Community and organizational influences on voluntary turnover in law enforcement

References

• Adams, G.A. and Buck, J., 2010. Social stressors and strain among police officers: it's not just the bad guys. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37 (9), 1030–1040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilanin, J. and Landa, V., 1999. Police retirement plans and officer retention. College Park, MD: University of Maryland, Institute for Governmental Service.
   Google Scholar
• Brody, D.C., DeMarco, C., and Lovrich, N.P., 2002. Community policing and job satisfaction: suggestive evidence of positive workforce effects from a multijurisdictional comparison in Washington state. Police Quarterly, 5 (2), 181–205.
   Google Scholar
• Brough, P. and Frame, R., 2004. Predicting police job satisfaction and turnover intentions: the role of social support and police organizational variables. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 33, 8–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2006. Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS): 2003 sample survey of law enforcement agencies. [Computer file], U.S. Department of Justice. ICPSR04411-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
   Google Scholar
• Burke, R.J. and Mikkelsen, A., 2006. Examining the career plateau among police officers. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 29 (4), 691–703.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, L., Lai, Y., and Zhao, R., 2012. Shades of blue: confidence in the police in the world. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40 (1), 40–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cascio, W., 2000. Costing human resources: the financial impact of behavior in organizations. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western College Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, J. and Doran, S., 2009. Staying in the job: job satisfaction among mid-career police officers. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 3, 66–77.
   Google Scholar
• Cho, S., et al., 2012. Turnover of new graduate nurses in their first job using survival analysis. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 44 (1), 63–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly, M., 2013. Some like it mild and not too wet: the influence of weather on subjective well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14 (2), 457–473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai, M. and Johnson, R., 2009. Is neighborhood context a confounder?Policing, 32, 595–612.
   Google Scholar
• DeLey, W.W., 1984. American and Danish police ‘drop-out’ rates: Denmark's force as a case study in high job satisfaction, low stress, and low turnover. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 25 (1), 58–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeTienne, K.B., et al., 2012. The impact of moral stress compared to other stressors on employee fatigue, job satisfaction, and turnover: an empirical investigation. Journal of Business Ethics, 110 (3), 377–391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dick, P., 2000. The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service. Work and Stress, 14 (3), 226–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doerner, W. and Donerner, W., 2012. Collective bargaining and job benefits in Florida municipal police agencies, 2000-2009. American Journal of Criminal Justice [Online]. Available from: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12103-012-9187-x.
   Google Scholar
• Drew, J., Carless, S.A., and Thompson, B.M., 2008. Predicting turnover of police officers using the sixteen personality factor questionnaire. Journal of Criminal Justice, 36 (4), 326–331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durkheim, E., 1951. Suicide: a study in sociology. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eitle, D., 2005. The influence of mandatory arrest policies, police organizational characteristics, and situational variables on the probability of arrest in domestic violence cases. Crime and Delinquency, 51 (4), 573–597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fielding, N. and Fielding, J., 1987. A study of resignation during British police training. Journal of Science and Administration, 15, 24–36.
   Google Scholar
• Fitz-enz, J. and Davison, B., 2002. How to measure human resource management. 3rd ed.New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Florida House of Representatives Committee on Corrections. 1996. Correctional Officers: Turnover, Security and Safety. Tallahassee, FL: Florida House of Representatives.
   Google Scholar
• Fry, L., 1983. A preliminary examination of the factors related to turnover of women in law enforcement. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 11, 149–155.
   Google Scholar
• Gudjonsson, G. and Adlam, K., 1985. Occupational stressors among British police officers. Police Journal, 58, 73–80.
   Google Scholar
• Haarr, R.N., 2005. Factors affecting the decision of police recruits to “drop out” of police work. Police Quarterly, 8 (4), 431–453.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, L.M. and Baldwin, J., 1999. Voluntary turnover of field operations officers: a test of confluency theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 27 (6), 483–493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, J., 1993. The plague of small agencies: turnover. Law and Order, 41 (6), 25–28.
