical steppe of Inner Mongolia . Funct. Ecol. , 22 : 583 – 591 .
  • Bai , W. M. , Xia , J. Y. , Wan , S. Q. , Zhang , W. H. and Li , L. H. 2012 . Day and night warming have different effect on root lifespan . Biogeosciences , 9 : 375 – 384 .
  • Baldi , E. , Toselli , M. , Eissenstat , D. M. and Marangoni , B. 2010 . Organic fertilization leads to increased peach root production and lifespan . Tree Physiol. , 30 : 1373 – 1382 .
  • Bauerle , T. L. , Richards , J. H. , Smart , D. R. and Eissenstat , D. M. 2008 . Importance of internal hydraulic redistribution for prolonging the lifespan of roots in dry soil . Plant Cell Environ. , 31 : 177 – 186 .
  • Black , K. E. , Harbron , C. G. , Franklin , M. , Atkinson , D. and Hooker , J. E. 1998 . Differences in root longevity of some tree species . Tree Physiol. , 18 : 259 – 264 .
  • Bloom , A. J. , Chapin , F. S. and Mooney , H. A. 1985 . Resource limitation in plants - an economic analogy . Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , 16 : 363 – 392 .
  • Borenstein , M. , Hedges , L. V. , Higgins , J. P. T. and Rothstein , H. R. 2009 . Introduction to Meta-Analysis , West Sussex , , UK : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Bouma , T. J. , Yanai , R. D. , Elkin , A. D. , Hartmond , U. , Flores-Alva , D. E. and Eissenstat , D. M. 2001 . Estimating age-dependent costs and benefits of roots with contrasting life span: comparing apples and oranges . New Phytol. , 150 : 685 – 695 .
  • Brady , N. C. and Weil , R. R. 2002 . The Nature and Properties of Soils. , 13th ed. , New Jersey : Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River .
  • Brassard , B. W. , Chen , H. Y. H. and Bergeron , Y. 2009 . Influence of environmental variability on root dynamics in northern forests . Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. , 28 : 179 – 197 .
  • Brassard , B. W. , Chen , H. Y. H. , Bergeron , Y. and Paré , D. 2011 . Differences in fine root productivity between mixed- and single-species stands . Funct. Ecol. , 25 : 238 – 246 .
  • Burton , A. J. , Pregitzer , K. S. and Hendrick , R. L. 2000 . Relationships between fine root dynamics and nitrogen availability in Michigan northern hardwood forests . Oecologia , 125 : 389 – 399 .
  • Casper , B. B. and Jackson , R. B. 1997 . Plant competition underground . Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , 28 : 545 – 570 .
  • Chabot , B. F. and Hicks , D. J. 1982 . The ecology of leaf life spans . Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , 13 : 229 – 259 .
  • Coleman , M. D. , Dickson , R. E. and Isebrands , J. G. 2000 . Contrasting fine-root production, survival and soil CO2 efflux in pine and poplar plantations . Plant Soil , 225 : 129 – 139 .
  • Comas , L. H. and Eissenstat , D. M. 2004 . Linking fine root traits to maximum potential growth rate among 11 mature temperate tree species . Funct. Ecol. , 18 : 388 – 397 .
  • Day , F. P. , Weber , E. P. , Hinkle , C. R. and Drake , B. G. 1996 . Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on fine root length and distribution in an oak-palmetto scrub ecosystem in central Florida . Global Change Biol. , 2 : 143 – 148 .
  • Eissenstat , D. M. 1992 . Costs and benefits of constructing roots of small diameter . J. Plant Nutr. , 15 : 763 – 782 .
  • Eissenstat , D. M. , Wells , C. E. , Yanai , R. D. and Whitbeck , J. L. 2000 . Building roots in a changing environment: implications for root longevity . New Phytol. , 147 : 33 – 42 .
  • Eissenstat , D. M. and Yanai , R. D. 1997 . The ecology of root lifespan . Adv. Ecol. Res. , 27 : 1 – 60 .
