1,001
Views
565
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Estimation of heritability and prediction of selection response in plant populations

&
Pages 235-322 | Published online: 02 Dec 2008

References

  • Allard , R. W. 1960 . Principles of Plant Breeding , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Allard , R. W. and Bradshaw , A. D. 1964 . Implications of genotype environment interactions in applied plant breeding . Crop Sci. , 4 : 503
  • Arnold , J. M. and Josephson , L. M. 1975 . Inheritance of stalk quality characteristics in maize . Crop Sci. , 15 : 338
  • Baker , R. J. 1986 . Selection Indices in Plant Breeding , Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
  • Baker , R. J. . Differential response to environmental stress . Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Quant. Genet. . Edited by: Weir , B. S. , Eisen , E. J. , Goodman , M. M. and Namkoong , G. pp. 492 Sunderland, MA : Sinauer Associates .
  • Balocchi , C. 1990 . Age Trends of Genetic Parameters and Selection Efficiency for Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) , Raleigh : Department of Forestry, North Carolina State University . Ph.D. thesis,
  • Barnes , R. D. and Schweppenhauser , M. A. 1979 . Genetic control of 1, 5‐year‐old traits in Pinus patula Schiede et Deppe and a comparison of progeny test methods . Silvae Genet. , 28 : 156
  • Bartley , B. C. and Weber , C. R. 1952 . Heritable and nonheritable relationships and variability of agronomic characters in successive generations of soybean crosses . Agron. J. , 44 : 487
  • Bashaw , E. C. 1980 . “ Apomixis and its application in crop improvement ” . In Hybridization of Crop Plants , Edited by: Fehr , W. R. and Hadley , H. H. 45 Madison, WI : American Society of Agronomy and Crop Science Society of America .
  • Bashaw , E. C. and Funk , C. R. 1987 . “ Apomictic grasses ” . In Principles of Cultivar Development, Vol. 2, Crop Species , Edited by: Fehr , W. R. 40 New York : Macmillan .
  • Bassett , M. J. 1976 . Inheritance of pod detachment force in snap beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. . HortScience , 11 : 471
  • Bassett , M. J. and Woods , F. E. 1978 . A procedure for combining a quantitative inheritance study with the first cycle of a breeding program . Euphytica , 27 : 295
  • Battaglia , E. 1963 . “ Apomixis ” . In Recent Advances in Embryology of Angiosperms , Edited by: Maheshwari , P. 221 Delhi, , India : International Society of Plant Morphologists, University of Delhi .
  • Bell , A. E. 1977 . Heritability in retrospect . J. Hered. , 68 : 297
  • Braaten , M. O. 1965 . The union of partial diallel mating designs and incomplete block environmental design , Mimeo Series No. 432 North Carolina State University Institute of Statistics .
  • Brar , J. S. and Nandpuri , K. S. 1974 . Inheritance of fruit shape in watermelon . Indian J. Agric. Sci. , 44 : 722
  • Briggs , F. N. and Knowles , P. F. 1967 . Introduction to Plant Breeding , New York : Reinhold .
  • Buckner , R. C. , Burrus , P. B. , Cornelius , P. L. and Bush , L. P. 1981 . Genetic variability and heritability of certain forage quality and mineral constituents in Lolium‐Festuca hybrid derivatives . Crop Sci. , 21 : 419
  • Bulmer , M. G. 1980 . The Mathematical Theory of Quantitative Genetics , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
  • Burton , G. W. 1951 . Quantitative inheritance in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) . Agron. J. , 43 : 409
  • Burton , G. W. and DeVane , E. H. 1953 . Estimating heritability in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) from replicated clonal material . Agron J. , 45 : 478
  • Carmer , S. G. , Nyquist , W. E. and Walker , W. M. 1989 . Least significant differences for combined analyses of experiments with two‐ or three‐factor treatment designs . Agron. J. , 81 : 665
  • Casier , M. D. 1982 . Genotype x environment interaction bias to parent‐offspring regression heritability estimates . Crop Sci. , 22 : 540
  • Casier , M. D. 1982 . Parent‐offspring regression in reed canarygrass: methods for parent and offspring evaluation and their effect on heritability estimates . Can. J. Genet. Cytol. , 24 : 467
  • Chand , H. and Ahmad , Z. 1976 . Genetic studies in pearl millet . Indian J. Agric. Sci. , 46 : 531
  • Chi , R. K. , Eberhart , S. A. and Penny , L. H. 1969 . Covariance among relatives in a maize variety (Zea mays L.) . Genetics , 63 : 511
  • Cochran , W. G. 1951 . Testing a linear relation among variances . Biometrics , 7 : 17
  • Cochran , W. G. and Cox , G. M. 1957 . Experimental Designs, , 2nd ed. , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Cochran , W. G. and Watson , D. J. 1936 . An experiment on observer's bias in the selection of shoot‐heights . Emp. J. Exp. Agric , 4 : 69
  • Cockerham , C. C. 1954 . An extension of the concept of partitioning heriditary variance for analysis of co‐variances among relatives when epistasis is present . Genetics , 39 : 859
  • Cockerham , C. C. 1956 . Effects of linkage on the covariances between relatives . Genetics , 41 : 138
  • Cockerham , C. C. 1963 . “ Estimation of genetic variances ” . In Statistical Genetics and Plant Breeding , Edited by: Hanson , W. D. and Robinson , H. F. 53 Washington, D.C. : National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council . Publ. No. 982,
  • Cockerham , C. C. 1983 . Covariances of relatives from self‐fertilization . Crop Sci. , 23 : 1177
  • Cockerham , C. C. 1984 . Additive by additive variance with inbreeding and linkage . Genetics , 108 : 487
  • Cockerham , C. C. and Matzinger , D. F. 1985 . Selection response based on selfed progenies . Crop Sci. , 25 : 483
  • Cockerham , C. C. and Weir , B. S. 1984 . Covariances of relatives stemming from a population undergoing mixed self and random mating . Biometrics , 40 : 157
  • Comstock , R. E. and Moll , R. H. 1963 . “ Genotype‐environment interactions ” . In Statistical Genetics and. Plant Breeding , Edited by: Hanson , W. D. and Robinson , H. F. 164 Washington, D.C. : National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council . Publ. No. 982,
  • Comstock , R. E. and Robinson , H. F. 1952 . “ Estimation of average dominance of genes ” . In Heterosis , Edited by: Gowen , J. W. 494 Ames : Iowa State University Press .
