4,047
Views
59
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

No-Till Farming and Conservation Agriculture in South Asia – Issues, Challenges, Prospects and Benefits

ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, , , , , , , & show all

References

  • Abdalla, K., Chivenge, P., Ciais, P., and Chaplot, V. 2016. No-tillage lessens soil CO2 emissions the most under arid and sandy soil conditions: results from a meta-analysis. Biogeosciences 13: 3619–3633. doi:10.5194/bg-13-3619-2016
  • Abdollahi, L., and Munkholm, L. J. 2014. Tillage system and cover crop effects on soil quality: I. Chemical, mechanical, and biological properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 78: 262–270. doi:10.2136/sssaj2013.07.0301
  • Abrol, I. P., Gupta, R. K., and Malik, R. K. 2005. Conservation Agriculture. Status and Prospects. New Delhi: Centre for Advancement of Sustainable Agriculture, p 242.
  • Acharya, C., and Sharma, P. D. 1994. Tillage and mulch effects on soil physical environment root growth, nutrient uptake and yield of maize and wheat on an Alfisol in north-west India. Soil Tillage Res. 32: 291–302. doi:10.1016/0167-1987(94)00425-E
  • Acharya, C. L., Hati, K. M., Bandyopadhyay, K. K. 2005. Mulches. In Encyclopaedia of Soils in the Environment; Hillel, D., Ed. Elsevier: Amsterdam, pp 521–532.
  • Agarwal, R., Awasthi, A., Singh, N., Gupta, P. K., and Mittal, S. K. 2012. Effects of exposure to rice-crop residue burning smoke on pulmonary functions and oxygen saturation level of human beings in Patiala (India). Sci. Total Environ. 429: 161–166. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.074
  • Aggrawal, R. K., Praveen Kumar Singh, Y. V., and Lodha, S. 1998. Enhancing fertilizer use efficiency in conjunction with residue management in dryland crops and cropping systems in low rainfall conditions. Indo-US Project, Consolidated work report, 1990–1998.
  • Ahmed, S., and Chauhan, B. S. 2014. Performance of different herbicides in dry-seeded rice in Bangladesh. ScientificWorldJournal 2014: 1–14. doi:10.1155/2014/729418
  • Ahmed, T., Ahmad, B., and Ahmad, W. 2015. Why do farmers burn rice residue? Examining farmers’ choices in Punjab, Pakistan. Land Use Policy 47: 448–458. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.05.004
  • Ahuja, L. R., Ma, L., and Timlin, D. J. 2006. Transdisciplinary soil physics research critical to synthesis and modeling of agricultural systems. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 70: 311–326. doi:10.2136/sssaj2005.0207
  • Alakukku, L., Weisskopf, P., Chamen, W. C. T., Tijink, F. G. J., Van der Linden, J. P., Pires, S., Sommer, C., and Spoor, G. 2003. Prevention strategies for field traffic-induced subsoil compaction: a review: Part 1. Machine/soil interactions. Soil Tillage Res. 73: 145–160. doi:10.1016/S0167-1987(03)00107-7
  • Alam, M. K., Bell, R., Salahin, N., Pathan, S., Mondol, A. T. M. A. I., Alam, M. J., Rashid, M. H., Paul, P. L. C., Hossain, M. I., and Shil, N. C. 2018. Banding of fertilizer improves phosphorus acquisition and yield of zero tillage maize by concentrating phosphorus in surface soil. Sustainability 10: 3234. doi:10.3390/su10093234
  • Alam, M. K., Islam, M., Salahin, N., and Hasanuzzaman, M. 2014. Effect of tillage practices on soil properties and crop productivity in wheat-mungbean-rice cropping. ScientificWorldJournal 2014: 437283. doi:10.1155/2014/437283
  • Alam, M. K., Salahin, N., Islam, S., Begum, R. A., Hasanuzzaman, M., Islam, M. S., and Rahman, M. M. 2017. Patterns of change in soil organic matter, physical properties and crop productivity under tillage practices and cropping systems in Bangladesh. J. Agric. Sci. 155: 216–238. doi:10.1017/S0021859616000265
  • Alexander, M. 1961. Introduction to Soil Microbiology. Wiley: New York.
  • Alvarez, R., and Alvarez, R. 2005. A review of nitrogen fertilizer and conservation tillage effects on soil organic carbon storage. Soil Use Manage. 21: 38–52. doi:10.1079/SUM2005291
  • Amundson, R., Berhe, A. A., Hopmans, J. W., Olson, C., Sztein, A. E., and Sparks, D. L. 2015. Soil science. Soil and human security in the 21st century. Science 348: 1261071doi:10.1126/science.1261071
  • Anoymous. 2018. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/habitats/sustainable-agriculture/.
  • Annual Report 2015–16. CRP on CA (Consortia Research Platform on Conservation Agriculture). ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science: Nabibagh, Bhopal, pp 1–106.
  • Anwar, M. Z., Farooq, U., Sharif, C. M., Akmal, N., and Morris, M. 2004. Diffusion of Zero-till Seed Drills in Punjab Province, Pakistan. Internal Report. Social Sciences Institute, National Agricultural Research Center (NARC): Islamabad, Pakistan.
  • Aryal, J. P., Sapkota, T. B., Jat, M. L., and Bishnoi, D. K. 2015. On-farm economic and environmental impact of zero-tillage wheat: A case of North-West India. Ex. Agric. 51: 1–16. doi:10.1017/S001447971400012X
  • Aryal, J. P., Sapkota, T. B., Khurana, R., Khatri-Chhetri, A., Rahut, D. B., and Jat, M. L. 2019. Climate change and agriculture in South Asia: adaptation options in smallholder production systems. In Environment, Development and Sustainability; Luc Hens; Ed.; Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 10.1007/s10668-019-00414-.
  • Atapattu, S. S., and Kodituwakku, D. C. 2009. Agriculture in South Asia and its implications on downstream health and sustainability: A review. Agric. Water Manage. 96: 361–373. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2008.09.028
  • Atreya, K., Sharma, S., Bajracharya, R. M., and Rajbhandari, N. P. 2006. Applications of reduced tillage in hills of central Nepal. Soil Tillage Res. 88: 16–29. doi:10.1016/j.still.2005.04.003
  • Aulakh, M. S., Manchanda, J. S., Garg, A. K., Kumar, S., Dercon, G., and Nguyen, M. L. 2012. Crop production and nutrient use efficiency of conservation agriculture for soybean–wheat rotation in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of Northwestern India. Soil Tillage Res. 120: 50–60. doi:10.1016/j.still.2011.11.001
  • Ayuke, F. O., Kihara, J., Ayaga, G., and Micheni, A. N. 2019. Conservation agriculture enhances soil fauna richness and abundance in low input systems: examples from Kenya. Front. Environ. Sci 7: 1–17. doi:10.3389/fenvs.2019.00097
  • Baker, J. M., Ochsner, T. E., Venterea, R. T., and Griffis, T. J. 2007. Tillage and soil carbon sequestration – what do we really know?. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 118: 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2006.05.014
  • Ball, D. A., and Shaffer, M. J. 1993. Simulating resource competition in multispecies agricultural plant communities. Weed Res. 33: 299–310. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3180.1993.tb01945.x
  • Bandyopadhyay, K. K., Mohanty, M., Painuli, D. K., Misra, A. K., Hati, K. M., Mandal, K. G., Ghosh, P. K., Chaudhary, R. S., and Acharya, C. L. 2003. Influence of tillage practices and nutrient management on crack parameters in a Vertisol of central India. Soil Tillage Res. 71: 133–142. doi:10.1016/S0167-1987(03)00043-6
  • Barré, K., Le Viol, I., Julliard, R., and Kerbiriou, C. 2018. Weed control method drives conservation tillage efficiency on farmland breeding birds. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 256: 74–81. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2018.01.004
  • Bazaya, B. R., Sen, A., and Srivastava, V. K. 2009. Planting methods and nitrogen effects on crop yield and soil quality under direct seeded rice in the Indo-Gangetic plains of eastern India. Soil Tillage Res. 105: 27–32. doi:10.1016/j.still.2009.05.006
  • Bera, T., Sharma, S., Thind, H. S., Sidhu, H. S., and Jat, M. L. 2018. Changes in soil biochemical indicators at different wheat growth stages under conservation-based sustainable intensification of rice-wheat system. J. Integr. Agric. 17: 1871–1880. doi:10.1016/S2095-3119(17)61835-5
  • Bhan, S., and Behera, U. K. 2014. Conservation agriculture in India–Problems, prospects and policy issues. Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res. 2: 1–12. doi:10.1016/S2095-6339(15)30053-8
  • Bhaskar, V., Bellinder, R., DiTommaso, A., and Walter, M. 2018. Living mulch performance in a tropical cotton system and impact on yield and weed control. Agriculture 8: 19. doi:10.3390/agriculture8020019
  • Bhatt, R., and Khera, K. L. 2006. Effect of tillage and mode of straw mulch application on soil erosion in the submontaneous tract of Punjab, India. Soil Tillage Res. 88: 107–115. doi:10.1016/j.still.2005.05.004
  • Bhattacharyya, P., Roy, K. S., Neogi, S., Adhya, T. K., Rao, K. S., and Manna, M. C. 2012a. Effects of rice straw and nitrogen fertilization on greenhouse gas emissions and carbon storage in tropical flooded soil planted with rice. Soil Tillage Res. 124: 119–130. doi:10.1016/j.still.2012.05.015
  • Bhattacharyya, R., Bhatia, A., Das, T. K., Lata, S., Kumar, A., Tomer, R., Singh, G., Kumar, S., and Biswas, A. K. 2018. Aggregate-associated N and global warming potential of conservation agriculture-based cropping of maize-wheat system in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plains. Soil Tillage Res. 182: 66–77. doi:10.1016/j.still.2018.05.002
  • Bhattacharyya, R., Das, T. K., Sudhishri, S., Dudwal, B., Sharma, A. R., Bhatia, A., and Singh, G. 2015. Conservation agriculture effects on soil organic carbon accumulation and crop productivity under a rice–wheat cropping system in the western Indo-Gangetic Plains. Eur. J. Agron. 70: 11–21. doi:10.1016/j.eja.2015.06.006
  • Bhattacharyya, R., Das, T. K., Das, S., Dey, A., Patra, A. K., Agnihotri, R., Ghosh, A., and Sharma, A. R. 2019. Four years of conservation agriculture affects topsoil aggregate-associated 15nitrogen but not the 15nitrogen use efficiency by wheat in a semi-arid climate. Geoderma 337: 333–340. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.09.036
  • Bhattacharyya, R., Das, T. K., Pramanik, P., Ganeshan, V., Saad, A. A., and Sharma, A. R. 2013. Impacts of conservation agriculture on soil aggregation and aggregate-associated N under an irrigated agro-ecosystem of the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 96: 185–202. doi:10.1007/s10705-013-9585-6
  • Bhattacharyya, R., Prakash, V., Kundu, S., and Gupta, H. S. 2006. Effect of tillage and crop rotations on pore size distribution and soil hydraulic conductivity in sandy clay loam soil of the Indian Himalayas. Soil Tillage Res. 86: 129–140. doi:10.1016/j.still.2005.02.018
  • Bhattacharyya, R., Tuti, M. D., Bisht, J. K., Bhatt, J. C., and Gupta, H. S. 2012b. Conservation tillage and fertilization impact on soil aggregation and carbon pools in the Indian Himalayas under an irrigated rice-wheat rotation. Soil Sci. 177: 218–228.