  • Espeleta , J. F. and Donovan , L. A. 2002 . Fine root demography and morphology in response to soil resources availability among xeric and mesic sandhill tree species . Funct. Ecol. , 16 : 113 – 121 .
  • Espeleta , J. F. , West , J. B. and Donovan , L. A. 2009 . Tree species fine-root demography parallels habitat specialization across a sandhill soil resource gradient . Ecology , 90 : 1773 – 1787 .
  • Fahey , T. J. and Hughes , J. W. 1994 . Fine root dynamics in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH . J. Ecol. , 82 : 533 – 548 .
  • Fitter , A. H. , Graves , J. D. , Wolfenden , J. , Self , G. K. , Brown , T. K. , Bogie , D. and Mansfield , T. A. 1997 . Root production and turnover and carbon budgets of two contrasting grasslands under ambient and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations . New Phytol. , 137 : 247 – 255 .
  • Forbes , P. J. , Black , K. E. and Hooker , J. E. 1997 . Temperature-induced alteration to root longevity in Lolium perenne . Plant Soil , 190 : 87 – 90 .
  • Gang , H. , Xue-yong , Z. , Padilla , F. M. and Ha-lin , Z. 2012 . Fine root dynamics and longevity of Artemisia halodendron reflect plant growth strategy in two contrasting habitats . J. Arid Environ. , 79 : 1 – 7 .
  • Gaul , D. , Hertel , D. and Leuschner , C. 2009 . Estimating fine root longevity in a temperate Norway spruce forest using three independent methods . Funct. Plant Biol. , 36 : 11 – 19 .
  • Gill , R. A. , Burke , I. C. , Lauenroth , W. K. and Milchunas , D. G. 2002 . Longevity and turnover of roots in the shortgrass steppe: influence of diameter and depth . Plant Ecol. , 159 : 241 – 251 .
  • Gill , R. A. and Jackson , R. B. 2000 . Global patterns of root turnover for terrestrial ecosystems . New Phytol. , 147 : 13 – 31 .
  • Goins , G. D. and Russelle , M. P. 1996 . Fine root demography in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L) . Plant Soil , 185 : 281 – 291 .
  • Green , I. J. , Dawson , L. A. , Proctor , J. , Duff , E. I. and Elston , D. A. 2005 . Fine root dynamics in a tropical rain forest is influenced by rainfall . Plant Soil , 276 : 23 – 32 .
  • Guo , D. L. , Mitchell , R. J. and Hendricks , J. J. 2004 . Fine root branch orders respond differentially to carbon source-sink manipulations in a longleaf pine forest . Oecologia , 140 : 450 – 457 .
  • Guo , D. L. , Mitchell , R. J. , Withington , J. M. , Fan , P. P. and Hendricks , J. J. 2008 . Endogenous and exogenous controls of root life span, mortality and nitrogen flux in a longleaf pine forest: root branch order predominates . J. Ecol. , 96 : 737 – 745 .
  • Hendrick , R. L. and Pregitzer , K. S. 1992 . The demography of fine roots in a northern hardwood forest . Ecology , 73 : 1094 – 1104 .
  • Hendrick , R. L. and Pregitzer , K. S. 1993 . Patterns of fine root mortality in two sugar maple forests . Nature , 361 : 59 – 61 .
  • Hendricks , J. J. , Nadelhoffer , K. J. and Aber , J. D. 1993 . Assessing the role of fine roots in carbon and nutrient cycling . Trends Ecol. Evol. , 8 : 174 – 178 .
  • Higgins , P. A. T. , Jackson , R. B. , Des Rosiers , J. M. and Field , C. B. 2002 . Root production and demography in a california annual grassland under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide . Global Change Biol. , 8 : 841 – 850 .
  • Hooker , J. E. , Black , K. E. , Perry , R. L. and Atkinson , D. 1995 . Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi induced alteration to root longevity of poplar . Plant Soil , 172 : 327 – 329 .