  • Comstock , R. E. and Robinson , H. F. . Genetic parameters, their estimation and significance . Proc. 6th Int. Grassland Cong. . Vol. 1 , pp. 284 State College, PA : Pennsylvania State College .
  • Comstock , R. E. , Kelleher , T. and Morrow , E. B. 1958 . Genetic variation in an asexual species, the garden strawberry . Genetics , 43 : 634
  • Coors , J. G. 1988 . Response to four cycles of combined half‐sib and S1 family selection in maize . Crop Sci. , 28 : 891
  • Cornelius , P. L. 1975 . Identity coefficients and covariances between relatives in a parent‐offspring inbreeding system . Theor. Appl. Genet. , 46 : 201
  • Cornelius , P. L. 1988 . Properties of components of covariance of inbred relatives and their estimates in a maize population . Theor. Appl. Genet. , 75 : 701
  • Cornelius , P. L. and Dudley , J. W. 1975 . Theory of inbreeding and covariances between relatives under full‐sib matings in diploids . Biometrics , 31 : 169
  • Cornelius , P. L. and Van Sanford , D. A. 1988 . Quadratic components of covariance of inbred relatives and their estimation in naturally self‐pollinated species . Crop Sci. , 28 : 1
  • Cotterill , P. P. 1987 . Short note: on estimating heritability according to practical applications . Silvae Genet. , 36 : 46
  • Cowen , N. M. 1986 . Selection theory for selfed progenies . Theor. Appl. Genet. , 73 : 182
  • Craig , J. V. and Muir , W. M. 1989 . Fearful and associated responses of caged White Leghorn hens: genetic parameter estimates . Poult. Sci. , 68 : 1040
  • Crow , J. F. and Kimura , M. 1970 . An Introduction to Population Genetics Theory , New York : Harper & Row .
  • Deaton , W. R. , Metz , S. G. , Armstrong , T. A. and Mascia , P. N. 1987 . Genetic analysis of the anther‐culture response of three spring wheat crosses . Theor. Appl. Genet. , 74 : 334
  • Dickerson , G. E. 1969 . “ Techniques for research in quantitative animal genetics ” . In Techniques and Procedures in Animal Science Research , 36 New York : American Society of Animal Science .
  • Doolittle , D. D. 1987 . Population Genetics: Basic Principles , Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Dudley , J. W. and Moll , R. H. 1969 . Interpretation and use of estimates of heritability and genetic variances in plant breeding . Crop Sci. , 9 : 257
  • Dudley , J. W. , Busbice , T. H. and Levings , C. S. III . 1969 . Estimates of genetic variance in ‘Cherokee’ alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) . Crop Sci. , 9 : 228
  • Dudley , J. W. , Lambert , R. J. and Alexander , D. E. 1971 . Variability and relationships among characters in Zea mays L. synthetics with improved protein quality . Crop Sci. , 11 : 512
  • Duncan , R. R. , Miller , F. R. and Bockholt , A. J. 1980 . Inheritance of tiller regrowth in ratooned sorghum . Can. J. Plant Sci. , 60 : 473
  • Dunn , G. M. , Long , B. J. and Routley , B. G. 1981 . Inheritance of cyclic hydroxamates in Zea mays L. . Can. J. Plant Sci. , 61 : 583
  • Dwivedi , J. L. and Nanda , J. S. 1979 . Inheritance of amylose content in three crosses of rice . Indian J. Agric. Sci. , 49 : 753
  • Eberhart , S. A. 1970 . Factors affecting efficiencies of breeding method . Afr. Soils , 15 : 669
  • Eberhart , S. A. and Newell , L. C. 1959 . Variation in domestic collections of switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L. . Agron. J. , 51 : 613
  • Eberhart , S. A. , Moll , R. H. , Robinson , H. F. and Cockerham , C. C. 1966 . Epistatic and other genetic variances in two varieties of maize . Crop Sci , 6 : 275
  • Eckebil , J. P. , Ross , W. M. , Gardner , C. O. and Maranville , J. W. 1977 . Heritability estimates, genetic correlations, and predicted gains from S1 progeny tests in three grain sorghum random‐mating populations . Crop Sci. , 17 : 373
  • El‐Rouby , M. M. and Penny , L. H. 1967 . Variation and covariation in a high oil population of com (Zea mays L.) and their implications in selection . Crop Sci. , 7 : 216
  • Empig , L. T. , Gardner , C. O. and Compton , W. A. 1972 . Theoretical gains for different population improvement procedures , University of Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station . MP26 Revised,
  • Falconer , D. S. 1989 . Introduction to Quantitative Genetics, , 3rd ed. , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Farmer , R. E. and Wilcox , J. R. 1968 . Preliminary testing of eastern cottonwood clones . Theor. Appl. Genet. , 38 : 197
  • Federer , W. T. 1955 . Experimental Design, Theory and Application , New York : Macmillan .
  • Fehr , W. R. and Hadley , H. H. , eds. 1980 . Hybridization of Crop Plants , Madison, WI : American Society of Agronomy and Crop Science Society of America .