  • Bhattacharyya, R., Tuti, M. D., Kundu, S., Bisht, J. K., and Bhatt, J. C. 2012c. Conservation tillage impacts on soil aggregation and carbon pools in a sandy clay loam soil of the Indian Himalayas. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 76: 617–627. doi:10.2136/sssaj2011.0320
  • Blanco-Canqui, H., and Lal, R. 2004. Mechanisms of carbon sequestration in soil aggregates. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 23: 481–504. doi:10.1080/07352680490886842
  • Blanco-Canqui, H., and Ruis, J. S. 2018. No-tillage and soil physical environment. Geoderma 326: 164–200. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.03.011
  • Blevins, R. L., and Frye, W. 1993. Conservation tillage: an ecological approach to soil management. Adv. Agron. 51: 34–77.
  • Bohra, J. S., and Kumar, R. 2015. Effect of crop establishment methods on productivity, profitability and energetics of rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) system. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 85: 217–223.
  • Borrelli, P., Robinson, D. A., Fleischer, L. R., Lugato, E., Ballabio, C., Alewell, C., Meusburger, K., Modugno, S., Schütt, B., Ferro, V., Bagarello, V., Oost, K. V., Montanarella, L., and Panagos, P. 2017. An assessment of the global impact of 21st century land use change on soil erosion. Nat. Commun. 8: 2013. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02142-7
  • Boyd, J., and Banzhaf, S. 2007. What are ecosystem services? The need for standardized environmental accounting units. Ecol. Econ. 63: 616–626. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.01.002
  • Bronick, C. J., and Lal, R. 2005. Soil structure and management: a review. Geoderma 124: 3–22. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.03.005
  • Brussaard, L., de Ruiter, P. C., and Brown, G. G. 2007. Soil biodiversity for agricultural sustainability. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 121: 233–244. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.013
  • Busari, M. A., Kukal, S. S., Kaur, A., Bhatt, R., and Dulazi, A. A. 2015. Conservation tillage impacts on soil, crop and the environment. Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res. 3: 119–129. doi:10.1016/j.iswcr.2015.05.002
  • CASA. 2004. Conservation Agriculture: Conserving Resources-Enhancing Productivity: A Conference Report; Sagar, Sunita, Abrol, I. P. and Gupta, R. K., Eds. Centre for Advancement of Sustainable Agriculture: New Delhi, pp 22–23.
  • Chandra, R., Sikka, A., Singh, S., Gupta, R., Upadhyaya, A. K., and Sakthivadivel, R. 2007. Impact of Resource Conserving Technologies on Water Use and Water Productivity in Pabnawa Minor of Bhakra Canal System. RWC Technical Bulletin No. 10; Rice-Wheat Consortium (RWC): New Delhi.
  • Chattaraj, S., Chakraborty, D., Sehgal, V. K., Paul, R. K., Singh, S. D., Daripa, A., and Pathak, H. 2014. Predicting the impact of climate change on water requirement of wheat in the semi-arid Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 197: 174–183. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2014.07.023
  • Chaudhari, D. D., Patel, V. J., Patel, B. D., and Patel, H. K. 2019. Integrated weed management in garlic with and without rice straw mulch. Ind. Jour. Weed Scie. 51: 270–274. doi:10.5958/0974-8164.2019.00057.1
  • Chauhan, B. S., Singh, R. G., and Mahajan, G. 2012. Ecology and management of weeds under conservation agriculture: a review. Crop Prot. 38: 57–65. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2012.03.010
  • Chauhan, B. S., and Mahajan, G. 2012. Role of integrated weed management strategies in sustaining conservation agriculture systems. Curr. Sci. 103: 135–136.
  • Choudhary, M., Sharma, P. C., Jat, H. S., Dash, A., Rajashekar, B., McDonald, A. J., and Jat, M. L. 2018a. Soil bacterial diversity under conservation agriculture-based cereal systems in Indo-Gangetic Plains. 3 Biotech 8:304. doi:10.1007/s13205-018-1317-9
  • Choudhary, M., Sharma, P. C., Jat, H. S., McDonald, A., Jat, M. L., Choudhary, S., and Garg, N. 2018b. Soil biological properties and fungal diversity under conservation agriculture in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 18: 1142–1156. doi:10.4067/S0718-95162018005003201
  • Choudhary, V. K., and Bhagawati, R. 2019. Planting method, row arrangement and crop residue mulch influence on weed dynamics and productivity of toria mustard. Indian J. Weed Sci. 51: 298–301. doi:10.5958/0974-8164.2019.00063.7
  • CIMMYT (Centro Internacional de Majoramiento de Maize y Trigo [Mexico]). 2002. https://www.cimmyt.org/.
  • Dalal, R. C., Allen, D. E., Wang, W. J., Reeves, S., and Gibson, I. 2011. Organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks in a Vertisol following 40 years of no-tillage, crop residue retention and nitrogen fertilisation. Soil Tillage Res. 112: 133–139. doi:10.1016/j.still.2010.12.006
  • Dalal, R. C., and Bridge, B. J. 1996. Aggregation and organic matter storage in sub-humid and semi-arid soils. In Structure and Organic Matter Storage in Agricultural Soils; CRC Press: Boca Raton, pp 263–307.
  • Dalal, R. C., and Mayer, R. J. 1987. Long term trends in fertility of soils under continuous cultivation and cereal cropping in southern Queensland. VII Dynamics of nitrogen mineralisation potentials and microbial biomass. Soil Res. 25: 461–472. doi:10.1071/SR9870461
  • Dale, V. H., and Polasky, S. 2007. Measures of the effects of agricultural practices on ecosystem services. Ecol. Econ. 64: 286–296. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.05.009
  • Dang, Y. P., Moody, P. W., Bell, M. J., Seymour, N. P., Dalal, R. C., Freebairn, D. M., and Walker, S. R. 2015. Strategic tillage in no-till farming systems in Australia’s northern grains-growing regions: II. Implications for agronomy, soil and environment. Soil Tillage Res. 152: 115–123. doi:10.1016/j.still.2014.12.013
  • Das, T. K. 2008. Weed science: basics and application, First edition. New Delhi: Jain Brothers Publishers, pp. 901.
  • Das, T. K., Bandyopadhyay, K. K., Bhattacharyya, R., Sudhishri, S., Sharma, A. R., Behera, U. K., Saharawat, Y. S., Sahoo, P. K., Pathak, H., Vyas, A. K., Bhar, L. M., Gupta, H. S., Gupta, R. K., and Jat, M. L. 2016. Effects of conservation agriculture on crop productivity and water use efficiency under an irrigated pigeonpea-wheat cropping system in the western Indo-Gangetic Plains. J. Agric. Sci. 154: 1327–1342. doi:10.1017/S0021859615001264
  • Das, T. K., Bhattacharyya, R., Sharma, A. R., Das, S., Saad, A. A., and Pathak, H. 2013. Impacts of conservation agriculture on total soil organic carbon retention potential under an irrigated agro-ecosystem of the western Indo-Gangetic Plains. Eur. J. Agron. 51: 34–42. doi:10.1016/j.eja.2013.07.003
  • Das, T. K., Bhattacharyya, R., Sudhishri, S., Sharma, A. R., Saharawat, Y. S., Bandyopadhyay, K. K., Sepat, S., Bana, R. S., Aggarwal, P., Sharma, R. K., Bhatia, A., Singh, G., Datta, S. P., Kar, A., Singh, B., Singh, P., Pathak, H., Vyas, A. K., and Jat, M. L. 2014. Conservation agriculture in an irrigated cotton-wheat system of the western Indo-Gangetic Plains: crop & water productivity and economic profitability. Field Crops Res. 158: 24–33. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2013.12.017
  • Derpsch, R. 1998. Historical review of no-tillage cultivation of crops. In FAO International Workshop, Conservation Tillage for Sustainable Agriculture; FAO: Rome, pp 205–218.
  • Derpsch, R., and Friedrich, T. 2009a. Development and current status of no-till adoption in the world. Proceedings on CD, 18th Triennial Conference of the International Soil Tillage Research Organization (ISTRO), Izmir, Turkey, 15–19 June 2009.
  • Derpsch, R., and Friedrich, T. 2009b. Global overview of conservation agriculture adoption. Invited Paper, 4th World Congress on Conservation Agriculture: Innovations for Improving Efficiency, Equity and Environment. 4–7 February 2009, New Delhi, ICAR (www.fao.org/ag/ca).
  • Derpsch, R., Friedrich, T., Kassam, A., and Hongwen, L. 2010. Current status of adoption of no-till farming in the world and some of its main benefits. Int. J. Agric. Biol. Eng. 3: 1–26.
  • Devi, P., Aggarwal, A., and Gupta, S. R. 2015. Effect of zero tillage on soil carbon storage and nitrogen uptake in rice-wheat systems in Northern India. Am. Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 15: 923–931.
  • Dey, A., Dwivedi, B. S., Bhattacharyya, R., Datta, S. P., Meena, M. C., Das, T. K., and Singh, V. K. 2016. Conservation agriculture in a rice-wheat cropping system on an alluvial soil of north-western Indo-Gangetic plains: effect on soil carbon and nitrogen pools. J. Indian Soc Soil Sci. 64: 246–254. doi:10.5958/0974-0228.2016.00034.7
  • Dhaliwal, H. S., Singh, R. P., Singh, T., Singh, Y., Humphreys, E., and Kukal, S. S. 2008. A financial analysis of permanent raised beds for rice-wheat and alternative cropping systems in Punjab, India. In Permanent Beds and Rice-Residue Management for Rice-Wheat Systems in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, ACIAR Proceedings No. 127; Humphreys, E. and Roth, C. H., Eds. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra, Australia, pp 79–97.
  • Dhar, A. R., Islam, M. M., and Ahmed, J. U. 2017. Adoption of conservation agriculture in Bangladesh: problmes and prospects. World J. Agric. Res. 5: 265–272.
