25
Views
23
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Microspectroscopy of photoreceptor pigments in flagellated algae

Pages 475-495 | Published online: 02 Dec 2008

References

  • Arnold , W. 1965 . An electron‐hole picture of photosynthesis . J. Phys. Chem. , 69 : 788
  • Rose , A. 1977 . Vision Human and Electronic , New York : Plenum Press .
  • Foster , K. W. and Smyth , R. D. 1980 . Light antennas in phototactic algae . Microbiol. Rev. , 44 : 572
  • Gribakin , F. G. and Govardovskii , V. I. 1975 . “ The role of the photoreceptor membrane in photoreceptor optics ” . In Photoreceptor Optics , Edited by: Snyder , W. A. and Menzel , R. 215 Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Barlow , H. B. 1964 . “ The physical limits of visual discrimination ” . In Pho‐tophysiology , Edited by: Giese , A. 132 New York : Academic Press .
  • Weale , R. A. 1976 . Ocular optics and evolution . J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 66 (10) : 1053
  • Wald , G. 1974 . Visual pigment and photoreceptors, review and outlook . Exp. Eye Res. , 18 : 333
  • Snyder , A. W. 1975 . “ Photoreceptor optics. Theoretical principles ” . In Photoreceptor Optics , Edited by: Snyder , W. A. and Menzel , R. 38 Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Bridges , C. D. B. 1970 . “ Biochemistry of vision ” . In Biochemistry of the Eye , Edited by: Graymore , C. N. 564 London : Academic Press .
  • Colombetti , G. and Petracchi , D. 1989 . Photoresponse mechanisms in flagellated algae . Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. , 8 : 309
  • Dodge , J. D. 1973 . The Fine Structure of Algal Cells , New York : Academic Press .
  • Omodeo , P. 1980 . “ The photoreceptive apparatus of flagellated algae cells: comparative morphology ” . In Photoreception and Sensory Transduction in Aneural Organisms , Edited by: Lenci , F. and Colombetti , G. 127 New York : Plenum Press .
  • Walne , P. L. 1980 . “ Euglenoid flagellates ” . In Phytoflagellates , Edited by: Cox , E. R. 165 New York : Elsevier/North Holland .
  • Moestrup , O. 1980 . Flagellar structure in algae: a review, with new observation particularly on the Chrysophyceae, Phaeophyceae (Fucophy‐ceae), Euglenophyceae, and Reckertia . Phycologia , 21 : 427
  • Kivic , P. A. and Walne , P. L. 1983 . Algal photosensory apparatus probably represent multiple parallel evolution . Biosystems , 16 : 31
  • Wolken , J. J. 1975 . Photoprocess, Photoreceptors and Evolution , New York : Academic Press .
  • Colombetti , G. and Lenci , F. 1980 . “ Identification and spectroscopic characterization of photoreceptor pigments ” . In Photoreception and Sensory Transduction in Aneural Organisms , Edited by: Lenci , F. and Colombetti , G. 173 New York : Plenum Press .
  • Song , P. S. and Walker , E. B. 1981 . “ Molecular aspects of photoreceptors in protozoa and other microorganisms ” . In Biochemistry and Physiology of Protozoa , Edited by: Levandosky , M. and Hutner , S. N. Vol. 4 , 199 New York : Academic Press .
  • Song , P. S. 1983 . Protozoa and related photoreceptors: molecular aspects . Annu. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. , 12 : 35
  • Galland , P. and Senger , H. 1988 . The role of flavins as photoreceptors . J. Photochem. PhotobioL , 1 : 277
  • Jennings , H. S. 1906 . Behaviour of the Lower Organisms , New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Mast , S. O. 1911 . Light and the Behaviour of Lower Organisms , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Gualtieri , P. , Barsanti , L. and Passarelli , V. 1989 . Absorption spectrum of a single isolated paraflagellar swelling of Euglena gracilis . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 993 : 293
  • Smyth , R. D. , Saranak , J. and Foster , K. W. 1988 . “ Algal visual systems and their photoreceptor pigments ” . In Progress in Phycological Research , Edited by: Round , W. and Chapman , I. Vol. 6 , 255 New York : Biopress Ltd. .