  • Fisher , R. A. 1918 . The correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance . Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh , 52 : 399
  • Foster , G. S. , Campbell , R. K. and Adams , W. T. 1984 . Heritability, gain, and C effects in rooting of western hemlock cuttings . Can. J. For. Res. , 14 : 628
  • Frederickson , L. J. and Kronstad , W. E. 1985 . A comparison of intermating and selfing following selection for heading date in two diverse winter wheat crosses . Crop Sci. , 25 : 555
  • Freeman , G. H. 1973 . Statistical methods for the analysis of genotype‐environment interactions . Heredity , 31 : 339
  • Frey , K. J. and Homer , T. 1957 . Heritability in standard units . Agron. J. , 49 : 59
  • Fries , A. 1986 . Volume growth and wood density of plus tree progenies of Pinus contorta in two Swedish field trials . Scand. J. For. Res. , 1 : 403
  • Gallais , A. 1974 . Covariances between arbitrary relatives with linkage and epistasis in the case of linkage disequlibrium . Biometrics , 30 : 429
  • Gallais , A. 1976 . Effects of competition on means, variances and covariances in quantitative genetics with application to general combining ability selection . Theor. Appl. Genet. , 47 : 189
  • Gardner , C. O. 1963 . “ Estimates of genetic parameters in cross‐fertilizing plants and their implications in plant breeding ” . In Statistical Genetics and Plant Breeding , Edited by: Hanson , W. D. and Robinson , H. F. 225 Washington, D.C. : National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council . Publ. No. 982,
  • Gardner , C. O. . Quantitative genetic studies and population improvement in maize and sorghum . Proc. Int. Conf. Quant. Genet. . Edited by: Pollak , E. , Kempthome , O. and Bailey , T. B. Jr. pp. 475 Ames : Iowa State University Press .
  • Gordon , I. L. 1979 . Standard errors of heritabilities based on perennial observations, with application to Yorkshire Fog grass . Euphytica , 28 : 81
  • Gordon , I. L. , Byth , D. E. and Balaam , L. N. 1972 . Variance of heritability ratios estimated from phenotypic variance components . Biometrics , 28 : 401
  • Gowe , R. S. and Wakeley , W. J. 1954 . Environment and poultry breeding problems. I. The influence of several environments on the egg production and viability of different genotypes . Poult. Sci. , 33 : 691
  • Grami , B. , Baker , R. J. and Stefansson . 1977 . Genetics of protein and oil content in summer rape: heritability, number of effective factors, and correlations . Can. J. Plant Sci. , 57 : 937
  • Gregorius , H.‐R. and Namkoong , G. 1986 . Joint analysis of genotypic and environmental effects . Theor. Appl. Genet. , 72 : 413
  • Gregorius , H.‐R. and Namkoong , G. 1987 . Resolving the dilemmas of interaction, separability, and additivity . Math. Biosci. , 85 : 51
  • Griffing , B. 1956 . A generalized treatment of the use of diallel cross in quantitative inheritance . Heredity , 10 : 31
  • Griffing , B. 1956 . Concept of general and specific combining ability in relation to diallel crossing systems . Aust. J. Biol. Sci. , 9 : 463
  • Grifïïng , B. 1960 . Theoretical consequence of truncation selection based on the individual phenotype . Aust. J. Biol. Sci. , 13 : 307
  • Grumet , R. , Isleib , T. G. and Hanson , A. D. 1985 . Genetic control of glycinebetaine level in barley . Crop Sci. , 25 : 618
  • Hailauer , A. R. 1974 . Heritability of prolificacy in maize . J. Hered. , 65 : 163
  • Hallauer , A. R. 1985 . Compendium of recurrent selection methods and their application . Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. , 3 : 1
  • Hallauer , A. R. and Miranda , Fo., J. B. 1988 . Quantitative Genetics in Maize Breeding , 2nd ed. , Ames : Iowa State University Press .
  • Hallauer , A. R. and Wright , J. A. 1967 . Genetic variances in the open‐pollinated variety of maize, Iowa Ideal . Züchter , 37 : 178
  • Hallauer , A. R. , Russell , W. A. and Lamkey , K. R. 1988 . “ Corn breeding ” . In Corn and Corn Improvement, , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Sprague , G. F. and Dudley , J. W. 463 Madison, WI : American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of American .
  • Hamblin , J. and Rosielle , A. A. 1978 . Effect of inter‐genotypic competition on genetic parameter estimation . Crop Sci. , 18 : 51
  • Hanna , W. W. and Bashaw , E. C. 1987 . Apomixis: its identification and use in plant breeding . Crop Sci. , 27 : 1136
  • Hansche , P. E. 1983 . “ Response to selection ” . In Methods in Fruit Breeding , Edited by: Moore , J. N. and Janick , J. 154 W. Lafayette, IN : Purdue University Press .
  • Hansche , P. E. , Beres , V. and Brooks , R. M. 1966 . Heritability and genetic correlation in the sweet cherry . Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. , 88 : 173
  • Hanson , A. A. and Carnahan , H. L. 1956 . Breeding perennial forage grasses , USDA Agric. Res. Ser. Tech. Bull. 1145 Washington, D. C.
  • Hanson , C. H. , Robinson , H. F. and Comstock , R. E. 1956 . Biometrical studies of yield in segregating populations of Korean Iespedeza . Agron. J. , 48 : 268
  • Hanson , W. D. 1963 . “ Heritability ” . In Statistical Genetics and Plant Breeding , Edited by: Hanson , W. D. and Robinson , H. F. 125 Washington, D.C. : National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council . Publ. No. 982,
  • Hanson , W. D. 1964 . Genotype‐environment interaction concepts for field experimentation . Biometrics , 20 : 540
  • Hanson , W. D. 1989 . Standard errors for heritability and expected selection response . Crop Sci. , 29 : 1561
  • Hanson , W. D. and Weber , C. R. 1961 . Resolution of genetic variability in self‐pollinated species with an application to the soybean . Genetics , 46 : 1425
  • Hanson , W. D. , Brim , C. A. and Hinson , K. 1961 . Design and analysis of competition studies with an application to field plot competition in the soybean . Crop Sci. , 1 : 255
  • Hanson , W. D. , Probst , A. H. and Caldwell , B. E. 1967 . Evaluation of a population of soybean genotypes with implications for improving self‐pollinated crops . Crop Sci. , 7 : 99
  • Harris , D. L. 1964 . Biometrical parameters of self‐fertilizing diploid populations . Genetics , 50 : 931
  • Harris , D. L. 1964 . Genotypic covariances between inbred relatives . Genetics , 50 : 1319
  • Harris , R. E. , Gardner , C. O. and Compton , W. A. 1972 . Effects of mass selection and irradiation in corn measured by random S1 lines and their test‐crosses . Crop Sci. , 12 : 594
  • Hartl , D. L. 1988 . A Primer of Population Genetics, , 2nd ed. , Sunderland, MA : Sinauer Associates .