  • Dhar, A. R., Islam, M. M., Jannat, A., and Ahmed, J. U. 2018. Adoption prospects and implication problems of practicing conservation agriculture in Bangladesh: a socioeconomic diagnosis. Soil Tillage Res. 176: 77–84. doi:10.1016/j.still.2017.11.003
  • Dhiman, S. D., Kumar, S., and Om, H. 2003. Shallow tillage and drill technology for wheat. Indian Farm. 53: 10–13.
  • Narayana, D. V. V., and Babu, R. 1983. Estimation of soil erosion in India. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 109: 419–434. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1983)109:4(419)
  • Di Falco, S., and Zoupanidou, E. 2017. Soil fertility, crop biodiversity, and farmers' revenues: evidence from Italy. Ambio 46: 162–172. doi:10.1007/s13280-016-0812-7
  • Dixit, J., Gupta, R. S. R., Behl, V. P., and Yadav, L. R. 2003. No-tillage and conventional tillage system evaluation for production of wheat-an analysis. Indian J. Agric. Res. 37: 199–203.
  • Du Preez, C. C., Steyn, J. T., and Kotze, E. 2001. Long-term effects of wheat residue management on some fertility indicators of a semi-arid Plinthosol. Soil Tillage Res. 63: 25–33. doi:10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00227-6
  • Duiker, S. W., and Beegle, D. B. 2006. Soil fertility distributions in long-term no-till, chisel/disk and moldboard plow/disk systems. Soil Tillage Res. 88: 30–41. doi:10.1016/j.still.2005.04.004
  • Erenstein, O., Farooq, U., Malik, R. K., and Sharif, M. 2007a. Adoption and impacts of zero tillage as a resource conserving technology in the irrigated plains of South Asia. CIMMYT 19: 1–50.
  • Erenstein, O., Malik, R. K., and Singh, S. 2007b. Adoption and Impacts of Zero Tillage in the Irrigated Rice-Wheat Systems of Haryana, India; CIMMYT India and RWC: New Delhi, India.
  • Erenstein, O., Sayre, K., Wall, P., Hellin, J., and Dixon, J. 2012. Conservation agriculture in maize-and wheat-based systems in the (sub) tropics: lessons from adaptation initiatives in South Asia, Mexico, and Southern Africa. J. Sustainable Agric. 36: 180–206. doi:10.1080/10440046.2011.620230
  • FAO. 2011a. CA adoption worldwide, FAO-CA website. http://www.fao.org/ag/ca/6c.html (accessed Apr 11, 2014).
  • FAO. 2011b. What is conservation agriculture? FAO-CA website. http://www.fao.org/ag/ca/1a.html
  • FAO. 2014. What is conservation agriculture? FAO-CA website. http://www.fao.org/ag/ca/1a.html
  • Farooq, M., Flower, K. C., Jabran, K., Wahid, A., and Siddique, K. H. 2011. Crop yield and weed management in rainfed conservation agriculture. Soil Tillage Res. 117: 172–183. doi:10.1016/j.still.2011.10.001
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils. 2015. Status of the World’s Soil Resources – Main Report. FAO: Rome.
  • Franzluebbers, A. J. 2010. Achieving soil organic carbon sequestration with conservation agricultural systems in the southeastern United States. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 74: 347–357. doi:10.2136/sssaj2009.0079
  • Franzluebbers, A. J., and Hons, F. M. 1996. Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant available nutrients under conventional and no tillage. Soil Tillage Res. 39: 229–239. doi:10.1016/S0167-1987(96)01056-2
  • Franzluebbers, A. J., and Hons, F. M. 1996. Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant available nutrients under conventional and no tillage. Soil Tillage Res. 39: 229–239. doi:10.1016/S0167-1987(96)01056-2
  • Friedrich, T., Derpsch, R., and Kassam, A. H. 2012. Global overview of the spread of conservation agriculture. Field Actions Sci. Rep. 6: 1–7.
  • Gadde, B., Bonnet, S., Menke, C., and Garivait, S. 2009. Air pollutant emissions from rice straw open field burning in India, Thailand and the Philippines. Environ. Pollut. 157: 1554–1558. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2009.01.004
  • Gaire, R., Dahal, K. R., and Amgain, L. P. 2013. Effect of different mulching materials on weed dynamics and yield of direct seeded rice in Chitwan, Nepal. Agron. J. Nepal 3: 73–81. doi:10.3126/ajn.v3i0.9008
  • Gardner, R. A. M., and Gerrard, A. J. 2003. Runoff and soil erosion on cultivated rainfed terraces in the Middle Hills of Nepal. Appl. Geogr. 23: 23–45. doi:10.1016/S0143-6228(02)00069-3
  • Gathala, M. K., Kumar, V., Sharma, P. C., Saharawat, Y. S., Jat, H. S., Singh, M., Kumar, A., Jat, M. L., Humphreys, E., Sharma, D. K., Sharma, S., and Ladha, J. K. 2013. Optimizing intensive cereal-based cropping systems addressing current and future drivers of agricultural change in the northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 177: 85–97. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2013.06.002
  • Gathala, M. K., Kumar, V., Sharma, P. C., Saharawat, Y. S., Jat, H. S., Singh, M., Kumar, A., Jat, M. L., Humphreys, E., Sharma, D. K., Sharma, S., and Ladha, J. K. 2013. Optimizing intensive cereal-based cropping systems addressing current and future drivers of agricultural change in the northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 177: 85–97. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2013.06.002
  • Gathala, M. K., Ladha, J. K., Kumar, V., Saharawat, Y. S., Kumar, V., Sharma, P. K., Sharma, S., and Pathak, H. 2011a. Tillage and crop establishment affects sustainability of South Asian rice–wheat system. Agron. J. 103: 961–971. doi:10.2134/agronj2010.0394
  • Gathala, M. K., Ladha, J. K., Saharawat, Y. S., Kumar, V., Kumar, V., and Sharma, P. K. 2011b. Effect of tillage and crop establishment methods on physical properties of a medium-textured soil under a seven-year rice–wheat rotation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 75: 1851–1862. doi:10.2136/sssaj2010.0362
  • Gathala, M. K., Timsina, J., Islam, M. S., Rahman, M. M., Hossain, M. I., Harun-Ar-Rashid, M., Ghosh, A. K., Krupnik, T. J., Tiwari, T. P., and McDonald, A. 2015. Conservation agriculture based tillage and crop establishment options can maintain farmers’ yields and increase profits in South Asia's rice–maize systems: evidence from Bangladesh. Field Crops Res. 172: 85–98. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2014.12.003
  • Gathala, M. K., Timsina, J., Islam, S., Islam, N., Rahman, M., and Ar, H. 2012. Effects of tillage and crop establishment methods on the system productivity profitability of rice-maize system in Bangladesh. 3rd International Agronomy Congress, Nov. 26–30, 2012, New Delhi, India, Vol. I, pp 84–85.
  • Ghosh, B. N., Dogra, P., Sharma, N. K., Bhattacharyya, R., and Mishra, P. K. 2015. Conservation agriculture impact for soil conservation in maize–wheat cropping system in the Indian sub-Himalayas. Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res. 3: 112–118. doi:10.1016/j.iswcr.2015.05.001
  • Ghosh, P. K., Das, A., Saha, R., Kharkrang, E., Tripathy, A. K., Munda, G. C., and Ngachan, S. V. 2010. Conservation agriculture towards achieving food security in north east India. Curr. Sci. 99: 915–921.
  • Goddard, T., Zoebisch, M., Gan, Y., Eillis, W., Watson, A. and Sombatpanit , 2008. No-till farming systems. Special Publication No. 3. by The World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWC), Bangkok, pp 544.
  • Gopal, R., Jat, R. K., Kumar, V., Alam, M. M., Jat, M. L., and Mazid, M. A. 2010. Direct Dry Seeded Rice Production Technology and Weed Management in Rice Based Systems; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center: New Delhi, p 28.
  • Gosai, K., Arunachalam, A., and Dutta, B. K. 2009. Influence of conservation tillage on soil physicochemical properties in a tropical rainfed agricultural system of northeast India. Soil Tillage Res. 105: 63–71. doi:10.1016/j.still.2009.05.008
  • Govaerts, B., Sayre, K. D., Lichter, K., Dendooven, L., and Deckers, J. 2007. Influence of permanent raised bed planting and residue management on physical and chemical soil quality in rain fed maize/wheat systems. Plant Soil 291: 39–54. doi:10.1007/s11104-006-9172-6
  • Govaerts, B., Verhulst, N., Castellanos-Navarrete, A., Sayre, K. D., Dixon, J., and Dendooven, L. 2009. Conservation agriculture and soil carbon sequestration; between myth and farmer reality. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 28: 97–122. doi:10.1080/07352680902776358
  • Grace, P. R., Jain, M. C., Harrington, L., and Robertson, G. P. 2003. The long-term sustainability of the tropical and subtropical rice-wheat system: an environmental perspective. In Improving the Productivity and Sustainability of Rice- Wheat Systems: Issues and Impacts. ASA Special Publication Number 65. ASA-CSSA-SSSA: Madison, WI, pp 27–45.
  • Gupta, D. K., Bhatia, A., Kumar, A., Das, T. K., Jain, N., Tomer, R., Malyan, S. K., Fagodiya, R. K., Dubey, R., and Pathak, H. 2016. Mitigation of greenhouse gas emission from rice-wheat system of the Indo-Gangetic plains: Through tillage, irrigation and fertilizer management. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 230: 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2016.05.023
  • Gupta, R., and Sayre, K. 2007. Conservation agriculture in South Asia. J. Agric. Sci. 145: 207–214. doi:10.1017/S0021859607006910
  • Hafeez-Ur-Rehman , Nawaz, A., Wakeel, A., Saharawat, Y. S., and Farooq, M. 2015. Conservation agriculture in South Asia. In Conservation Agriculture; Farooq, M. and Siddique, K. H. M., Eds. Springer Publishing House: Cham ISBN 978-3-319-11619-8.
  • Hartmann, M., Frey, B., Mayer, J., Mäder, P., and Widmer, F. 2015. Distinct soil microbial diversity under long-term organic and conventional farming. ISME J. 9: 1177–1194. doi:10.1038/ismej.2014.210
  • Hartzler, R. G., and Owen, M. D. 1997. Weed Management in Conservation Tillage System. Iowa State University: Ames. Available online: www.extension.edu/Publications/PM1176.pdf.
  • Hati, K. M., Chaudhary, R. S., Mohanty, M., Biswas, A. K., and Bandyopadhyay, K. K. 2015b. Short-term tillage and fertilization impacts on soil organic carbon, aggregate stability and yield of soybean-wheat system in deep black soils of central India. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 63: 1–12.