  • Chance , B. 1989 . “ Microspectroscopy and flow cytometry ” . In Cell Structure and Function by Microspectrofluorometry , Edited by: Kohen , E. and Hirscberg , J. G. 53 New York : Academic Press .
  • Ploem , J. S. 1989 . “ Fluorescence scanning instrumentation ” . In Cell Structure and Function by Microspectrofluorometry , Edited by: Kohen , E. and Hirscberg , J. G. 119 New York : Academic Press .
  • Houseal , T. W. , Bustamante , C. , Stump , R. F. and Maestre , M. F. 1989 . Real time imaging of a single DNA molecules with fluorescence microscopy . Biophys. J. , 56 (9) : 507
  • Hirschfeld , T. 1976 . Optical microscopic observation of single small molecule . Appl. Opt. , 15 (12) : 2965
  • Bartlett , C. J. , Walne , P. L. , Schwarz , O. J. and Brown , D. H. 1972 . Large scale isolation and purification of eyespot granules from Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris . Plant Physiol. , 49 : 881
  • Peschek , G. A. , Hinterstoisser , B. , Wastyn , M. , Kuntner , O. , Pineau , B. , Missbichler , A. and Lang , J. 1989 . Chlorophyll precursor in the plasma membrane of a cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans . J. Biol. Chem. , 264 (20) : 11827
  • Latimer , P. 1957 . Apparent shifts of absorption bands of cell suspension and selective light scattering . Science , 127 (11) : 29
  • Foster , K. W. , Saranak , J. and Zarilli , G. 1988 . Autoregulation of rho‐dopsin synthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 85 : 6379
  • Feinleib , M. E. and Curry , G. M. 1967 . Methods for measuring phototaxis of cell population and individual cells . Physiol. Plant. , 20 : 1083
  • Lindes , D. A. , Diehn , B. and Tollin , G. 1965 . Phototaxigraph: recording instrument for determination of rate response of phototactic microorganism to light of controlled intensity and wavelength . Rev. Sci. Instr. , 36 : 1721
  • Yachida , M. , Asada , M. and Tsuji , S. 1981 . Automatic analysis of moving images . IEEE Pattern Anal. Mach. Intel. , 3 (1) : 12
  • Gualtieri , P. , Colombetti , G. and Lenci , F. 1985 . Automatic analysis of the motion of microorganisms . J. Microsc , 139 : 57
  • Hader , D. P. and Lebert , M. 1985 . Real time computer‐controlled tracking of motile microorganisms . Photochem. Photobiol. , 42 : 509
  • Sugimoto , S. A. , Matsuki , H. and Ichioka , Y. 1986 . Implementation of tracking and extraction of moving objects in successive frames . Appl. Opt. , 25 (6) : 990
  • Gualtieri , P. , Ghetti , F. , Barsanti , L. and Passarelli , V. 1988 . Microorganisms track reconstruction: an image processing approach . Corn‐put. Med. Biol. , 18 : 57
  • Kondo , T. , Kubota , M. , Aono , Y. and Watanabe , M. A. 1988 . Computerized video system to automatically analyze movements of individual cells and its application to the study of circadian rhythms in phototaxis and motility in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii . Protoplasma , : 185
  • Gualtieri , P. and Coltelli , P. 1989 . A digital microscope for real time detection of moving microorganisms . Micron Microsc. Acta , 20 (2) : 99
  • Coltelli , P. and Gualtieri , P. in press . A real time automatic velocity determination of moving objects in microscope image . J. Comp. Assist. Microsc. ,
  • Le Grand , Y. 1970 . An Introduction to Photobiology , London : Faber and Faber .