  • Hartl , D. L. and Clark , A. G. 1989 . Principles of Population Genetics , Sunderland, MA : Sinauer Associates .
  • Hartmann , H. T. and Kester , D. E. 1983 . Plant Propagation, Principles and Practices, , 4th ed. , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice‐Hall .
  • Hayman , B. I. 1960 . Maximum likelihood estimation of genetic components of variation . Biometrics , 16 : 369
  • Hedrick , P. W. 1983 . Genetics of Populations , Boston : Jones and Bartlett .
  • Hill , J. 1975 . Genotype‐environment interactions — a challenge for plant breeding . J. Agric. Sci. , 85 : 477
  • Hill , W. G. 1972 . Estimation of realized heritabilities from selection experiments. I. Divergent, selection . Biometrics , 28 : 747
  • Hill , W. G. 1972 . Estimation of realized heritabilities from selection experiments. II. Selection in one direction . Biometrics , 28 : 767
  • Hinson , K. and Hanson , W. D. 1962 . Competition studies in soybeans . Crop Sci. , 2 : 117
  • Horner , T. W. and Weber , C. R. 1956 . Theoretical and experimental study of self fertilized populations . Biometrics , 12 : 404
  • Hurley , J. F. 1981 . Multivariate Calculus , Philadelphia : Saunders College Publications .
  • Ibrahim , O. E. , Nyquist , W. E. and Axtell , J. D. 1985 . Quantitative inheritance and correlations of agronomic and grain quality traits of sorghum . Crop Sci. , 25 : 649
  • Jacquard , A. 1983 . Heritability: one word, three concepts . Biometrics , 39 : 465
  • Janick , J. and Moore , J. N. 1975 . Advances in Fruit Breeding , W. Lafayette, IN : Purdue University Press .
  • Janoria , M. P. , Thompson , A. E. and Rhodes , A. M. 1975 . Inheritance and evaluation of alcohol insoluble solids of tomatoes as a secondary character in selection for juice viscosity . J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. , 100 : 219
  • Jan‐orn , J. , Gardner , C. O. and Ross , W. M. 1976 . Quantitative genetic studies of NP3R sorghum random‐mating population . Crop Sci. , 16 : 489
  • Jensen , N. F. 1988 . Plant Breeding Methodology , New York : Wiley‐Interscience .
  • Johnson , H. W. , Robinson , H. F. and Comstock , R. E. 1955 . Estimates of genetic and environmental variability in soybeans . Agron. J. , 47 : 314
  • Kang , M. S. , ed. 1990 . Genotype‐by‐Environment Interaction and Plant Breeding , Baton Rouge, LA : Department of Agronomy, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center .
  • Keller , K. R. and Likens , S. T. 1955 . Estimates of heritability in hops, Humulus lupulus L. . Agron. J. , 47 : 518
  • Kempthorne , O. 1954 . The correlations between relatives in a random mating population . Proc. R. Soc. London B , 143 : 103
  • Kempthorne , O. 1955 . The correlations between relatives in random mating populations, in Population Genetics, The Nature and Causes of Genetic Variability in Populations . Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. , 20 : 60
  • Kampthorne , O. 1969 . An Introduction to Genetic Statistics , Ames : Iowa State University Press .
  • Kempthorne , O. and Curnow , R. N. 1961 . The partial diallel cross . Biometrics , 17 : 229
  • Kendall , M. G. and Stuart , A. 1969 . The Advanced Theory of Statistics, Vol. 1, Distribution Theory , 3rd ed. , New York : Hafner Publishers .
  • Ketata , H. , Edwards , L. H. and Smith , E. L. 1976 . Inheritance of eight agronomic characters in a winter wheat cross . Crop Sci. , 16 : 19
  • Kim , S. W. and Brewbaker , J. L. 1977 . Inheritance of general resistance in maize to Puccinia sorghi Schw. . Crop Sci. , 17 : 456
  • Kitch , L. W. , Shade , R. E. , Nyquist , W. E. and Axtell , J. D. 1985 . Inheritance of density of erect glandular trichomes in the genus Medicago . Crop Sci. , 25 : 607
  • Knapp , B. Jr. and Nordskog , A. W. 1946 . Heritability of growth and efficiency in beef cattle . J. Am. Sci. , 5 : 62
  • Knapp , S. J. 1986 . Confidence intervals for heritability for two‐factor mating design single environment linear models . Theor. Appl. Genet. , 72 : 587
  • Knapp , S. J. and Bridges , W. C. Jr. 1987 . Confidence interval estimators for heritability for several mating and experiment designs . Theor. Appl. Genet. , 73 : 759
  • Knapp , S. J. , Ross , W. M. and Stroup , W. W. 1987 . Precision of genetic variance and heritability estimates from sorghum populations . Crop Sci. , 27 : 265
  • Knapp , S.J. , Stroup , W. W. and Ross , W. W. 1985 . Exact confidence intervals for heritability on a progeny mean basis . Crop Sci. , 25 : 192
  • Kneebone , W. R. 1958 . Heritabilities in sand bluestem (Andropogon hallii Hack.) as estimated from parental clones and their open‐pollinated progenies . Agron. J. , 50 : 459
  • Knight , R. C. and Stansfield , W. D. 1985 . A Dictionary of Genetics , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Lamb , J. F. S. , Haskins , F. A. , Gorz , H. J. and Vogel , K. P. 1987 . Inheritance of seedling hydrocyanic acid potential and seed weight in sorghum‐sudangrass crosses . Crop Sci. , 27 : 522
  • Lamkey , K. R. and Hallauer , A. R. 1987 . Heritability estimated from recurrent selection experiments in maize . Maydica , 32 : 61
  • Laubscher , N. F. 1965 . Interpolation in F‐tables . Am. Stat. , 19 : 28
  • Lawrence , M. J. and Jinks , J. L. 1973 . “ Quantitative genetics ” . In Practical Genetics , Edited by: Sheppard , P. M. 96 Oxford : Blackwell Scientific .