  • Hati, K. M., Chaudhary, R. S., Mandal, K. G., Bandyopadhyay, K. K., Singh, R. K., Sinha, N. K., Mohanty, M., Somasundaram, J., and Saha, R. 2015a. Effects of tillage, residue and fertilizer nitrogen on crop yields, and soil physical properties under soybean–wheat rotation in vertisols of Central India. Agric. Res. 4: 48–56. doi:10.1007/s40003-014-0141-7
  • Hillel, D. 2008. Soil Biodiversity in Soil in the Environment. Academic Press: Amsterdam; Boston, pp 163–174. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-00041-5.
  • Hobbs, P., and Gupta, R. K. 2004. Problems and challenges of no-till farming for the rice–wheat systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plains in South Asia. In Sustainable Agriculture and the Rice–Wheat System; Lal, R.; Ed.; Ohio State University: Columbus, OH, pp 101–119.
  • Hobbs, P., and Morris, M. 1996. Meeting South Asia's future food requirements from rice-wheat cropping systems: Priority issues facing researchers in the post-green revolution era. CIMMYT Institutional Multimedia Publications Repository.
  • Hobbs, P. R. 2007. Conservation agriculture: What is it and why is it important for future sustainable food production?. J. Agric. Sci. 145: 127–137. doi:10.1017/S0021859607006892
  • Hobbs, P. R., and Govaerts, B. 2010. How conservation agriculture can contribute to buffering climate change. Climate Change Crop Prod. 1: 177–199.
  • Hobbs, P. R., and Gupta, R. K. 2003. Resource-conserving technologies for wheat in rice-wheat systems. In Improving the Productivity and Sustainability of Rice-Wheat Systems: Issues and Impact; Ladha, J. K., Hill, J., Gupta, R. K., Duxbury, J., and Buresh, R. J., Eds. ASA Special Publication 65. Agronomy Society of America: Madison, WI, pp 149–171.
  • Hobbs, P. R., Giri, G. S., and Grace, P. 1997. Reduced and zero tillage options for the establishment of wheat after rice in South Asia. Rice-Wheat Consortium Paper Series 2. Rice-Wheat Consortium for the Indo-Gangetic Plains: New Delhi.
  • Hobbs, P. R., Sayre, K., and Gupta, R. 2008. The role of conservation agriculture in sustainable agriculture. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 363: 543–555. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2169
  • Hobbs, P. R., Singh, Y., Giri, G. S., Lauren, J. G., and Duxbury, J. 2002. Direct seeding and reduced tillage options in the rice–wheat systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia. In Direct Seeding: Research Issues and Opportunities. Proceedings of the InternationalWorkshop on Direct Seeding in Asian Rice Systems; Pandey, S., Mortimer, M., Wade, L., Tuong, T.P., Lopez, K., Hardy, B., Eds. Strategic Research Issues and Opportunities: Bangkok, Thailand, pp 201–218.
  • Hossain, J., Islam, M. A., Alam, M. S., and Islam, M. R. 2017. Effect of herbicides on weeds and crop performance of wheat in Northwest Bangladesh. 2nd Conference on Conservation Agriculture for Smallholders (CASH-II) 14–16 February 2017, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. pp 111–112.
  • Hossain, M. I., Sarker, M. J. U., and Haque, M. A. 2015. Status of conservation agriculture based tillage technology for crop production in Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Agric. Res. 40: 235–248. doi:10.3329/bjar.v40i2.24561
  • https://ebrary.net/25764/environment/soil_biodiversity_importance_agriculture.
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia, 2019 http://www.sac.org.bd/about-sac/ 2019.
  • https://www.no-tillfarmer.com/articles/3215-soaring-asian-population-demands-more-no-till?v=preview.
  • Humphreys, E. and Roth, C. H., eds. 2008. Permanent beds and rice-residue management for rice–wheat systems in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Proceedings of a workshop held in Ludhiana, India, 7–9 September 2006. ACIAR Proceedings No. 127, 192 pp.
  • IARI. 2012. Crop Residues Management with Conservation Agriculture: Potential, Constraints and Policy Needs. Indian Agricultural Research Institute: New Delhi, p 32.
  • Iqbal, N., Khaliq, A., and Cheema, Z. A. 2019. Weed control through allelopathic crop water extracts and S-metolachlor in cotton. Inform. Process. Agric. 7: 165–172. doi:10.1016/j.inpa.2019.03.006
  • IRRI (International Rice Research Institute). 1984. Organic Matter and Rice. IRRI: Los Banos Laguna.
  • Ishaq, M., Ibrahim, M., Hassan, A., Saeed, M., and Lal, R. 2001. Subsoil compaction effects on crops in Punjab, Pakistan: II. Root growth and nutrient uptake of wheat and sorghum. Soil Tillage Res. 60: 153–161. doi:10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00177-5
  • Jain, N., Bhatia, A., and Pathak, H. 2014. Emission of air pollutants from crop residue burning in India. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 14: 422–430. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2013.01.0031
  • Jat, H., Datta, A., Choudhary, M., Yadav, A., Choudhary, V., Sharma, P., Gathala, M., Jat, M., and McDonald, A. 2019. Effects of tillage, crop establishment and diversification on soil organic carbon, aggregation, aggregate associated carbon and productivity in cereal systems of semi-arid Northwest India. Soil Tillage Res. 190: 128–138. doi:10.1016/j.still.2019.03.005
  • Jat, H. S., Datta, A., Sharma, P. C., Kumar, V., Yadav, A. K., Choudhary, M., Choudhary, V., Gathala, M. K., Sharma, D. K., Jat, M. L., Yaduvanshi, N. P. S., Singh, G., and McDonald, A. 2018. Assessing soil properties and nutrient availability under conservation agriculture practices in a reclaimed sodic soil in cereal-based systems of North-West India. Arch. Acker Pflanzenbau Bodenkd. 64: 531–545. doi:10.1080/03650340.2017.1359415
  • Jat, H. S., Datta, A., Sharma, P. C., Kumar, V., Yadav, A. K., Choudhary, M., Choudhary, V., Gathala, M. K., Sharma, D. K., Jat, M. L., Yaduvanshi, N. P. S., Singh, G., and McDonald, A. 2018. Assessing soil properties and nutrient availability under conservation agriculture practices in a reclaimed sodic soil in cereal-based systems of North-West India. Arch. Acker Pflanzenbau Bodenkd. 64: 531–545. doi:10.1080/03650340.2017.1359415
  • Jat, M. L., Chakraborty, D., Ladha, J. K., Rana, D. S., Gathala, M. K., McDonald, A., and Gerard, B. 2020. Conservation agriculture for sustainable intensification in South Asia. Nat. Sustain. 3: 336–343. doi:10.1038/s41893-020-0500-2
  • Jat, M. L., Gathala, M. K., Ladha, J. K., Saharawat, Y. S., Jat, A. S., Kumar, V., Sharma, S. K., Kumar, V., and Gupta, R. 2009. Evaluation of precision land leveling and double zero-till systems in the rice–wheat rotation: water use, productivity, profitability and soil physical properties. Soil Tillage Res. 105: 112–121. doi:10.1016/j.still.2009.06.003
  • Jat, M. L., Gathala, M. K., Saharawat, Y. S., Tetarwal, J. P., and Gupta, R. 2013. Double no-till and permanent raised beds in maize–wheat rotation of north-western Indo-Gangetic plains of India: effects on crop yields, water productivity, profitability and soil physical properties. Field Crops Res. 149: 291–299. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2013.04.024
  • Jat, M. L., Gathala, M. K., Singh, K. K., Ladha, J. K., Gupta, R. K., Singh, S., Sharma, S. K., Saharawat, Y. S., and Tetarwal, J. P. 2008. Experiences with permanent beds in the rice-wheat systems of the western Indo-Gangetic Plain. ACIAR Proceedings. Vol. 127, p. 98. ACIAR, 1998.
  • Jat, M. L., Gupta, R., Ramasundaram, P., Gathala, M., Sidhu, H., Singh, S., Singh, R. G., Saharawat, Y. S., Kumar, V., Chandna, P., and Ladha, J. K. 2009. Laser Assisted Precision Land Leveling: A Potential Technology for Resource Conservation in Irrigated Intensive Production Systems of Indo-Gangetic Plains. International Rice Research Institute: Los Banos Laguna, p 223.
  • Jat, M. L., Jat, R. K., Gupta, R., and Gopal, R. 2010. Conservation agriculture in cereal systems of South Asia: effect on crop productivity and carbon-based sustainability index. International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, New Delhi, India.
  • Jat, M. L., Saharawat, Y. S., and Gupta, R. 2011. Conservation agriculture in cereal systems of South Asia: nutrient management perspectives. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 24: 100–105.
  • Jat, R. K., Singh, R. G., Gupta, R. K., Gill, G., Chauhan, B. S., and Pooniya, V. 2019. Tillage, crop establishment, residue management and herbicide applications for effective weed control in direct seeded rice of eastern Indo–Gangetic Plains of South Asia. Crop Prot. 123: 12–20. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2019.05.007
  • Jat, R., Wani, S., Pathak, P., Singh, P., Sahrawat, K., Chander, G., and Sudi, R. 2015. Evaluating climate change mitigation and adaptation potential of conservation agriculture in semi-arid tropics of Southern India. BJECC. 5: 324–338. doi:10.9734/BJECC/2015/18479
  • Jat, R. A., Wani, S. P., and Sahrawat, K. L. 2012. Conservation agriculture in the semi-arid tropics: prospects and problems. Adv. Agron. 117: 191–273.
  • Jat, R. K., Sapkota, T. B., Singh, R. G., Jat, M. L., Kumar, M., and Gupta, R. K. 2014. Seven years of conservation agriculture in a rice–wheat rotation of Eastern Gangetic Plains of South Asia: yield trends and economic profitability. Field Crops Res. 164: 199–210. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2014.04.015
  • Jayaraman, K. S. 2018. Crop residue burning affects large parts of India. doi:10.1038/nindia.2018.78
  • Joshi. 2012. http://www.ifpri.org/blog/greening-agriculture-south-asia
  • Kassam, A., Friedrich, T., and Derpsch, R. 2019. Global spread of conservation agriculture. Int. J. Environ. Stud. 76: 29–51. doi:10.1080/00207233.2018.1494927
  • Kassam, A., Friedrich, T., Derpsch, R., and Kienzle, J. 2015. Overview of the worldwide spread of conservation agriculture. Field Actions Science Reports. The Journal of Field Actions 8. http://journals.openedition.org/factsreports/1941
  • Kassam, A. H., Basch, G., Friedrich, T., Shaxson, F., Goddard, T., and Amado, T. 2013. Sustainable soil management is more than what and how crops are grown. In: Principles of Soil Management in Agro-Ecosystems. Advances in Soil Science; R. Lal and Stewart, R. A., Eds. CRC Press: Boca Raton.