  • Hegemann , P. , Hegemann , U. and Foster , K. W. 1988 . Reversible bleaching of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii rhodospin in vivo . Photochem. Phobiol. , 48 (1) : 123
  • Hartmann , K. M. and Cohen Unser , I. 1972 . Analytical action spectros‐copy with living system: photochemical aspects and attenuance . Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. Bd. , 85 : 481
  • Wolken , J. J. , Forsberger , R. , Gallik , G. J. and Florida , R. G. 1968 . Rapid recording microspectrophotometer . Rev. Sci. Instr. , 39 : 1734
  • Strother , G. K. and Wolken , J. J. 1961 . In vivo absorption spectra of Euglena: chloroplast and Eyspot . J. Protozool. , 8 : 261
  • Benedetti , P. A. , Bianchini , G. , Checcucci , A. , Ferrara , R. , Grassi , S. and Percival , D. 1976 . Spectroscopic proprieties and related functions of the stigma measured in living ceils of Euglena gracilis . Arch. Mi‐crobiol. , 111 : 73
  • Benedetti , P. A. 1985 . “ Methods for the microspectroscopic investigation of photoreceptive structures ” . In Sensory Perception and Transduction in Aneural Organisms , Edited by: Colombetti , G. , Lenci , F. and Song , P. S. 61 New York : Plenum Press .
  • Caspersson , T. 1940 . Methods for the determination of absorption spectra of cell structures . J. Microsc. Soc , 60 : 8
  • Change , B. , Perry , R. , Akerman , L. and Thorrel , B. 1959 . High sensitive recording microspectrophotometer . Rev. Sci. Instr. , 30 : 735
  • Brown , P. K. 1961 . A system for microspectrophotometry employing a commercial recording spectrophotometer . J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 51 : 1000
  • Caspersson , T. O. and Lomaka , G. M. 1962 . Scanning microscopy techniques for high resolution quantitative cytochemistry . Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. , 97 : 499
  • Benedetti , P. A. and Viola‐Magni , M. P. 1966 . A scanning histophoto‐meter . J. Sci. Instr. , 43 : 141
  • Barnes , J. C. and Thomson , A. J. 1967 . The design and construction of a microspectrophotometer . J. Sci. Instr. , 44 : 577
  • Engle , J. L. and Freed , J. J. 1963 . Double‐beam vibrating mirror flying spot scanning‐integrating microspectrophotometer . Rev. Sci. Instr. , 39 : 307
  • David , G. B. and Galbraith , W. 1974 . The Denver universal microspec‐troradiometer . J. Microsc. , 103 : 135
  • Young , I. T. , Balasubramanian , Dunbar , D. L. , Peverini , R. L. and Bishop , R. P. 1982 . SSAM: solid‐state automated microscope . IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. , 29 : 70
  • Badowski , L. , Kozlowski , T. and Praxmeyer , A. 1984 . Scanning microdensitometer . Opt. Appl. , 14 : 25
  • Jennings , J. B. and Fletcher , C. R. 1985 . A simple methods for obtaining and analyzing the absorption spectra of microscopic specimen . J. Microsc. , 139 : 271
  • Balaban , R. S. , Kurtz , I. , Cascio , H. E. and Smith , P. D. 1986 . Microscopic spectral imaging using a video camera . J. Microsc. , 141 : 31
  • Dainty , J. C. and Shaw , R. 1974 . Image Science , 320 London : Academic Press .