  • LeClerg , E. L. 1966 . “ Significance of experimental design in plant breeding ” . In Plant Breeding , Edited by: Frey , K. 243 Ames : Iowa State University Press .
  • LeClerg , E. L. , Leonard , W. H. and Clark , A. G. 1962 . Field Plot Technique, , 2nd ed. , Minneapolis, MN : Burgess Publications .
  • Lerner , I. M. 1958 . The Genetic Basis of Selection , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Li , C. C. 1976 . First Course in Population Genetics , Pacific Grove, CA : Boxwood Press .
  • Lin , C. S. , Binns , M. R. and Lefkovitch , L. P. 1986 . Stability analysis: where do we stand? . Crop Sci. , 26 : 894
  • Lindsey , M. F. , Lonnquist , J. H. and Gardner , C. O. 1962 . Estimates of genetic variance in open‐pollinated varieties of cornbelt corn . Crop Sci. , 2 : 105
  • Lonnquist , J. H. 1964 . Modification of the ear‐to‐row procedure for the improvement of maize populations . Crop Sci. , 4 : 227
  • Lothrop , J. E. , Atkins , R. E. and Smith , O. S. 1985 . Variability for yield and yield components in IAPIR grain sorghum random‐mating population. I. Means, variance components, and heritabilities . Crop Sci. , 25 : 235
  • Lush , J. L. 1936 . Genetic aspects of the Danish system of progeny‐testing swine . Iowa Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Bull. , : 204
  • Lush , J. L. 1940 . Intra‐sire correlations or regressions of offspring on dam as a method of estimating heritability of characteristics . 33rd Annu. Proc. Am. Soc. Anim. Prod. . 1940 . pp. 293
  • Magnussen , S. 1989 . Effects and adjustments of competition bias in progeny trials with single‐tree plots . For. Sci. , 35 : 532
  • Mahmud , I. and Kramer , H. H. 1951 . Segregation for yield, height, and maturity following a soybean cross . Agron. J , 43 : 605
  • Marquez‐Sanchez , F. and Hallauer , A. R. 1970 . Influence of sample size on the estimation of genetic variances in a synthetic variety of maize. I. Grain yield . Crop Sci. , 10 : 357
  • Marsh , L. E. , Davis , D. W. and Li , P. H. 1985 . Selection and inheritance of heat tolerance in the common bean by the use of conductivity . J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. , 110 : 680
  • Mather , K. 1949 . Biometrical Genetics , Dover Publications .
  • Mather , K. and Jinks , J. L. 1982 . Biometrical Genetics, , 3rd ed. , London : Chapman and Hall .
  • Matzinger , D. F. 1963 . “ Experimental estimates of genetic parameters and their applications in self‐fertilizing plants ” . In Statistical Genetics and Plant Breeding , Edited by: Hanson , W. D. and Robinson , H. F. 253 Washington, D.C. : National Academy of Science—National Research Council . Publ. No. 982,
  • McCutchan , B. G. , Namkoong , G. and Giesbrecht , F. G. 1989 . Design efficiencies with planned and unplanned unbalance for estimating heritability in forestry . For. Sci. , 35 : 801
  • McCutchan , B. G. , Ou , J. X. and Namkoong , G. 1985 . A comparison of planned unbalanced designs for estimating heritability in perennial tree crops . Theor. Appl. Genet. , 71 : 536
  • Meier , R. J. and Goggans , J. F. 1977 . Heritabilities of height, diameter, and specific gravity of young Virginia pine . For. Sci. , 23 : 450
  • Mitchell‐Olds , T. and Rutledge , J. J. 1986 . Quantitative genetics in natural plant populations: a review of the theory . Am. Nat. , 127 : 379
  • Mode , C. J. and Robinson , H. F. 1959 . Pleiotropism and the genetic variance and covariance . Biometrics , 15 : 518
  • Modjeska , J. S. and Rawlings , J. O. 1983 . Spatial correlation analysis of uniformity data . Biometrics , 39 : 373
  • Morrow , E. B. , Comstock , R. E. and Kelle‐her , T. 1958 . Genetic variances in strawberry varieties . Proc. Am. Soc. Honk. Sci. , 72 : 170
  • Moser , E. B. , Saxton , A. M. and Pezeshki , S. R. 1990 . Repeated measures analysis of variance: application to tree research . Can. J. For. Res. , 20 : 524
  • Muir , W. M. 1986 . Estimation of response to selection and utilization of control populations for additional information and accuracy . Biometrics , 42 : 381
  • Murty , U. R. , Rao , N. G. P. , Kirti , P. B. and Bharathi , M. . The problems of apomixis and its prospects in the eighties . Sorghum in the Eighties, Proc. Int. Symp. on Sorghum . pp. 361 India : ICRISAT, Pantancheru, A. P. .