  • Kassam, A. H., Friedrich, T., Shaxson, F., Bartz, H., Mello, I., Kienzle, J., and Pretty, J. 2014. The spread of conservation agriculture: policy and institutional support for adoption and uptake. Field Actions Sci. Rep. 7. http://factsreports.revues.org/3720
  • Kassam, A. H., Friedrich, T., Derpsch, R., and Kienzle, J. 2014. Worldwide adoption of conservation agriculture. 6th World Congress on Conservation Agriculture, 22–27 June 2014, Winnipeg, Canada.
  • Kern, J. S., and Johnson, M. G. 1993. Conservation tillage impacts on national soil and atmospheric carbon levels. Soil Sci. Am. J. 57: 200–210. doi:10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700010036x
  • Kertesz, A., and Madarasz, B. 2014. Conservation agriculture in Europe. Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res. 2: 91–96.
  • Khan, A. S. A., Hossain, M. A., Mahmud, A. A., Howlader, M. I. A., and Rahman, M. A. 2008. Integrated weed management in potato at Munshigonj. Bangladesh J. Agric. Res. 33: 647–654. doi:10.3329/bjar.v33i4.2309
  • Khan, M. A. and Hashmi, N., 2004. Impact of no-tillage farming on wheat production and resource conservation in the rice-wheat zone of Punjab, Pakistan. In Sustainable Agriculture and the Rice-Wheat System; Lal, R., Hobbs, P. R., Uphoff, N., Hansen, D. O., Eds. Marcel Dekker: New York, pp 219–228.
  • Kharol, S. K., Badarinath, K. V. S., Sharma, A. R., Mahalakshmi, D. V., Singh, D., and Prasad, V. K. 2012. Black carbon aerosol variations over Patiala city, Punjab, India—a study during agriculture crop residue burning period using ground measurements and satellite data. J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys. 84–85: 45–51. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2012.05.013
  • Khurshid, K., Iqbal, M., Arif, M. S., and Nawaz, A. 2006. Effect of tillage and mulch on soil physical properties and growth of maize. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 8: 593–596.
  • Kirkegaard, J. A., Conyers, M. K., Hunt, J. R., Kirkby, C. A., Watt, M., and Rebetzke, G. J. 2014. Sense and nonsense in conservation agriculture: principles, pragmatism and productivity in Australian mixed farming systems. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 187: 133–145. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2013.08.011
  • Kroeger, T., and Casey, F. 2007. An assessment of market-based approaches to providing ecosystem services on agricultural lands. Ecol. Econ. 64: 321–332. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.07.021
  • Kumar, N., Nath, C. P., Hazra, K. K., Das, K., Venkatesh, M. S., Singh, M. K., Singh, S. S., Praharaj, C. S., and Singh, N. P., 2019. Impact of zero-till residue management and crop diversification with legumes on soil aggregation and carbon sequestration. Soil Tillage Res. 189: 158–167. doi:10.1016/j.still.2019.02.001
  • Kumar, S., Sharma, K. L., Kareemulla, K., Ravindra, C. G., Ramarao, C. A., Srinivasa Rao, C., and Venkateswarlu, B. 2011. Techno-economic feasibility of conservation agriculture in rainfed regions of India. Curr. Sci. 101: 1171–1181.
  • Kumar, V., Jat, H. S., Sharma, P. C., Balwinder-Singh , Gathala, M. K., Malik, R. K., Kamboj, B. R., Yadav, A. K., Ladha, J. K., Raman, A., Sharma, D. K., McDonald, A. 2018. Can productivity and profitability be enhanced in intensively managed cereal systems while reducing the environmental footprint of production? Assessing sustainable intensification options in the breadbasket of India. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 252: 132–147. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2017.10.006
  • Kumari, M., Chakraborty, D., Gathala, M. K., Pathak, H., Dwivedi, B. S., Tomar, R. K., Garg, R. N., Singh, R., and Ladha, J. K. 2011. Soil aggregation and associated organic carbon fractions as affected by tillage in a rice–wheat rotation in North India. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 75: 560–567. doi:10.2136/sssaj2010.0185
  • Kurothe, R. S., Kumar, G., Singh, R., Singh, H. B., Tiwari, S. P., Vishwakarma, A. K., Sena, D. R., and Pande, V. C. 2014. Effect of tillage and cropping systems on runoff, soil loss and crop yields under semiarid rainfed agriculture in India. Soil Tillage Res. 140: 126–134. doi:10.1016/j.still.2014.03.005
  • Kushwa, V., Hati, K. M., Sinha, N. K., Singh, R. K., Mohanty, M., Somasundaram, J., Jain, R. C., Chaudhary, R. S., Biswas, A. K., and Patra, A. K. 2016. Long-term conservation tillage effect on soil organic carbon and available phosphorous content in vertisols of central India. Agric. Res. 5: 353–361. doi:10.1007/s40003-016-0223-9
  • Kushwah, S. S., Damodar Reddy, D., Somasundaram, J., Srivastava, S., and Khamparia, S. A. 2016. Crop residue retention and nutrient management practices on stratification of phosphorus and soil organic carbon under soybean-wheat system in vertisols of Central India. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 47: 2387–2395. doi:10.1080/00103624.2016.1243703
  • Ladha, J. K., Kumar, V., Alam, M. M., Sharma, S., Gathala, M., Chandna, P., and Saharawat, Y. S. 2009. Integrating crop and resource management technologies for enhanced productivity, profitability, and sustainability. In Integrated Crop and Resource Management in the Rice–Wheat System of South Asia; Ladha, J. K., Singh, Y., Erenstein, O., Hardy, B., Eds. International Rice Research Institute: Los Baños, Philippines, Vol. 69, p 108.
  • Lal, R. 1987. Managing the soils of Sub-Sahara Africa. Science 236: 1069–1086. doi:10.1126/science.236.4805.1069
  • Lal, R. 1989. Conservation tillage for agriculture: tropics versus temperate environments. Adv. Agron. 42: 85–197.
  • Lal, R. 2007. Constraints to adopting no-till farming in developing countries. Soil Tillage Res. 94: 1–3. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.11.004
  • Lal, R. 2009. Soil degradation as a reason for inadequate human nutrition. Food Sec. 1: 45–57. doi:10.1007/s12571-009-0009-z
  • Lal, R. 2013. Enhancing ecosystem services with no-till. Renew. Agric. Food Syst. 28: 102–114. doi:10.1017/S1742170512000452
  • Lal, R. 2015a. A system approach to conservation agriculture. J. Soil Water Conserv. 70: 82A–88A. doi:10.2489/jswc.70.4.82A
  • Lal, R. 2015b. Sequestering carbon and increasing productivity by conservation agriculture. J. Soil Water Conserv. 70: 55A–62A. doi:10.2489/jswc.70.3.55A
  • Lal, R. 2015c. Cover cropping and the “4 per Thousand” proposal. J. Soil Water Conserv. 70: 141A–141A. doi:10.2489/jswc.70.6.141A
  • Lal, R., Negassa, W., and Lorenz, K. 2015. Carbon sequestration in soil. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustainabil. 15: 79–86. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2015.09.002
  • Lal, R., Reicosky, D. C., and Hanson, J. D. 2007. Evolution of the plow over 10,000 years and the rationale for no-till farming. Soil Tillage Res. 93: 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.11.004
  • Laxmi, V., Erenstein, O., and Gupta, R. K. 2007a. Impact of Zero Tillage in India’s Rice-Wheat Systems. New Delhi: RWC Publication. CIMMYT. vii-32.
  • Laxmi, V., Erenstein, O., and Gupta, R. K. 2007b. Assessing the impact of natural resource management research: the case of zero tillage in India’s rice–wheat systems. The Impact of Natural Resource Management Research: Studies from the CGIAR. CAB International, Wallingord, UK, pp 68–90.
  • Legoupil, J. C. 2011. The Conservation Agriculture Network for South East Asia (CANSEA) an initiative to develop and disseminate CA in South East Asia. 5th World Congress on Conservation Agriculture.
  • Lessiter, F. 2002. http://www.fao.org/ag/ca/6c.html. Posted on February 1, 2002 | Posted in No-Till 101.
  • Li, L. L., Huang, G. B., Zhang, R. Z., Bill, B., Guangdi, L., and Kwong, Y. C. 2011. Benefits of conservation agriculture on soil and water conservation and its progress in China. Agric. Sci. China 10: 850–859. doi:10.1016/S1671-2927(11)60071-0
  • Mahapatra, B. S., Mishra, A., and Kumar, A. 2004. Green manuring: a basic concept and its role in weed control. In Training Manual: Advances in Weed Management. G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology: India, pp 31–38.
  • Maheswari, U. M., and Karthik, A. 2019. Recent trends and techniques of weed management practices in organic farming. Acta Sci. Agric. 3: 150–157.
  • Malik, R. K., Gill, G., and Hobbs, P. R. 1998. Herbicide resistance-a major issue for sustaining wheat productivity in rice wheat cropping systems in the Indo-Gangetic Plains. In: Rice-Wheat Consortium Paper Series. Rice-Wheat Consortium for the Indo-Gangetic Plains: New Delhi, India.
  • Malik, R. K., and Singh, S. 1993. Evolving strategies for herbicide use in wheat: resistance and integrated weed management. Proceedings of ISWS Intl. Symp. On Integrated Weed Management for Sustainable Agriculture. CCSHAU, Hisar, November 18–20.
  • Malik, R. K., Gupta, R. K., Singh, C. M., Brar, S. S., Singh, S. S., Sinha, R. K., Singh, A. K., Singh, R., Naresh, R. K., Singh, K. P., and Thakur, T. C. 2004a. Accelerating the adoption of resource conservation technologies for farm level impact on sustainability of rice wheat system of the Indo-Gangetic Plains. NATP Progress Report. CCSHAU: Haryana, India.
  • Malik, R. K., Yadav, A., Gill, G. S., Sardana, P., Gupta, R. K., and Piggin, C. 2004b. Evolution and acceleration of no-till farming in rice-wheat system of the Indo-Gangetic Plains. 4th International Crop Science Congress held in Brisbane, Australia, 26 September–1 October, 2004; pp 73.
  • Malviya, A., and Singh, B. 2007. Weed dynamics, productivity and economics of maize as affected by integrated weed management under rainfed condition. Indian J. Agron. 52: 321–324.
  • Mandal, A., Patra, A. K., Singh, D., Swarup, A., and Masto, R. E. 2007. Effect of long term application of manure and fertiliser on biological and biochemical activities in soil during crop development stages. Bioresour. Technol. 98: 3585–3592. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2006.11.027
  • Mandal, K. G., Misra, A. K., Hati, K. M., Bandyopadhyay, K. K., Ghosh, P. K., and Mohanty, M. 2004. Rice residue management options and effects on soil properties and crop productivity. Food Agric. Environ. 2: 224–231.