  • Eskelinen , S. and Coakley , W. T. 1986 . Microscopic observation and video recording of cellular response to sudden changes in environment . J. Microsc. , 141 : 119
  • Garab , G. , Wells , S. , Finzi , L. and Bustamante , C. 1988 . Helically organized macroaggregates of pigment‐protein complexes in chloro‐plast: evidence from circular intensity differential scattering . Biochemistry , 27 : 5839
  • Litvin , F. F. 1958 . New methods for the examination of pigment system in vivo . Biofizika , 3 : 3
  • Zimmer , H. G. 1973 . “ Microspectrophotometry ” . In Micromethods in Molecular Biology , Edited by: Neumoff , V. 297 Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Gualtieri , P. , Passarelli , V. and Barsanti , L. 1989 . In vivo microspectrophotometry investigation of Blepharismajaponicum . J. Photochem. Photobiol. , 3 : 379
  • Hoglund , G. , Langer , H. , Struwe , G. and Thoreil , B. 1970 . Spectral absorption by screening pigment granules in the compound eyes of a moth and a wasp . Z. Vergl. Physiol. , 67 : 238
  • Langer , H. and Struwe , G. 1972 . Spectral absorption by screening pigment granules in the compound eye of butterflies (Heliconius) . J. Comp. Physiol. , 79 : 203
  • Harosi , F. and MacNichol , F. F. 1974 . Dichroic microspectrophotometer: a computer‐assisted, rapid, wavelength‐scanning photometer for measuring linear dichroism in single cells . J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 64 : 903
  • Maestre , M. F. and Katz , J. E. 1982 . A circular dichroism microspectrophotometer . Biopolymers , 21 : 1899
  • Hugus , Z. Z. and El‐Awady , A. 1971 . The determination of the number of species present in a system: a new matrics rank treatment of spec‐trophotometric data . J. Phys. Chem. , 75 : 2954
  • Kohen , E. , Kohen , C. , Hirschberg , G. , Wouters , A. and Thorell , B. 1978 . Multisite topographic microfluorometry of intracellular and exogenous fluorochromes . Photochem. Photobiol. , 27 : 259
  • Vigo , J. , Salmon , J. M. and Viallet , P. 1987 . Quantitative microfluorometry of isolated living cells with pulsed excitation: Development of an effective and relatively inexpensive instrument . Rev. Sci. Instr. , 58 : 1433
  • Gijzel , P. van and Schwirltlich , J. 1977 . Determination, correction and evaluation of fluorescence parameters by means of the computer operated microscope photometry . J. Microsc. , 109 : 243
  • Runge , W. J. 1962 . A recording microfluorospectrophotometer . Science , 151 : 1499
  • Ploem , J. S. , Sterke , J. A. , Bonnet , J. and Wasmund , H. 1974 . A microspectrofluorometer with epi‐illuminator operated under computer control . J. Histochem. Cytochem. , 22 : 668
  • Rundquist , I. and Enerback , L. 1985 . “ A simple microcomputer system for microscope fluorometry ” . In The Microcomputer in Cell and Neu‐robiology Research , Edited by: Mize , R. R. 335 Amsterdan : Elsevier .
  • Wilkins , M. H. F. and Norris , K. P. 1952 . An easily used ultra‐violet microscope objective . Nature , 170 : 883
  • Dienh , B. 1979 . “ Photic responses and sensory transduction in motile protists ” . In Handbook of Sensory Physiology , Edited by: Autrum , H. Vol. VII/6a , 24 Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Spring , K. R. and Smith , P. D. 1987 . Illumination and detection for quantitative fluorescence microscopy . J. Microsc. , 147 : 265
  • Foester , T. 1951 . Fluoreszenz organischer Verbindungen , 123 Goettingen : Vandenhoech & Ruprecht .