  • Huang , G. , Zhao , X. Y. , Zhao , H. L. , Huang , Y. X. and Zuo , X. A. 2010 . Linking root morphology, longevity and function to root branch order: a case study in three shrubs . Plant Soil , 336 : 197 – 208 .
  • Jackson , R. B. , Mooney , H. A. and Schulze , E. D. 1997 . A global budget for fine root biomass, surface area, and nutrient contents . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 94 : 7362 – 7366 .
  • Johnson , M. G. , Phillips , D. L. , Tingey , D. T. and Storm , M. J. 2000 . Effects of elevated CO2, N-fertilization, and season on survival of ponderosa pine fine roots . Can. J. For. Res. , 30 : 220 – 228 .
  • Johnson , M. G. , Tingey , D. T. , Phillips , D. L. and Storm , M. J. 2001 . Advancing fine root research with minirhizotrons . Environ. Exp. Bot. , 45 : 263 – 289 .
  • Kern , C. C. , Friend , A. L. , Johnson , J. M. F. and Coleman , M. D. 2004 . Fine root dynamics in a developing Populus deltoides plantation . Tree Physiol. , 24 : 651 – 660 .
  • King , J. S. , Albaugh , T. J. , Allen , H. L. , Buford , M. , Strain , B. R. and Dougherty , P. 2002 . Below-ground carbon input to soil is controlled by nutrient availability and fine root dynamics in loblolly pine . New Phytol. , 154 : 389 – 398 .
  • Kosola , K. R. , Eissenstat , D. M. and Graham , J. H. 1995 . Root demography of mature citrus trees - the influence of Phytophthora nicotianae . Plant Soil , 171 : 283 – 288 .
  • Krasowski , M. J. , Lavigne , M. B. , Olesinski , J. and Bernier , P. Y. 2010 . Advantages of long-term measurement of fine root demographics with a minirhizotron at two balsam fir sites . Can. J. Forest Res. , 40 : 1128 – 1135 .
  • Kubiske , M. E. , Pregitzer , K. S. , Zak , D. R. and Mikan , C. J. 1998 . Growth and C allocation of Populus tremuloides genotypes in response to atmospheric CO2 and soil N availability . New Phytol. , 140 : 251 – 260 .
  • Langley , J. A. , Chapman , S. K. and Hungate , B. A. 2006 . Ectomycorrhizal colonization slows root decomposition: the post-mortem fungal legacy . Ecol. Lett. , 9 : 955 – 959 .
  • Lei , P. , Scherer-Lorenzen , M. and Bauhus , J. 2012 . The effect of tree species diversity on fine-root production in a young temperate forest . Oecologia , 169 : 1105 – 1115 .
  • López , B. , Sabaté , S. and Gracia , C. A. 2001 . Fine-root longevity of Quercus ilex . New Phytol. , 151 : 437 – 441 .
  • Luo , Y. , Su , B. , Currie , W. S. , Dukes , J. S. , Finzi , A. , Hartwig , U. , Hungate , B. , McMurtrie , R. E. , Oren , R. , Parton , W. J. , Pataki , D. E. , Shaw , M. R. , Zak , D. R. and Field , C. B. 2004 . Progressive nitrogen limitation of ecosystem responses to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide . Bioscience , 54 : 731 – 739 .
  • Mainiero , R. , Kazda , M. and Schmid , I. 2010 . Fine root dynamics in 60-year-old stands of Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies growing on haplic luvisol soil . Eur. J. For. Res. , 129 : 1001 – 1009 .
  • Majdi , H. and Andersson , P. 2005 . Fine root production and turnover in a Norway spruce stand in northern Sweden: effects of nitrogen and water manipulation . Ecosystems , 8 : 191 – 199 .
  • Majdi , H. , Damm , E. and Nylund , J. E. 2001 . Longevity of mycorrhizal roots depends on branching order and nutrient availability . New Phytol. , 150 : 195 – 202 .
  • Majdi , H. and Kangas , P. 1997 . Demography of fine roots in response to nutrient applications in a Norway spruce stand in southwestern Sweden . Ecoscience , 4 : 199 – 205 .