  • Marschner, P., Umar, S., and Baumann, K. 2011. The microbial community composition changes rapidly in the early stages of decomposition of wheat residue. Soil Biol. Biochem. 43: 445–451. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.11.015
  • Meena, J. R., Behera, U. K., Chakraborty, D., and Sharma, A. R. 2015. Tillage and residue management effect on soil properties, crop performance and energy relations in greengram (Vigna radiata L.) under maize-based cropping systems. Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res. 3: 261–272. doi:10.1016/j.iswcr.2015.11.001
  • Meenakhi. 2010. Influence of paddy residue and nitrogen management on the productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). M.Sc. Thesis, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
  • Michler, J. D., Baylis, K., Arends-Kuenning, M., and Mazvimavi, K. 2019. Conservation agriculture and climate resilience. J. Environ. Econ. Manage. 93: 148–169. doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2018.11.008
  • Mishra, G., and Kushwaha, H. S. 2016. Winter wheat yield and soil physical properties responses to different tillage and irrigation. Eur. J. Biol. Res. 6: 56–63.
  • Mishra, J. S., and Singh, V. P. 2011. Effect of tillage and weed control on weed dynamics, crop productivity and energy-use efficiency in rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping systems in Vertisols. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 81: 129–133.
  • Mishra, J. S., and Singh, V. P. 2012. Tillage and weed control effects on productivity of a dry seeded rice–wheat system on a Vertisol in Central India. Soil Tillage Res. 123: 11–20. doi:10.1016/j.still.2012.02.003
  • Mitchell, J. 2019. Conservation agriculture systems. CAB Rev. 14. doi:10.1079/PAVSNNR201914001
  • MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Resources). 2009. Govt. of India, New Delhi. www.mnre.gov.in/biomassrsources
  • Mohanty, M., Sinha, N. K., Reddy, K. S., Chaudhary, R. S., Rao, A. S., Dalal, R. C., and Menzies, N. W. 2013. How important is the quality of organic amendments in relation to mineral N availability in soils? Agric. Res. 2: 99–110. doi:10.1007/s40003-013-0052-z
  • Mohler, C. L., Dykeman, C., Nelson, E. B., and Ditommaso, A. 2012. Reduction in weed seedling emergence by pathogens following the incorporation of green crop residue. Weed Res. 52: 467–477. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3180.2012.00940.x
  • Montgomery, D. R. 1997. Soil erosion and agricultural sustainability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 13268–13272. doi:10.1073/pnas.0611508104
  • Mousques, C., and Friedrich, T. 2007. Conservation agriculture in China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Rome: FAO.
  • Mozumder. 2008. World Bank Report, 2008. http://web.worldbank.org/archive/website01291/WEB/0__C-248.HTM
  • Muhammad, I., Khan, F., Khan, A., and Wang, J. 2018. Soil fertility in response to urea and farmyard manure incorporation under different tillage systems in Peshawar, Pakistan. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 20: 1539–1547.
  • NAAS. 2017. Innovative viable solution to rice residue burning in rice-wheat cropping system through concurrent use of super straw management system-fitted combines and turbo happy seeder. National Academy of Agricultural Sciences: New Delhi, p. 16.
  • Nandan, R., Singh, V., Singh, S. S., Kumar, V., Hazra, K. K., Nath, C. P., Poonia, S. P., Malik, R. K., Bhattacharyya, R., and McDonald, A. 2019. Impact of conservation tillage in rice–based cropping systems on soil aggregation, carbon pools and nutrients. Geoderma 340: 104–114. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.01.001
  • Navarro-Noya, Y. E., Gómez-Acata, S., Montoya-Ciriaco, N., Rojas-Valdez, A., Suárez-Arriaga, M. C., Valenzuela-Encinas, C., Jiménez-Bueno, N., Verhulst, N., Govaerts, B., and Dendooven, L. 2013. Relative impacts of tillage, residue management and crop-rotation on soil bacterial communities in a semi-arid agroecosystem. Soil Biol. Biochem. 65: 86–95. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.05.009
  • Nelson, P. J. 1997. To hold the land: soil erosion, agricultural scientists, and the development of conservation tillage techniques. Agric. Hist. 71: 71–90.
  • Norris, R. F., and Kogan, M. 2000. Interactions between weeds, arthropod pests, and their natural enemies in managed ecosystems. Weed Sci. 48: 94–158. doi:10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0094:IBWAPA]2.0.CO;2
  • Norsworthy, J. K., Malik, M. S., Jha, P., and Riley, M. B. 2007. Suppression of Digitaria sanguinalis and Amaranthus palmeri using autumn-sown glucosino-late-producing cover crops in organically grown bell pepper. Weed Res. 47: 425–432. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00586.x
  • OECD/FAO. 2017. Southeast Asia: prospects and challenges. OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2017–2026, pp 59–99.
  • Olson, K. R., Ebelhar, S. A., and Lang, J. M. 2013. Effect of 24 years of conservation tillage systems on soil organic carbon and soil productivity. Appl. Environ. Soil Sci. 2013: 1–10. doi:10.1155/2013/617504
  • Olson, K., Ebelhar, S. A., and Lang, J. M. 2014. Long-term effects of cover crops on crop yields, soil organic carbon stocks and sequestration. OJSS. 04: 284–292. doi:10.4236/ojss.2014.48030
  • Oorts, K., Merckx, R., Gréhan, E., Labreuche, J., and Nicolardot, B. 2007. Determinants of annual fluxes of CO2 and N2O in long-term no-tillage and conventional tillage systems in northern France. Soil Tillage Res. 95: 133–148. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.12.002
  • Ordoñez-Morales, K. D., Cadena-Zapata, M., Zermeño-González, A., and Campos-Magaña, S. 2019. Effect of tillage systems on physical properties of a clay loam soil under oats. Agriculture (Switzerland) 9: 62. doi:10.3390/agriculture9030062
  • Owen, M. D. K. 2008. Weed species shifts in glyphosate-resistant crops. Pest Manag. Sci. 64: 377–387. doi:10.1002/ps.1539
  • Owen, M. D. K. 2016. Diverse approaches to herbicide-resistant weed management. Weed Sci. 64: 570–584. doi:10.1614/WS-D-15-00117.1
  • Padre, T. A., Rai, M., Kumar, V., Gathala, M., Sharma, P. C., Sharma, S., Nagar, R. K., Deshwal, S., Singh, L. K., Jat, H. S., Sharma, D. K., Wassmann, R., and Ladha, J. K. 2016. Quantifying changes to the global warming potential of rice-wheat systems with the adoption of conservation agriculture in northwestern India. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 219: 125–137. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2015.12.020
  • Palm, C., Blanco-Canqui, H., DeClerck, F., Gatere, L., and Grace, P. 2014. Conservation agriculture and ecosystem services: An overview. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 187: 87–105. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2013.10.010
  • Parihar, C. M., Jat, S. L., Singh, A. K., Kumar, B., Pradhan, S., Pooniya, V., Dhauja, A., Chaudhary, V., Jat, M. L., Jat, R. K., and Yadav, O. P. 2016a. Conservation agriculture in irrigated intensive maize-based systems of north-western India: effects on crop yields, water productivity and economic profitability. Field Crops Res. 193: 104–116. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2016.03.013
  • Parihar, C. M., Yadav, M. R., Jat, S. L., Singh, A. K., Kumar, B., Pradhan, S., Chakraborty, D., Jat, M. L., Jat, R. K., Saharawat, Y. S., and Yadav, O. P. 2016b. Long term effect of conservation agriculture in maize rotations on total organic carbon, physical and biological properties of a sandy loam soil in north-western Indo-Gangetic Plains. Soil Tillage Res. 161: 116–128. doi:10.1016/j.still.2016.04.001
  • Parihar, C. M., Yadav, M. R., Jat, S. L., Singh, A. K., Kumar, B., Pooniya, V., Pradhan, S., Verma, R. K., Jat, M. L., Jat, R. K., Parihar, M. D., Nayak, H. S., and Saharawat, Y. S. 2018. Long-term conservation agriculture and intensified cropping systems: effects on growth, yield, water, and energy-use efficiency of maize in northwestern India. Pedosphere 28: 952–963. doi:10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60468-5
  • Pasricha, N. S. 2013. Success story of resource conservation technology in Indo-Gangetic plains. In Resource Conservation Technology in Pulses; Ghosh, S. K., Ed.; Scientific Publishers: India, pp 32–41.
  • Pasricha, N. S. 2017. Conservation agriculture effects on dynamics of soil C and N under climate change scenario. Adv. Agron. 145: 269–312.
  • Pathak, H. 2009. Greenhouse gas mitigation in rice-wheat system with resource conserving technologies. Fourth World Congress on Conservation Agriculture, February 4–7, 2009, New Delhi, India, pp 373–377.
  • Pathak, H., Jain, N., and Bhatia, A. 2012. Crop Residues Management with Conservation Agriculture: Potential, Constraints and Policy Needs. Indian Agricultural Research Institute: New Delhi, pp vii + 32.
  • Pathak, H., Saharawat, Y. S., Gathala, M., and Ladha, J. K. 2011. Impact of resource-conserving technologies on productivity and greenhouse gas emission in rice-wheat system. Greenhouse Gas. Sci. Technol. 1: 1–277. doi:10.1002/ghg.27
  • Patil, M. D., Wani, S. P., and Garg, K. K. 2016. Conservation agriculture for improving water productivity in vertisols of semi-arid tropics. Curr. Sci. 110: 1730–1739. doi:10.18520/cs/v110/i9/1730-1739
  • Paudel, B., Radovich, T. J., Chan-Halbrendt, C., Crow, S., Tamang, B. B., Halbrendt, J., and Thapa, K. 2014. Effect of conservation agriculture on maize-based farming system in the mid-hills of Nepal. Proc. Eng. 78: 327–336. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2014.07.074
  • Poddar, P. K., Miah, M. A. M., Uddin, M. M., and Dev, D. S. 2017. Conservation agriculture: a farm level practice in Bangladesh. Agric. Sci. Dig. 37: 197–202.
  • Power, A. G. 2010. Ecosystem services and agriculture: tradeoffs and synergies. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci 365: 2959–2971. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0143
  • Pradhan, A., Idol, T., and Roul, P. K. 2016. Conservation agriculture practices in rainfed uplands of India improve maize-based system productivity and profitability. Front Plant Sci. 7:1008. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.01008
  • Prasad, R., Gangaiah, B., and Aipe, K. C. 1999. Effect of crop residue management in rice-wheat cropping system on growth and yield of crops and on soil fertility. Ex. Agric. 35: 427–435. doi:10.1017/S001447979935403X
  • Rahman, M. M., Biswas, J. C., Maniruzzaman, M., Choudhury, A. K., and Ahmed, F. 2017. Effect of tillage practices and rice straw management on soil environment and carbon dioxide emission. Agriculturists 15: 127–142. doi:10.3329/agric.v15i1.33436
  • Ramesh, K. 2015. Weed problems, ecology, and management options in conservation agriculture: issues and perspectives. Adv. Agron. 131: 251–303.