  • Gratton , E. , Limkemann , M. , Lakowicz , J. R. , Maliwal , B. P. , Chereck , H. and Laczko , G. 1984 . Resolution of mixtures of fluorophores using variable‐frequency phase and modulation data . Biophys, J. , 46 : 479
  • Melhuish , W. H. 1962 . Calibration of spectrofluorimeters for measuring corrected emission spectra . J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 52 : 1256
  • Klig , V. , Demirjian , C. and Pungaliya , P. 1976 . Microspectrofluoro‐metry in the study of biogenic amines: automatic correction of excitation spectra . J. Microsc , 107 : 173
  • Benedetti , P. A. and Lenci , F. 1977 . In vivo microspectrofluorometry of photoreceptor pigments in Euglena gracilis . Photochem. Photobiol. , 26 : 315
  • Jotz , M. M. , Gill , J. E. and Davis , D. T. 1976 . A new optical multichannel microspectrofluorimeter . J. Histochem. Cytochem. , 24 : 91
  • Hirschberg , J. C. , Wouters , W. , Kohen , E. , Kohen , C. , Thorell , B. , Eisenberg , B. , Salmon , J. M. and Ploem , H. S. 1979 . A high resolution grating microspectrofluorimeter with topographic option for studies in living cells , ACM Symp: Ser. 102 Edited by: Talmi , Y. 263 Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society .
  • Quaglia , M. , Campani , E. , Macchiarulo , M. , Polacco , E. , Colombetti , G. , Ghetti , F. and Lenci , F. 1982 . A pulse tunable Dye‐laser microspectrofluorometer . Nuovo Cimento D , 1 : 382
  • Docchio , F. , Ramponi , R. , Sacchi , C. A. , Bottiroli , G. and Freitas , I. 1983 . An automatic pulsed laser microfluorometer with high spatial and temporal resolution . J. Microsc. , 134 : 151
  • Geel , F. , Van Smith , B. W. , Nicolassen , B. and Winefordner , J. D. 1984 . Epifluorescence microscopy with a pulsed nitrogen tunable dye laser source . J. Microsc , 133 : 141
  • Nobling , R. and Buhrle , C. P. 1989 . A microscope fluorimeter using multiple‐wavelength excitation for ultrasensitive single‐cell emission spectrometry . J. Microsc , 156 : 149
  • Fogarity , M. P. , Ho , C. N. and Warner , I. M. 1982 . Optical Radiation Measurements , Edited by: Mielenz , K. D. Vol. 3 , 345 New York : Academic Press .
  • Weber , G. 1961 . Enumeration of components in complex systems by fluorescence spectrophotometry . Nature , 190 : 27
  • Born , M. and Wolf , E. 1970 . Principles of Optics , 413 Oxford : Pergamon Press .
  • Cox , I. J. and Sheppard , C. J. R. 1986 . Information capacity and resolution in an optical system . J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. , 3 : 1152
  • Passarelli , V. , Barsanti , L. and Gualtieri , P. in press . A simple device for ultramicroscopy study of motile microorganisms . Micron Microsc. Acta ,
  • Hirschberg , J. G. , Kohen , E. and Kohen , C. 1989 . “ High‐resolution fluorescence phase microscopy in conjunction with micromanipulation for in situ study of metabolism in living cells ” . In Cell Structure and Function by Microspectrofluorometry , Edited by: Kohen , E. and Hirscberg , J. G. 87 New York : Academic Press .
  • Jovin , T. , M. and Arndt‐Jovin , D. J. 1989 . Luminescence digital imaging microscopy . Annu. Rev. Biophys. Chem. , 18 : 271
  • Ware , B. R. 1989 . “ Fluorescence photochemical techniques for the study of transport in cytoplasm and cytoplasm models ” . In Cell Structure and Function by Microspectrofluorometry , Edited by: Kohen , E. and Hirscberg , J. G. 145 New York : Academic Press .
  • Finzi , L. , Bustamante , C. , Garab , G. and Juang , C. 1989 . Direct observation of large chiral domains in chloroplast thylakoid membranes by differential polarization microscopy . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 86 : 8748
  • Sheppard , C. J. R. and Wilson , T. 1981 . The theory of the direct‐view confocal microscope . J. Microsc , 124 : 107
  • Brakenhoff , G. J. , Van der Voort , H. T. M. , Van Spronsen , E. A. and Nanninga , N. 1989 . Three‐dimensional imaging in fluorescence by confocal scanning microscopy . J. Microsc , 153 : 151
  • Wijnaendts van Resandt , R. W. , Marsman , H. J. B. , Kaplan , R. , Davoust , J. , Stelzer , E. H. K. and Stricker , R. 1984 . Optical fluorescence microscopy in three dimensions: microtomoscopy . J. Microsc. , 138 : 29
  • Benedetti , P. A. , Evangelista , V. , Guidarini , D. and Vestri , S. 1990 . “ Methods in confocal microscopy ” . In Advances in Cytometry , Edited by: Papa , S. and Vitale , M. Bologna : EDI‐ERMES . in press.