  • Namkoong , G. 1966 . Inbreeding effects on estimation of genetic additive variance . For. Sci. , 12 : 8
  • Namkoong , G. 1979 . Introduction to quantitative genetics in forestry . USDA Tech. Bull. , : 1588
  • Namkoong , G. 1985 . The influence of composite traits on genotype by environment relations . Theor. Appl. Genet. , 70 : 315
  • Namkoong , G. and Kang , H. 1990 . “ Quantitative genetics of forest trees ” . In Plant Breeding Reviews , Edited by: Janick , J. Vol. 8 , 139 Portland, OR : Timber Press .
  • Namkoong , G. and Miller , D. L. 1968 . Estimation of non‐linear parameters for a non‐asymptotic function . Biometrics , 24 : 439
  • Namkoong , G. and Roberds , J. H. 1974 . Choosing mating designs to efficiently estimate genetic variance components for trees. I. Sampling errors of standard analysis of variance estimators . Silvae Genet. , 23 : 43
  • Namkoong , G. and Squillace , A. E. 1970 . Problems in estimating genetic variance by Shrikhande's method . Silvae Genet. , 19 : 74
  • Namkoong , G. , Kang , H. C. and Brouard , J. S. 1988 . Tree Breeding: Principles and Strategies , Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Namkoong , G. , Snyder , E. B. and Stonecypher , R. W. 1966 . Heritability and gain concepts for evaluating breeding systems such as seedling orchards . Silvae Genet. , 15 : 76
  • Narain , P. 1990 . Statistical Genetics , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Nebgen , R. J. and Lowe , W. J. 1982 . Inheritance of growth, branch angle, and specific gravity in three American sycamore populations . Silvae Genet. , 31 : 86
  • Newell , L. C. and Eberhart , S. A. 1961 . Clone and progeny evaluation in the improvement of switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L. . Crop Sci. , 1 : 117
  • Nguyen , H. T. and Sleper , D. A. 1983 . Theory and application of half‐sib matings in forage grass breeding . Theor. Appl. Genet. , 64 : 187
  • Nicholls , J. W. P. , Dadswell , H. E. and Fielding , J. M. 1964 . The heritability of wood characteristics of Pinus radiata . Silvae Genet. , 13 : 68
  • Nicholls , J. W. P. , Morris , J. D. and Pederick , L. A. 1980 . Heritability estimates of density characteristics in juvenile Pinus radiata wood . Silvae Genet. , 29 : 54
  • North , C. 1979 . Plant Breeding and Genetics in Horticulture , New York : Halsted Press .
  • Obilana , A. T. and Hallauer , A. R. 1974 . Estimation of variability of quantitative traits in BSSS by using unselected maize inbred lines . Crop Sci. , 14 : 99
  • Okie , W. R. and Gardner , R. G. 1982 . Breeding for resistance to Verticillium dahliae race 2 of tomato in North Carolina . J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. , 107 : 552
  • Osborne , R. and Paterson , W. S. B. 1952 . On the sampling variance of heritability estimates derived from variance analysis . Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh B , 64 : 456
  • Ostle , B. and Malone , L. C. 1988 . Statistics in Research, , 4th ed. , Ames : Iowa State University Press .
  • Otegbeye , G. O. and Kellison , R. C. 1980 . Genetics of wood and bark characteristics of Eucalyptus viminalis . Silvae Genet. , 29 : 27
  • Panse , V. G. 1940 . The application of genetics to plant breeding. II. The inheritance of quantitative characters and plant breeding . J. Genet. , 40 : 283
  • Pantula , S. G. and Pollock , K. H. 1985 . Nested analysis of variance with autocorrelated errors . Biometrics , 41 : 909
  • Pantula , S. G. , Nelson , L. A. and Anderson , R. L. 1985 . Estimation of linear models for field experiments . Commun. Stat. Theor. Methods , 14 : 2199
  • Paran , I. , Shifriss , C. and Raccah , B. 1989 . Inheritance of resistance to Zucchini yellow mosaic virus in the interspecific cross Cucurbita maxima × C. ecuadorensis . Euphytica , 42 : 227
  • Paterniani , E. 1990 . Maize breeding in the tropics . Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. , 9 : 125
  • Patterson , D. L. and Muir , W. M. 1986 . Magnitude of genetic influence, cage type, and genotype by cage‐type interactions on soft‐shell and shell‐less egg production . Poult. Sci. , 65 : 26
  • Pederson , D. G. 1972 . A comparison of four experimental designs for the estimation of heritability . Theor. Appl. Genet. , 42 : 371
  • Pelofske , P. J. and Baggett , J. R. 1979 . Inheritance of intemode length, plant form, and annual habit in a cross of cabbage and broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. and var. italica Plenck.) . Euphytica , 28 : 189
  • Pesek , J. and Baker , R. J. 1971 . Comparison of predicted and observed response to selection for yield in wheat . Can. J. Plant Sci. , 51 : 187
  • Pirchner , F. 1983 . Population Genetics in Animal Breeding, , 2nd ed. , New York : Plenum Press .
  • Poehlman , J. M. 1987 . Breeding Field Crops, , 3rd ed. , Westport, CT : AVI Publishing .
  • Prest , T. J. , Cantrell , R. P. and Axtell , J. D. 1983 . Heritability of lodging resistance and its association with other agronomic traits in a diverse sorghum population . Crop Sci. , 23 : 217
  • Rasmusson , D. C. and Lambert , J. W. 1961 . Variety x environment interactions in barley variety tests . Crop Sci. , 1 : 261
  • Rawlings , J. O. 1988 . Applied Regression Analysis: A Research Tool , Pacific Grove, CA : Wadsworth & Brooks .