  • Ramesh, K., Matloob, A., Aslam, F., Florentine, S. K., and Chauhan, B. S. 2017. Weeds in a changing climate: vulnerabilities, consequences, and implications for future weed management. Front. Plant Sci. 8:95. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00095
  • Rao, A. N., Johnson, D. E., Sivaprasad, B., Ladha, J. K., and Mortimer, A. M. 2007. Weed management in direct‐seeded rice. Adv. Agron. 93: 153–255.
  • Reicosky, D. C. 2015. Conservation tillage is not conservation agriculture. J. Soil Water Conserv. 70: 103A–108A. doi:10.2489/jswc.70.5.103A
  • Rodríguez-Ortega, T., Olaizola, A. M., and Bernués, A. 2018. A novel management-based system of payments for ecosystem services for targeted agri-environmental policy. Ecosyst. Serv. 34: 74–84. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.09.007
  • Saharawat, Y. S., Ladha, J. K., Pathak, H., Gathala, M., Chaudhary, N., and Jat, M. L. 2011. Simulation of resource-conserving technologies on productivity, income and greenhouse gas GHG emission in rice-wheat system. Greenhouse Gas. Sci. Technol. 3: 1–22. doi:10.1002/ghg.27
  • Saikia, R., Sharma, S., Thind, H. S., and Singh, Y. 2020. Tillage and residue management practices affect soil biological indicators in a rice‐wheat cropping system in north‐western India. Soil Use Manage. 36: 157–172. doi:10.1111/sum.12544
  • Salahin, N., Alam, K., Mondol, A. T. M. A. I., Islam, M. S., Rashid, M. H., and Hoque, M. A. 2017. Effect of tillage and residue retention on soil properties and crop yields in Wheat-Mungbean-Rice Crop rotation under subtropical humid climate. OJSS. 07: 1–17. doi:10.4236/ojss.2017.71001
  • Samal, S. K., Rao, K. K., Poonia, S. P., Kumar, R., Mishra, J. S., Prakash, V., Mondal, S., Dwivedi, S. K., Bhatt, B. P., Naik, S. K., Choubey, A. K., Kumar, V., Malik, R. K., and Mc Donald, A. 2017. Evaluation of long-term conservation agriculture and crop intensification in rice-wheat rotation of Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia: carbon dynamics and productivity. Eur. J. Agron. 90: 198–208. doi:10.1016/j.eja.2017.08.006
  • Sapkota, T. B., Aryal, J. P., Khatri-Chhetri, A., Shirsath, P. B., Arumugam, P., and Stirling, C. M. 2018. Identifying high-yield low-emission pathways for the cereal production in South Asia. Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Chang. 23: 621–641. doi:10.1007/s11027-017-9752-1
  • Sapkota, T. B., Jat, M. L., Shankar, V., Singh, L. K., Rai, M., Grewal, M. S., and Stirling, C. M. 2015. Tillage, residue and nitrogen management effects on methane and nitrous oxide emission from rice–wheat system of Indian Northwest Indo-Gangetic Plains. J. Integr. Environ. Sci. 12: 31–46. doi:10.1080/1943815X.2015.1110181
  • Sapkota, T. B., Jat, R. K., Singh, R. G., Jat, M. L., Stirling, C. M., Jat, M. K., Bijarniya, D., Kumar, M., Yadvinder-Singh , Saharawat, Y.-S., and Gupta, R. K. 2017. Soil organic carbon changes after seven years of conservation agriculture in a rice–wheat system of the eastern Indo‐Gangetic Plains. Soil Use Manage. 33: 81–89. doi:10.1111/sum.12331
  • Sarkar, S., Singh, R. P., and Chauhan, A. 2018. Crop residue burning in northern India: increasing threat to greater India. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 123: 6920–6934. doi:10.1029/2018JD028428
  • Sayre, K. D., and Hobbs, P. R. 2004. The raised-bed system of cultivation for irrigated production conditions. In Sustainable Agriculture and the International Rice–Wheat System; Lal, R., Hobbs, P. R., Eds. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, pp 337–355.
  • Sayre, K. D., and Govaerts, B. 2009. Conservati on agriculture for sustainable wheat producti on. In Wheat Facts and Futures; Dixon, J., Braun, H.-J., Kosina, P. and Crouch, J., Eds. CIMMYT: Mexico, DF, pp 62–69.
  • Sharda, V. N., and Ojasvi, P. R. 2016. A Revised soil erosion budget for India: role of reservoir sedimentation and land-use protection measures. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 41: 2007–2023. doi:10.1002/esp.3965
  • Sharif, M., Ijaz, S. S., Ansar, M., Latif, R., Hassan, A., and Nasir, M. 2017. Conservation agriculture: research status, opportunities and challenges in Dryland areas of Pakistan. J. Biodiver. Envrion. Sci. 11: 102–112.
  • Sharma, K. L., Mandal, U. K., Srinivas, K., Vittal, K. P. R., Mandal, B., Kusuma Grace, J., and Ramesh, V. 2005. Long term soil management effects on crop yields and soil quality in dryland alfisol. Soil Tillage Res. 83: 246–259. doi:10.1016/j.still.2004.08.002
  • Sharma, P., Abrol, V., Sharma, K. R., Sharma, N., Phogat, V. K., and Vikas, V. 2016. Impact of conservation tillage on soil organic carbon and physical properties-a review. IJBSM 7: 151–161. doi:10.23910/IJBSM/2016.7.1.1387
  • Sharma, R. K., Chhokar, R. S., Jat, M. L., Singh, S., Mishra, B., and Gupta, R. K. 2008. Direct drilling of wheat into rice residues: experiences in Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. Permanent Beds and Rice-Residue Management for Rice-Wheat System of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, pp 147–158.
  • Sharma, S., Vashisht, M., Singh, Y., and Thind, H. S. 2019. Soil carbon pools and enzyme activities in aggregate size fractions after seven years of conservation agriculture in a rice–wheat system. Crop Pasture Sci. 70: 473–485. doi:10.1071/CP19013
  • Sharma, S. K., Ramesh, A., Sharma, M. P., Joshi, O. P., Govaerts, B., Steenwerth, K. L., and Karlen, D. L. 2010. Microbial community structure and diversity as indicators for evaluating soil quality. In Biodiversity, Biofuels, Agroforestry and Conservation Agriculture; Lichtfouse, E., Ed.; Springer: Dordrecht, pp 317–358.
  • Sidhu, H. S., Singh, M., Yadvinder-Singh , Blackwell, J., Singh, V., and Gupta, N. 2011. Machinery development for crop residue management under direct drilling. Resilient Food Systems for a Changing World. Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on Conservation Agriculture. Incorporating 3rd Farming Systems Design Conference, 25–29th September 2011, Brisbane, Australia, pp 157–158.
  • Sidhu, H. S., Singh, M., Singh, Y., Blackwell, J., Lohan, S. K., Humphreys, E., Jat, M. L., Singh, V., and Singh, S. 2015. Development and evaluation of the turbo happy seeder for sowing wheat into heavy rice residues in NW India. Field Crops Res. 184: 201–212. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2015.07.025
  • Sidhu, H. S., Singh, Y., Singh, M., Blackwell, J., Singh, H., and Pal, R. S. 2009. Actual challenges developing a low cost no-till wheat seeding technologies for heavy residues; the happy seeder. Lead Papers of the 4th World Congress on Conservation Agriculture, February 4–7, 2009, New Delhi, India, pp 167–170.
  • Simone, T. E., Lambert, D. M., Cuvaca, I., and Eash, N. S. 2017. Soil carbon sequestration, carbon markets, and conservation agriculture practices: a hypothetical examination in Mozambique. Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res. 5: 167–179. doi:10.1016/j.iswcr.2017.06.001
  • Singh, A., and Kaur, J. 2012. Impact of conservation tillage on soil properties in rice-wheat cropping system. Agric. Sci. Res. J. 2: 30–41.
  • Singh, A. K., Parihar, C. M., Jat, S. L., Singh, B., and Sharma, S. 2015. Weed management strategies in maize (Zea mays): effect on weed dynamics, productivity and economics of the maize-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system in Indo-gangetic plains. Ind. J. Agric. Sci. 85: 87–92.
  • Singh, C. V., Ghosh, B. C., Shukla, V. D., Maiti, D., and Variar, M. 2012. Effect of seed treatment and weed management practices on the growth of crop and weeds and productivity of upland rice. Proc. of 3rd Int. Agron. Cong., Held at IARI, New Delhi, pp 36–37.
  • Singh, G., Bhattacharyya, R., Das, T. K., Sharma, A. R., Ghosh, A., Das, S., and Jha, P. 2018. Crop rotation and residue management effects on soil enzyme activities, glomalin and aggregate stability under zero tillage in the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Soil Tillage Res. 184: 291–300. doi:10.1016/j.still.2018.08.006
  • Singh, J. S. 2015. Plant-microbe interactions: a viable tool for agricultural sustainability. Appl. Soil Ecol. 92: 45–46. doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.03.004
  • Singh, M., Bhullar, M. S., and Chauhan, B. S. 2015. Influence of tillage, cover cropping, and herbicides on weeds and productivity of dry direct-seeded rice. Soil Tillage Res. 147: 39–49. doi:10.1016/j.still.2014.11.007
  • Singh, R. K., Chaudhary, R. S., Somasundaram, J., Sinha, N. K., Mohanty, M., Hati, K. M., Rashmi, I., Patra, A. K., Chaudhari, S. K., and Lal, R. 2020. Soil and nutrients losses under different crop covers in vertisols of Central India. J. Soils Sediments 20: 609–612. doi:10.1007/s11368-019-02437-w
  • Singh, S., Chhokar, R. S., Gopal, R., Ladha, J. K., Gupta, R. K., Kumar, V., and Singh, M. 2009. Integrated weed management: a key to success for direct-seeded rice in the Indo-Gangetic plains. Integrated Crop and Resource Management in the Rice–Wheat System of South Asia. International Rice Research Institute: Los Banos, Philippines, pp 261–278.
  • Singh, S., Ladha, J. K., Gupta, R. K., Bhushan, L., Rao, A. N., Sivaprasad, B., and Singh, P. P. 2007. Evaluation of mulching, intercropping with Sesbania and herbicide use for weed management in dry-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.). Crop Prot. 26: 518–524. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2006.04.024
  • Singh, S., Samar , Yadav, A., Malik, R. K., and Harpal, S. 2002. Long term effect of zero-tillage sowing technique on weed flora and productivity of wheat in rice–wheat cropping zones of Indo-Gangetic Plains. In Herbicide Resistance Management and Zero Tillage in Rice–Wheat Cropping System. Proceeding of the International Workshop, Hisar, India, 4–6 March, 2002; Malik, R. K., Ed.; CCSHA University: Hisar, India, pp 155–157.