  • Piller , H. 1977 . Microscope Photometry , Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Liebman , P. A. and Entine , G. 1964 . Sensitive low‐light level micros‐pectrophotometer detection of photosensitive pigments of retinal cones . J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 54 : 1451
  • Gualtieri , P. , Passarelli , V. and Barsanti , L. 1989 . A simple instrument to perform in vivo absorption spectra of pigmented cellular organelles . Micron Microsc. Acta , 20 : 107
  • Benedetti , P. A. , Bianchini , G. and Chiti , G. 1976 . Fast scanning microspectroscopy: an electrodynamic moving‐conder method . Appl. Opt. , 15 : 2554
  • Nultsch , W. , Benedetti , P. A. and Gualtieri , P. 1983 . Microspectropho‐tometric investigation of photobleaching in Anabaena variabilis cells and heterocysts and its prevention by sodium azide . Z. Planzenphysiol. , 111 : 327
  • Naora , H. 1952 . Schwarzschild‐Villiger effect in microspectrophotometry . Science , 115 : 248
  • Zimnmer , H. G. 1970 . Geometrical Optic , Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Cantor , C. R. and Schimmel , P. R. 1980 . Biophysical Chemistry , 349 New York : Freeman . part II,
  • Velapoli , J. , Travis , J. C. , Cassat , W. A. and Yap , W. T. 1975 . Inorganic ion‐doped glass fibres as microspectrofluorimetric standards . J. Microsc. , 103 : 293
  • Liebman , P. A. 1972 . “ Microspectrophotometry of photoreceptors ” . In Handbook of Sensory Physiology , Edited by: Dartnall , H. J. A. Vol. 7 , 481 Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Marks , W. B. 1965 . Visual pigments of single goldfish cone . J. Physiol. , 178 : 14
  • Smith , B. A. and McConnell , H. M. 1978 . Determination of molecular motion in membranes using periodic photobleaching . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 75 : 2759
  • Hader , D. P. 1987 . Photosensory behavior in Prokaryotes . Microbiol. Rev. , 51 : 1
  • Muller , D. G. , Maier , I. and Muller , H. 1987 . Flagellum autofluorescence and photoaccumulation in heterokont algae . Photochem. Photo‐biol. , 46 : 1003
  • Kawai , H. 1988 . A flavin‐like autofluorescent substance in the posterior flagellum of golden and brown algae . J. Phycol. , 24 : 114
  • Coleman , A. W. 1988 . The autofluorescent flagellum: a new phylogenetic enigma . J. Phycol. , 24 : 118
  • Eakin , R. M. 1968 . Evolution of photoreceptors . Evolutionary Biol. , 2 : 194
  • Benedetti , P. A. and Checcucci , A. 1975 . Paraflagellar body pigments studied by fluorescence microscopy in Euglena gracilis . Plant Sci. Lett. , 4 : 47
  • Creutz , C. and Diehn , B. 1976 . Motor response to polarized light and gravity sensing in Euglena gracilis . J. Protozool. , 23 : 552
  • Leedale , G. F. 1967 . Euglenoid Flagellates , 121 Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice‐Hall .
  • Martin , L. C. 1966 . The Theory of the Microscope , 356 London : Blackie .