  • Majdi , H. and Öhrvik , J. 2004 . Interactive effects of soil warming and fertilization on root production, mortality, and longevity in a Norway spruce stand in northern Sweden . Global Change Biol. , 10 : 182 – 188 .
  • Majdi , H. , Pregitzer , K. , Morén , A. S. , Nylund , J. E. and Ågren , G. I. 2005 . Measuring fine root turnover in forest ecosystems . Plant Soil , 276 : 1 – 8 .
  • McCormack , M. L. , Adams , T. S. , Smithwick , E. A. H. and Eissenstat , D. M. 2012 . Predicting fine root lifespan from plant functional traits in temperate trees . New Phytol. , 195 : 823 – 831 .
  • Meier , I. C. and Leuschner , C. 2008 . Genotypic variation and phenotypic plasticity in the drought response of fine roots of European beech . Tree Physiol. , 28 : 297 – 309 .
  • Milchunas , D. G. , Morgan , J. A. , Mosier , A. R. and Lecain , D. R. 2005 . Root dynamics and demography in shortgrass steppe under elevated CO2, and comments on minirhizotron methodology . Global Change Biol. , 11 : 1837 – 1855 .
  • Nadelhoffer , K. J. and Raich , J. W. 1992 . Fine root production estimates and belowground carbon allocation in forest ecosystems . Ecology , 73 : 1139 – 1147 .
  • Neumann , R. B. and Cardon , Z. G. 2012 . The magnitude of hydraulic redistribution by plant roots: a review and synthesis of empirical and modeling studies . New Phytol. , 194 : 337 – 352 .
  • Newsham , K. K. , Fitter , A. H. and Watkinson , A. R. 1995 . Arbuscular mycorrhiza protect an annual grass from root pathogenic fungi in the field . J. Ecol. , 83 : 991 – 1000 .
  • Pärtel , M. and Wilson , S. D. 2001 . Root and leaf production, mortality and longevity in response to soil heterogeneity . Funct. Ecol. , 15 : 748 – 753 .
  • Peek , M. S. , Leffler , A. J. , Hipps , L. , Ivans , S. , Ryel , R. J. and Caldwell , M. M. 2006 . Root turnover and relocation in the soil profile in response to seasonal soil water variation in a natural stand of Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) . Tree Physiol. , 26 : 1469 – 1476 .
  • Peek , M. S. , Leffler , A. J. , Ivans , C. Y. , Ryel , R. J. and Caldwell , M. M. 2005 . Fine root distribution and persistence under field conditions of three co-occurring Great Basin species of different life form . New Phytol. , 165 : 171 – 180 .
  • Pendall , E. , Bridgham , S. , Hanson , P. J. , Hungate , B. , Kicklighter , D. W. , Johnson , D. W. , Law , B. E. , Luo , Y. Q. , Megonigal , J. P. , Olsrud , M. , Ryan , M. G. and Wan , S. Q. 2004 . Below-ground process responses to elevated CO2 and temperature: a discussion of observations, measurement methods, and models . New Phytol. , 162 : 311 – 322 .
  • Ponti , F. , Minotta , G. , Cantoni , L. and Bagnaresi , U. 2004 . Fine root dynamics of pedunculate oak and narrow-leaved ash in a mixed-hardwood plantation in clay soils . Plant Soil , 259 : 39 – 49 .
  • Pregitzer , K. S. , Hendrick , R. L. and Fogel , R. 1993 . The demography of fine roots in response to patches of water and nitrogen . New Phytol. , 125 : 575 – 580 .
  • Pregitzer , K. S. , Kubiske , M. E. , Yu , C. K. and Hendrick , R. L. 1997 . Relationships among root branch order, carbon, and nitrogen in four temperate species . Oecologia , 111 : 302 – 308 .
  • Pritchard , S. G. , Rogers , H. H. , Prior , S. A. and Peterson , C. M. 1999 . Elevated CO2 and plant structure: a review . Global Change Biol. , 5 : 807 – 837 .