  • Robinson , H. F. , Comstock , R. E. and Harvey , P. H. 1949 . Estimates of heritability and degree of dominance in corn . Agron. J. , 41 : 353
  • Robinson , H. F. , Comstock , R. E. and Harvey , P. H. 1955 . Genetic variances in open‐pollinated varieties of com . Genetics , 40 : 45
  • Robinson , P. 1963 . “ Heritability, a second look ” . In Statistical Genetics and Plant Breeding , Edited by: Hanson , W. D. and Robinson , H. F. 609 Washington, D.C. : National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council . Publ. No. 982,
  • Rowell , J. G. and Walters , D. E. 1976 . Analyzing data with repeated observations on each experimental unit . J. Agric. Sci. , 87 : 423
  • Rutger , J. N. , Hu , J. and Chandler , J. M. 1986 . “ Searching for apomixis in rice ” . In Agronomy Abstracts , 80 Madison, WI : American Society of Agronomy .
  • Sakai , K. 1953 . Studies on competition on plants. I. Analysis of the competitional variance in mixed plant populations . Jpn. J. Bot. , 14 : 161
  • Sakai , K. 1955 . Competition in plants and its relation to selection, in Population Genetics, The Nature and Causes of Genetic Variability in Populations . Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. , 20 : 137
  • Sakai , K. and Hatakeyama , S. 1963 . Estimation of genetic parameters in forest trees without raising progeny . Silvae Genet. , 12 : 152
  • Sakai , K. and Mukaide , H. 1967 . Estimation of genetic, environmental, and competitional variances in standing forests . Silvae Genet. , 16 : 149
  • Samuel , C. J. A. and Johnstone , R. C. B. 1979 . A study of population variation and inheritance in sitka spruce . Silvae Genet. , 28 : 26
  • SAS Institute . 1990 . SAS/STAT User's Guide , 4th ed. , Vols. 1 and 2 , Cary, NC : SAS Institute . version 6,
  • Schnell , F. W. 1963 . “ The covariance between relatives in the presence of linkage ” . In Statistical Genetics and Plant Breeding , Edited by: Hanson , W. D. and Robinson , H. F. 468 Washington, D.C. : National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council . Publ. No. 982,
  • Schuetz , S. H. and Mock , J. J. 1978 . Genetics of tassel branch number in maize and its implications for a selection program for small tassel size . Theor. Appl. Genet. , 53 : 265
  • Schutz , W. M. and Cockerham , C. C. 1966 . The effect of field blocking on gain from selection . Biometrics , 22 : 843
  • Searle , S. R. 1971 . Topics in variance component estimation . Biometrics , 27 : 1
  • Searle , S. R. 1987 . Linear Models for Unbalanced Data , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Shank , D. B. and Adams , M. W. 1960 . Environmental variability within inbred lines and single crosses of maize . J. Genet. , 57 : 119
  • Sharma , T. V. R. S. and Srivastava , P. S. 1980 . Effect of plant density on genetic parameters in wheat . Indian J. Agric. Sci. , 50 : 289
  • Shrikhande , V. J. 1957 . Some considerations in designing experiments on coconut trees . J. Indian Soc. Agric. Stat. , 9 : 82
  • Silva , J. C. and Hallauer , A. R. 1975 . Estimation of epistatic variance in Iowa stiff stalk synthetic maize . J. Hered. , 66 : 290
  • Singh , A. and Singh , H. N. 1977 . Note on heritability, genetic advance and minimum number of genes in chilli . Indian J. Agric. Sci. , 47 : 260
  • Sleper , D. A. 1987 . “ Forage grasses ” . In Principles of Cultivar Development, Vol. 2, Crop Species , Edited by: Fehr , W. R. 161 New York : Macmillan .
  • Sloane , J. T. , Wehner , T. C. and Jenkins , S. F. Jr. 1985 . Inheritance of resistance to Rhizoctonia fruit rot in cucumber . HortScience , 20 : 1119
  • Smith , H. F. 1938 . An empirical law describing heterogeneity in the yields of agricultural crops . J. Agric. Sci. , 28 : 1
  • Smith , J. D. and Kinman , M. L. 1965 . The use of parent‐offspring regression as an estimator of heritability . Crop Sci. , 5 : 595
  • Snedecor , G. W. and Cochran , W. G. 1967 . Statistical Methods, , 6th ed. , Ames : Iowa State University Press .
  • Sohn , S. and Goddard , R. E. 1979 . Influence of infection percent on improvement of fusiform rust resistance in slash pine . Silvae Genet. , 28 : 173
  • Spiess , E. B. 1989 . Genes in Populations. , 2nd ed. , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Sprague , G. F. 1966 . “ Quantitative genetics in plant improvement ” . In Plant Breeding , Edited by: Frey , K. J. 315 Ames : Iowa State University Press .
  • Sprague , G. F. and Eberhart , S. A. 1976 . “ Com breeding ” . In Corn and Corn Improvement , Edited by: Sprague , G. F. 305 Madison, WI : American Society of Agronomy .
  • Squillace , A. E. 1974 . Average genetic correlations among offspring from open pollinated forest trees . Silvae Genet. , 23 : 149
  • Squillace , A. E. , La Bastide , J. G. A. and Van Vredenburch , C. L. H. 1975 . Genetic variation and breeding of Scots pine in the Netherlands . For. Sci. , 21 : 341
  • Stebbins , G. L. 1950 . Variation and Evolution in Plants , New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Steel , J. G. D. and Torrie , J. H. 1980 . Principles and Procedures of Statistics, , 2nd ed. , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
  • Stevens , M. A. 1976 . Inheritance of viscosity potential in tomato . J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. , 101 : 152
  • Stevens , W. L. 1951 . Asymptotic regression . Biometrics , 7 : 247
  • Stonecypher , R. W. , Zobel , B. J. and Blair , R. 1973 . Inheritance patterns of loblolly pines from a nonselected natural population . NC Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. ,
  • Stoner , K. A. , Dickson , M. H. and Shelton , A. M. 1989 . Inheritance of resistance to damage by Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in cabbage . Euphytica , 40 : 233
  • Sturtevant , A. H. 1965 . A History of Genetics , New York : Harper and Row .