  • Gualtieri , P. , Barsanti , L. , Passarelli , V. and Verni , F. 1988 . Morphological investigation of the Euglena gracilis isolated paraflagellar body . Micron Microsc. Acta , 19 : 241
  • Krvic , P. A. and Vesk , M. 1972 . Structure and function in the Euglenoid eyespot apparatus: the fine structure and response to environmental changes . Planta , 105 : 1
  • Piccinni , E. and Mammi , M. 1978 . Motor apparatus of Euglena gracilis: ultrastructure of the basal portion of the flagellum and the paraflagellar body . Boll. Zool. , 45 : 405
  • Campbell , I. D. and Dwek , R. A. 1984 . Biological Spectroscopy , 217 Menlo Park , N.J. : Ben‐jamin‐Cummings .
  • Ghetti , F. , Colombetti , G. , Lenci , F. , Campani , E. , Polacco , E. and Quaglia , M. 1985 . Fluorescence of Euglena gracilis photoreceptor pigment: an in vivo microspectrofluorimetric study . Photochem. Pho‐tobiol. , 42 : 29
  • Lenci , F. and Ghetti , F. 1989 . Photoreceptor pigments for photomovements of microorganisms. Some spectroscopic and related studies . J. Photochem. Photobiol. , 3 : 1
  • Strother , G. K. and Wolken , J. J. 1959 . A simplified microspectropho‐tometer . Science , 130 : 1984
  • Wolken , J. J. 1977 . Euglena: The photoreceptor sytem for phototaxis . J. Protozool. , 24 : 518
  • Batra , P. and Tollin , G. 1964 . Phototaxis in Euglena: isolation of the eye‐spot granules and identification of the eye‐spot pigments . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 79 : 371
  • Butler , W. L. and Hophkins , D. W. 1970 . An analysis of fourth derivative spectra . J. Photochem. Photobiol. , 12 : 439
  • Hellis , D. V. , Kernick , W. , Phillips , G. O. and Davies , K. 1979 . Separation and identification of the carotenoids pigments of stigmata isolated from light‐grow cells of Euglena gracilis strain Z. . Arch. Microbiol. , 121 : 207
  • Walne , P. 1980 . “ Euglenoid flagellates ” . In Phytoflagellates , Edited by: Cox , E. R. 165 New York : Elsevier/North‐Holland .
  • Pagni , P. G. , Walne , P. and Wehry , E. L. 1976 . Fluorimetric evidence for flavin in isolated eyespots of Euglena gracilis var. Bacillaris . J. Photochem. Photobiol. , 24 : 373
  • Swift , H. and Rasch , E. 1956 . Physical Techniques in Biological Research , Edited by: Oster , G. and Pollister , A. W. Vol. 3 , 354 New York : Academic Press .
  • Barsanti , L. , Passarelli , V. and Gualtieri , P. 1989 . Spectra of Haematococcus pluvialis pigmented subcellular structures by in situ micros‐pectroscopy . Med. Biol. Environ. , 17 : 847
  • Govindjee and Rabinowith , E. 1960 . Two form of chlorophyll a in vivo with distinct photochemical functions . Science , 132 : 355
  • Gualtieri , P. , Barsanti , L. and Rosati , G. 1986 . Isolation of the photoreceptor of the phototactic flagellate Euglena gracilis . Arch. Microbiol , 145 : 303
  • Knowles , A. and Dartnall , H. J. A. 1977 . The Eye , Edited by: Dav‐son , H. Vol. 2B , 74 New York : Academic Press .
  • Gabellieri , E. , Strambini , G. and Gualtieri , P. 1988 . Tryptophan phosphorescence and the conformation of liver alcohol dehydrogenase in solution and in the crystalline state . Biophys. Chem. , 30 : 61
  • Commoner , B. 1949 . On the interpretation of the absorption of ultraviolet light by cellular nucleic acids . Science , 110 : 31
  • Kropf , A. 1972 . “ The structure and reaction of visual pigment ” . In Physiology of Photoreceptor Organs , Edited by: Fuortes , M. G. F. 263 Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Henderson , R. 1977 . The purple membrane from Halobacterium halobium . Annu. Rev. Bioeng. , 6 : 87
  • Knowles , A. and Dartnall , H. J. A. 1977 . The Eye , Edited by: Dav‐son , H. Vol. 2B , 201 New York : Academic Press .