  • Singh, V. K., Dwivedi, B. S., Singh, S. K., Majumdar, K., Jat, M. L., Mishra, R. P., and Rani, M. 2016. Soil physical properties, yield trends and economics after five years of conservation agriculture based rice-maize system in north-western India. Soil and Tillage Res. 155: 133–148. doi:10.1016/j.still.2015.08.001
  • Singh, V. P., Barman, K. K., Singh, R., and Sharma, A. R. 2015. Weed management in conservation agriculture systems. In Conservation Agriculture; Farooq, M., Siddique, K. H. M., Eds. Springer: Cham, pp 39–77.
  • Singh, V. P., Dhyani, V. C., Tripathi, N., and Kumar, A. 2011. Effect of establishment method and tillage of rice and wheat in the rice-wheat system of the Indo Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India. Proceedings of 5th World Congress of Conservation Agriculture incorporating 3rd farming Systems Design Conference, Brisbane, Australia, Sept 26–29.
  • Singh, Y., Singh, B., and Timsina, J. 2005. Crop Residue management for nutrient cycling and improving soil productivity in rice-based cropping systems in the tropics. Adv. Agron. 85: 269.
  • Sinha, A. K., Ghosh, A., Dhar, T., Bhattacharya, P. M., Mitra, B., Rakesh, S., Paneru, P., Shrestha, S. R., Manandhar, S., Beura, K., Dutta, S., Pradhan, A. K., Rao, K. K., Hossain, A., Siddquie, N., Molla, M. S. H., Chaki, A. K., Gathala, M. K., Islam, M. S., Dalal, R. C., Gaydon, D. S., Laing, A. M., and Menzies, N. W. 2019. Trends in key soil parameters under conservation agriculture-based sustainable intensification farming practices in the Eastern Ganga Alluvial Plains. Soil Res. 57: 883–893. doi:10.1071/SR19162
  • Soane, B. D., Ball, B. C., Arvidsson, J., Basch, G., Moreno, F., and Roger-Estrade, J. 2012. No-till in northern, western and south-western Europe: a review of problems and opportunities for crop production and the environment. Soil Tillage Res. 118: 66–87. doi:10.1016/j.still.2011.10.015
  • Somasundaram, J., Chaudhary, R. S., Awanish Kumar, D., Biswas, A. K., Sinha, N. K., Mohanty, M., Hati, K. M., Jha, P., Sankar, M., Patra, A. K., Dalal, R., and Chaudhari, S. K. 2018. Effect of contrasting tillage and cropping systems on soil aggregation, carbon pools and aggregate‐associated carbon in rainfed vertisols. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 69: 879–891. doi:10.1111/ejss.12692
  • Somasundaram, J., Reeves, S., Wang, W., Heenan, M., and Dalal, R. 2017. Impact of 47 years of no-tillage and stubble retention on soil aggregation and carbon distribution in a Vertisol. Land Degrad. Develop. 28: 1589–1602. doi:10.1002/ldr.2689
  • Somasundaram, J., Salikram, M., Sinha, N. K., Mohanty, M., Chaudhary, R. S., Dalal, R. C., Mitra, N. G., Blaise, D., Coumar, M. V., Hati, K. M., Thakur, J. K., Neenu, S., Biswas, A. K., Patra, A. K., and Chaudhari, S. K. 2019. Conservation agriculture effects on soil properties and crop productivity in a semiarid region of India. Soil Res. 57: 187–199. doi:10.1071/SR18145
  • Srinivasarao, C., Kundu, S., Subha Lakshmi, C., Sudha Rani, Y., Nataraj, K. C., Gangaiah, B., Jaya Laxmi, M., Babu, V. S., Rani, U., Nagalakshmi, S., and Manasa, R. 2019. Soil Health Issues for Sustainability of South Asian Agriculture. EC Agric. 5–6: 310–326.
  • Srinivasarao, C., Kundu, R. S., and Thakur, P. B. 2015. Conservation agriculture and soil carbon sequestration. In Conservation Agriculture; Farooq, M., Siddique, K. H. M., Eds. Springer: Cham, pp 479–524.
  • Stallman, H. R. 2011. Ecosystem services in agriculture: Determining suitability for provision by collective management. Ecol. Econ. 71: 131–139. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.08.016
  • Strauss, P., Swoboda, D., and Blum, W. E. H. 2003. How effective is mulching and minimum tillage to control runoff and soil loss?—A literature review. Proc. Int. Conf. 25: 545–550.
  • Subba Rao, A., Biswas, A. K., Sammi Reddy, K., Hati, K. M., and Ramana, S. 2009. IISS: Two Decades of Soil Research, Indian Institute of Soil Science: Bhopal, pp 1–132.
  • Talukder, A. S. M. H. M., Meisner, C. A., Baksh, M. E., and Waddington, S. R. 2006. Wheat-maize-rice cropping on permanent raised beds in Bangladesh. Permanent beds and rice-residue management for rice-wheat systems in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Proceedings of a workshop held in Ludhiana, India, pp 111–123.
  • Tiwari, K. R., Sitaula, B. K., Bajracharya, R. M., and B⊘Rresen, T. 2009. Runoff and soil loss responses to rainfall, land use, terracing and management practices in the Middle Mountains of Nepal. Acta Agric. Scand, Sec. B Soil Plant Sci. 59: 197–207. doi:10.1080/09064710802006021
  • Tiwari, R., Naresh, R. K., Vivek, L. J., Purushattom, S., and Singh, A. 2018. Soil aggregation and aggregate associated organic carbon fractions and microbial activities as affected by tillage and straw management in a rice-wheat rotation: A review. J. Pharm. Phytochem. 7: 2865–2893.
  • Tomar, R. K., Singh, D., Gangwar, K. S., Garg, R. N., Chakraborty, G. V. K., Sahoo, D., Rajeev, R. N. R., and Chakravarty, N. V. K. 2009. Effect of tillage systems and irrigation schedules on soil cracking pattern, water requirement and performance of rice-wheat cropping system in inceptisols in semi-arid regions. J. Soil. Water. Conserv. 8: 26–33.
  • Tomar, S. S. 2008. Conservation agriculture for rice wheat cropping systems. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 56: 358–356.
  • Tripathi, R., Nayak, A. K., Bhattacharyya, P., Shukla, A. K., Shahid, M., Raja, R., Panda, B. B., Mohanty, S., Kumar, A., and Thilagam, V. K. 2014. Soil aggregation and distribution of carbon and nitrogen in different fractions after 41 years long-term fertilizer experiments in tropical rice-rice system. Geoderma 213: 280–286. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.08.031
  • Triplett, G. B., and Dick, W. A. 2008. No-tillage crop production: a revolution in agriculture. Agron. J. 100: 153. doi:10.2134/agronj2007.0005c
  • Triplett, G. B., Jr., Van Doren,D. M., Jr., and Johnson, W. H. 1964. Nonplowed, strip tilled corn culture. Trans. ASAE 7: 105–107. doi:10.13031/2013.40708
  • Trivedi, P., Delgado-Baquerizo, M., Jeffries, T. C., Trivedi, C., Anderson, I. C., Lai, K., McNee, M., Flower, K., Pal Singh, B., Minkey, D., and Singh, B. K. 2017. Soil aggregation and associated microbial communities modify the impact of agricultural management on carbon content. Environ. Microbiol. 19: 3070–3086. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13779
  • Troy, A., and Wilson, M. A. 2006. Mapping ecosystem services: practical challenges and opportunities in linking GIS and value transfer. Ecol. Econ. 60: 435–449. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.04.007
  • Uddin, M. T., Dhar, A. R., and Islam, M. M. 2016. Adoption of conservation agriculture practice in Bangladesh: impact on crop profitability and productivity. J. Bangladesh Agric. Univ. 14: 101–112. doi:10.3329/jbau.v14i1.30604
  • Ullah, R., Aslam, Z., Khaliq, A., and Zahir, Z. A. 2018. Sunflower residue incorporation suppresses weeds, enhances soil properties and seed yield of spring-planted mung bean. Planta Daninha. 36:doi:10.1590/s0100-83582018360100057
  • Unger, P. W. 1990. Conservation tillage systems. Adv. Soil Sci. 13: 27–68.
  • VandenBygaart, A. J. 2016. The myth that no-till can mitigate global climate change. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 216: 98–99. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2015.09.013
  • Wani, S. A., Ali, T., Sofi, M. N., Ramzan, M., and Hakeem, K. R. 2016. An appraisal of conservation tillage on the soil physical properties. In Soil Science: Agricultural and Environmental Prospectives; Hakeem K. R.; Akhtar J.; Sabir M., Eds. Springer: Cham, pp 1–22.
  • West, T. O., and Marland, G. 2002. A synthesis of carbon sequestration, carbon emissions, and net carbon flux in agriculture: comparing tillage practices in the United States. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 91: 217–232. doi:10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00233-X
  • West, T. O., and Post, W. M. 2002. Soil organic carbon sequestration rates for crops with reduced tillage and enhanced rotation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66: 1930–1946. doi:10.2136/sssaj2002.1930
  • Wolf, T. M., Harrison, S. K., Hall, F. R., and Cooper, J. 2000. Optimizing postemergence herbicide deposition and efficacy through application variables in no-till systems. Weed Sci. 48: 761–768. doi:10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0761:OPHDAE]2.0.CO;2
  • Yadav, G., Lal, R., Meena, R. S., Babu, S., Das, A., Bhowmik, S., Datta, M., Layak, J., and Saha, P. 2017. Conservation tillage and nutrient management effects on productivity and soil carbon sequestration under double cropping of rice in north eastern region of India. Ecol. Indicators 105: 303–315. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.08.071
  • Young, F. L., Ogg, A. G., Papendick, R. I., Thill, D. C., and Alldredge, J. R. 1994. Tillage and weed management affects winter wheat yield in an integrated pest management system. Agron. J. 86: 147–154. doi:10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600010027x
  • Young, F. L., and Thorne, M. E. 2004. Weed-species dynamics and management in no-till and reduced-till fallow cropping systems for the semi-arid agricultural region of the Pacific Northwest, USA. Crop Prot. 23: 1097–1110. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2004.03.018
  • Zhang, H.-L., Lal, R., Zhao, X., Xue, J.-F., and Chen, F. 2014. Opportunities and challenges of soil carbon sequestration by conservation agriculture in China. Adv. Agron. 124: 1–36.
  • Zimdahl, R. L. 2003. Weed technology and control. In Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences; Thomas, B.; Murphy, D. J.; Murray, B. G., Eds. Academic Press: Oxford, pp 1508–1516.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.