  • Pritchard , S. G. and Strand , A. E. 2008 . Can you believe what you see? Reconciling minirhizotron and isotopically derived estimates of fine root longevity . New Phytol. , 177 : 287 – 291 .
  • Pritchard , S. G. , Strand , A. E. , McCormack , M. L. , Davis , M. A. , Finzi , A. C. , Jackson , R. B. , Matamala , R. , Rogers , H. H. and Oren , R. 2008 . Fine root dynamics in a loblolly pine forest are influenced by free-air-CO2-enrichment: a six-year-minirhizotron study . Global Change Biol. , 14 : 588 – 602 .
  • Psarras , G. , Merwin , I. A. , Lakso , A. N. and Ray , J. A. 2000 . Root growth phenology, root longevity, and rhizosphere respiration of field grown ‘Mutsu’ apple trees on ‘Malling 9’ rootstock . J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 125 : 596 – 602 .
  • Read , D. J. , Leake , J. R. and Perez-Moreno , J. 2004 . Mycorrhizal fungi as drivers of ecosystem processes in heathland and boreal forest biomes . Can. J. Bot. , 82 : 1243 – 1263 .
  • Reich , P. B. , Hobbie , S. E. , Lee , T. , Ellsworth , D. S. , West , J. B. , Tilman , D. , Knops , J. M. H. , Naeem , S. and Trost , J. 2006 . Nitrogen limitation constrains sustainability of ecosystem response to CO2 . Nature , 440 : 922 – 925 .
  • Reich , P. B. , Uhl , C. , Walters , M. B. and Ellsworth , D. S. 1991 . Leaf lifespan as a determinant of leaf structure and function among 23 amazonian tree species . Oecologia , 86 : 16 – 24 .
  • Reich , P. B. , Walters , M. B. and Ellsworth , D. S. 1992 . Leaf life-span in relation to leaf, plant, and stand characteristics among diverse ecosystems . Ecol. Monogr. , 62 : 365 – 392 .
  • Reid , J. B. , Sorensen , I. and Petrie , R. A. 1993 . Root demography in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) . Plant Cell Environ. , 16 : 949 – 957 .
  • Ryser , P. 1996 . The importance of tissue density for growth and life span of leaves and roots: a comparison of five ecologically contrasting grasses . Funct. Ecol. , 10 : 717 – 723 .
  • Ryser , P. and Lambers , H. 1995 . Root and leaf attributes accounting for the performance of fast-growing and slow-growing grasses at different nutrient supply . Plant Soil , 170 : 251 – 265 .
  • Schenk , H. J. 2006 . Root competition: beyond resource depletion . J. Ecol. , 94 : 725 – 739 .
  • Schoettle , A. W. and Fahey , T. J. 1994 . Foliage and fine root longevity of pines . Ecol. Bull. , 43 : 136 – 153 .
  • Stover , D. B. , Day , F. P. , Drake , B. G. and Hinkle , C. R. 2010 . The long-term effects of CO2 enrichment on fine root productivity, mortality, and survivorship in a scrub-oak ecosystem at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, USA . Environ. Exp. Bot. , 69 : 214 – 222 .
  • Strand , A. E. , Pritchard , S. G. , McCormack , M. L. , Davis , M. A. and Oren , R. 2008 . Irreconcilable differences: fine-root life spans and soil carbon persistence . Science , 319 : 456 – 458 .
  • Sturite , I. , Henriksen , T. M. and Breland , T. A. 2007 . Longevity of white clover (Trifolium repens) leaves, stolons and roots, and consequences for nitrogen dynamics under northern temperate climatic conditions . Ann. Bot. , 100 : 33 – 40 .
  • Tierney , G. L. and Fahey , T. J. 2001 . Evaluating minirhizotron estimates of fine root longevity and production in the forest floor of a temperate broadleaf forest . Plant Soil , 229 : 167 – 176 .
  • Trumbore , S. E. and Gaudinski , J. B. 2003 . The secret lives of roots . Science , 302 : 1344 – 1345 .