  • Knowles , A. and Dartnall , H. J. A. 1977 . The Eye , Edited by: Davson , H. Vol. 2B , 378 New York : Academic Press .
  • Fisher , K. A. and Stoeckenius , W. 1977 . Freeze‐fractured purple membrane particles: protein content . Science , 197 : 72
  • Guzzo , A. V. and Pool , G. L. 1968 . Visual pigment fluorescence . Science , 159 : 312
  • Guzzo , A. V. and Pool , G. L. 1969 . Fluorescence spectra of the intermediates of Rhodopsin bleaching . Photochem. Photobiol , 9 : 565
  • Hamdorf , K. and Schwemer , J. 1975 . “ Photoregeneration and the adaptation process in insect photoreceptor ” . In Photoreceptor Optics , Edited by: Snyder , W. A. and Menzel , R. 263 Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Franceschini , N. 1983 . “ In‐vivo microspectrofluorometry of visual pigments ” . In The Biology of Photoreception , Edited by: Cosens , D. J. and Vince‐Prue , D. 53 London : Society for Experimental Biology .
  • Liebman , P. A. and Leigh , R. A. 1969 . Autofluorescence of visual receptors . Nature , 221 : 1249
  • Guerette , L. , Tesseier , M. and Boucher , F. 1988 . The limited photochemical activity of solid aggregated forms of bovine rhodopsin . Biochem. Cell Biol. , 66 : 161
  • Banchetti , R. , Rosati , G. and Verni , F. 1980 . Cytocbemical analysis of the photoreceptor in Euglena gracilis Klebs (Flagellata Euglenoidina) . Monit. Zool. Ital. (S.N.) , 14 : 165
  • Foster , K. W. , Saranak , J. , Derguini , F. and Nakanishi , K. 1988 . Clamydomonas rhodopsin: determination of color and mechanism of activation . Proc. Yamada Conf. XXI , : 61
  • Foster , K. W. , Saranak , J. , Derguini , F. , Zarrilli , G. R. , Johnson , R. , Okabe , M. and Nakanishi , K. 1989 . Activation of Clamydomonas rhodopsin in vivo does not require isomerization of retinal . Biochemistry , 28 : 819
  • Litvin , F. F. , Sineshchekov , O. A. and Sineshchekov , V. A. 1978 . Photoreceptor electric potentials in the alga Haematococcus pluvialis . Nature , 271 : 476
  • Galland , P. , Keiner , P. , Dornemann , D. , Senger , H. , Brodhuhn , B. and Hader , D. P. 1990 . Pterin‐ and flavin‐like fluorescence associated with isolated flagella of Euglena gracilis . Photochem. Photobiol. , 51 : 675
  • Rosembaum , J. L. and Child , F. M. 1967 . Flagellar regeneration in protozoan flagellates . J. Cell Biol. , 34 : 345
  • Wolken , J. J. 1967 . Euglena , 27 New York : Appleton‐Century‐Crofts .
  • Rose , A. 1977 . “ Vision: Human versus electronic ” . In Vertebrate Photoreception , Edited by: Barlow , H. B. and Fatt , P. 1 London : Academic Press .
  • Gunderson , J. H. , Elwood , H. , Ingold , A. , Kindle , K. and Sogin , M. L. 1987 . Phylogenetic relations between chlorophytes, chryso‐phytes, and oomicetes . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 84 : 5823
  • Baroin , A. , Perasso , R. , Qu , L. H. , Brugerolle , G. , Bachellerie , J. P. and Adoutte , A. 1988 . Partial phylogeny of the unicellular eukariotes based on rapid sequencing of a portion of 28S ribosomal RNA . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 85 : 3474

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.