  • Syme , J. R. 1974 . Leaf appearance rate and associated characters in some Mexican and Australian wheats . Aust. J. Agric. Res. , 25 : 1
  • Tai , G. C. C. 1974 . A method for quantitative genetic analysis of early clonal generation seedlings of an asexual crop with special application to a breeding population of the potato (Solarium tuberosum L.) . Theor. Appl. Genet. , 45 : 150
  • Tai , G. C. C. 1979 . An interval estimation of expected response to selection . Theor. Appl. Genet. , 54 : 273
  • Tai , G. C. C. 1983 . Confidence intervals of genetic parameters estimated from progeny test experiments in plant breeding . Can. J. Genet. Cytol. , 25 : 502
  • Taylor , N. L. 1987 . “ Forage legumes ” . In Principles of Cultivar Development, Vol. 2, Crop Species , Edited by: Fehr , W. R. 209 New York : Macmillan .
  • Turner , H. N. and Young , S. S. Y. 1969 . Quantitative Genetics in Sheep Breeding , Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press .
  • Van Buijtenen , J. P. . Quantitative genetics in forestry . Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Quant. Genet. . Edited by: Weir , B. S. , Eisen , E. J. , Goodman , M. M. and Namkoong , G. pp. 549 Sunderland, MA : Sinauer Associates .
  • Vencovsky , R. 1978 . “ Herança quantitativa ” . In Melhoramento e Producão do Milho no Brasil , Edited by: Patemiani , E. 122 Fundacão Cargill, Piracicaba/ESALQ .
  • Vencovsky , R. , Miranda Filho , J. B. and Souza , C. L. Jr. . Quantitative genetics and corn breeding in Brazil . Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Quant. Genet. . Edited by: Weir , B. S. , Eisen , E. J. , Goodman , M. M. and Namkoong , G. pp. 465 Sunderland, MA : Sinauer Associates .
  • Vogel , K. P. , Haskins , F. A. and Gorz , H. J. 1980 . Parent‐progeny regression in indiangrass: inflation of heritability estimates by environmental covariances . Crop Sci. , 20 : 580
  • Wang , Z. , Mackill , D. J. and Bonman , J. M. 1989 . Inheritance of partial resistance to blast in indica rice cultivars . Crop Sci. , 29 : 848
  • Warner , J. N. 1952 . A method for estimating heritability . Agron. J. , 44 : 427
  • Webel , O. D. and Lonnquist , J. H. 1967 . An evaluation of modified ear‐to‐row selection in a population of com (Zea mays L.) . Crop Sci. , 7 : 651
  • Weber , C. R. 1950 . Inheritance and inter‐relation of some agronomic and chemical characters in an interspecific cross in soybeans Glycine max X G. ussuriensis . Iowa Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Bull. , 374 : 765
  • Weber , C. R. and Moorthy , B. R. 1952 . Heritable and nonheritable relationships and variability of oil content and agronomic characters in the F2 generation of soybean crosses . Agron. J. , 44 : 202
  • Weir , B. S. and Cockerham , C. C. . Two‐locus theory in quantitative genetics . Proc. Int. Conf. on Quant. Genet. . Edited by: Pollak , E. , Kempthome , O. and Bailey , T. B. Jr. pp. 247 Ames : Iowa State University Press .
  • Weir , B. S. , Cockerham , C. C. and Reynolds , J. 1980 . The effects of linkage and linkage disequilibrium on the covariances of noninbred relatives . Heredity , 45 : 351
  • Werner , D. J. and Honma , S. 1980 . Inheritance of leaf geometry in cauliflower . J. Hered. , 71 : 105
  • Werner , R. A. , Sanders , D. C. and Henderson , W. R. 1980 . Inheritance of tolerance to Rhizoctonia fruit rot of tomato . J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. , 105 : 819
  • Westcott , B. 1987 . “ Yield assessment ” . In Wheat Breeding , Edited by: Lupton , F. G. H. 339 London : Chapman and Hall .
  • Wilcox , J. R. and Farmer , R. E. 1967 . Variation and inheritance of juvenile characters of eastern cotton‐wood . Silvae Genet. , 16 : 162
  • Wilcox , J. R. and Farmer , R. E. 1968 . Heritability and C effects in early root growth of eastern cottonwood cuttings . Heredity , 23 : 239
  • Williams , J. C. , Penny , L. H. and Sprague , G. F. 1965 . Full‐sib and half‐sib estimates of genetic variance in an open‐pollinated variety of com, Zea mays L. . Crop Sci. , 5 : 125
  • Wricke , G. and Weber , W. E. 1986 . Quantitative Genetics and Selection in Plant Breeding , New York : Walter de Gruyter .
  • Wright , A. J. and Cockerham , C. C. 1986 . Covariances of relatives and selection response in generations of selfing from an outcrossed base population . Theor. Appl. Genet. , 72 : 689
  • Wright , J. A. , Hallauer , A. R. , Penny , L. H. and Eberhart , S. A. 1971 . Estimating genetic variance in maize by use of single and three‐way crosses among unselected inbred lines . Crop Sci. , 11 : 690
  • Wright , J. W. 1976 . Introduction to Forest Genetics , New York : Academic Press .
  • Wright , S. 1921 . Systems of mating . Genetics , 6 : 111
  • Wright , S. 1968 . Evolution and the Genetics of Populations, Vol. 1, Genetic and Biometric Foundations , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Yates , F. and Zacopanay , I. 1935 . The estimation of the efficiency of sampling with special reference to sampling for yield in cereal experiments . J. Agric. Sci. , 25 : 545
  • Zobel , B. and Talbert , J. 1984 . Applied Forest Tree Improvement , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Zobel , B. J. and van Buijtenen , J. P. 1989 . Wood Variation, Its Cause and Control , Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.