  • Valenzuela-Estrada , L. R. , Vera-Caraballo , V. , Ruth , L. E. and Eissenstat , D. M. 2008 . Root anatomy, morphology, and longevity among root orders in Vaccinium corymbosum (Ericaceae) . Am. J. Bot. , 95 : 1506 – 1514 .
  • Vamerali , T. , Ganis , A. , Bona , S. and Mosca , G. 2003 . Fibrous root turnover and growth in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera) as affected by nitrogen shortage . Plant Soil , 255 : 169 – 177 .
  • Van der Krift , T. A. J. and Berendse , F. 2002 . Root life spans of four grass species from habitats differing in nutrient availability . Funct. Ecol. , 16 : 198 – 203 .
  • Vogt , K. A. , Grier , C. C. and Vogt , D. J. 1986 . Production, turnover, and nutrient dynamics of above- and below-ground detritus of world forests . Adv. Ecol. Res. , 15 : 303 – 377 .
  • Volder , A. , Smart , D. R. , Bloom , A. J. and Eissenstat , D. M. 2005 . Rapid decline in nitrate uptake and respiration with age in fine lateral roots of grape: implications for root efficiency and competitive effectiveness . New Phytol. , 165 : 493 – 501 .
  • Watson , C. A. , Ross , J. M. , Bagnaresi , U. , Minotta , G. F. , Roffi , F. , Atkinson , D. , Black , K. E. and Hooker , J. E. 2000 . Environment-induced modifications to root longevity in Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens . Ann. Bot. , 85 : 397 – 401 .
  • Wells , C. E. and Eissenstat , D. M. 2001 . Marked differences in survivorship among apple roots of different diameters . Ecology , 82 : 882 – 892 .
  • Wells , C. E. and Eissenstat , D. M. 2003 . Beyond the roots of young seedlings: the influence of age and order on fine root physiology . J. Plant Growth Regul. , 21 : 324 – 334 .
  • Wells , C. E. , Glenn , D. M. and Eissenstat , D. M. 2002 . Changes in the risk of fine-root mortality with age: A case study in peach, Prunus persica (Rosaceae) . Am. J. Bot. , 89 : 79 – 87 .
  • West , J. B. , Espeleta , J. F. and Donovan , L. A. 2003 . Root longevity and phenology differences between two co-occurring savanna bunchgrasses with different leaf habits . Funct. Ecol. , 17 : 20 – 28 .
  • Withington , J. M. , Reich , P. B. , Oleksyn , J. and Eissenstat , D. M. 2006 . Comparisons of structure and life span in roots and leaves among temperate trees . Ecol. Monogr. , 76 : 381 – 397 .
  • Xia , M. X. , Guo , D. L. and Pregitzer , K. S. 2010 . Ephemeral root modules in Fraxinus mandshurica . New Phytol. , 188 : 1065 – 1074 .
  • Yanai , R. D. and Eissenstat , D. M. 2002 . Coping with herbivores and pathogens: a model of optimal root turnover . Funct. Ecol. , 16 : 865 – 869 .
  • Yao , S. R. , Merwin , I. A. and Brown , M. G. 2006 . Root dynamics of apple rootstocks in a replanted orchard . HortScience , 41 : 1149 – 1155 .
  • Yuan , Z. Y. and Chen , H. Y. H. 2010 . Fine root biomass, production, turnover rates, and nutrient contents in boreal forest ecosystems in relation to species, climate, fertility, and stand age: literature review and meta-analyses . Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. , 29 : 204 – 221 .
  • Yuan , Z. Y. and Chen , H. Y. H. 2012a . Fine root dynamics with stand development in the boreal forest . Funct. Ecol. , 26 : 991 – 998 .
  • Yuan , Z. Y. and Chen , H. Y. H. 2012b . A global analysis of fine root production as affected by soil nitrogen and phosphorus . Proc. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. , 279 : 3796 – 3802 .
  • Zhu , Y. G. and Miller , R. M. 2003 . Carbon cycling by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil-plant systems . Trends Plant Sci. , 8 : 407 – 409 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.