   Google Scholar
• Holdaway, S. and Barron, A., 1997. Resigners? The experience of black and Asian police officers. London: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Holtom, B.C., et al., 2008. Turnover and retention research: a glance at the past, a closer review of the present, and a venture into the future. The Academy of Management Annals, 2 (1), 231–274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hom, P.W., et al., 2012. Reviewing employee turnover: focusing on proximal withdrawal states and an expanded criterion. Psychological Bulletin, 138 (5), 831–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hox, J., 2002. Multilevel analysis: techniques and applications. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence.
   Google Scholar
• Ivory, V.C., et al., 2011. When does neighbourhood matter? Multilevel relationships between neighbourhood social fragmentation and mental health. Social Science and Medicine, 72 (12), 1993–2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, S. and Hendry, B., 1991. The money or the job: the decision to leave policing. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 24 (3), 169–189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaramillo, F., Nixon, R., and Sams, D., 2005. The effect of law enforcement stress on organizational commitment. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 28 (2), 321–336.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane, R.J., 2002. The social ecology of police misconduct. Criminology, 40 (4), 867–896.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karasek, R.A., 1979. Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24 (2), 285–357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karasek, R., 1991. The political implications of psychosocial work redesign: a model of the psychosocial class structure. In: J.Johnson and G.Johansson, eds. The psychosocial work environment: work organization, democratization, and health. Amityville, NY: Baywood, 163–190.
   Google Scholar
• Kiekbusch, R., Price, W., and Theis, J., 2003. Turnover predictors: causes of employee turnover in sheriff-operated jails. Criminal Justice Studies, 16 (2), 67–76.
   Google Scholar
• King, W.R., 2000. Measuring police innovation: issues and measurement. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 23 (3), 303–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koper, C., Maguire, E., and Moore, G., 2001. Hiring and retention issues in police agencies: readings on the determinants of police strength, hiring and retention of officers, and the Federal COPS program. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Justice Policy Center.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, E.G., et al., 2013. The relationship between job stressors and job involvement among correctional staff: a test of the job strain model. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 52 (1), 19–38.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, R.T. and Ashforth, B.E., 1996. A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81 (2), 123–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiter, M.P. and Maslach, C., 1988. The impact of interpersonal environment on burnout and organizational commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9 (4), 297–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luechinger, S., Meier, S., and Stutzer, A., 2010. Why does unemployment hurt the employed?: evidence from the life satisfaction gap between the public and the private sector. Journal of Human Resources, 45 (4), 998–1045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch, J. and Tuckey, M., 2004. Understanding voluntary turnover: an examination of resignations in Australasian police organizations. Maiden: Australasian Centre for Policing Research.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch, J.E. and Tuckey, M., 2008. The police turnover problem: fact or fiction?Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies Management, 31 (1), 6–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maertz, C.P. and Kmitta, K.R., 2012. Integrating turnover reasons and shocks with turnover decision processes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81 (1), 26–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathis, R. and Jackson, J., 2008. Human resource management. 12th ed.Mason, OH: Thomson.
   Google Scholar
• McElroy, J.C., Morrow, P.C., and Wardlow, T.R., 1999. A career stage analysis of police officer work commitment. Journal of Criminal Justice, 27 (6), 507–516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre, R., 1990. Why police officers resign: a look at the turnover of police officers in Vermont. Montpelier, VT: Vermont Criminal Justice Center.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, T.R., et al., 2001. Why people stay: using job embeddedness to predict voluntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 44 (6), 1102–1121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morash, M., Haar, R., and Kwak, D., 2006. Multilevel influences on police stress. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 22 (1), 26–43.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Justice, 2004. Hiring and keeping police officers. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Nunn, S., 2001. Police information technology: assessing the effects of computerization on urban police functions. Public Administration Review, 61 (2), 221–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyberg, A.J. and Ployhart, R.E., 2013. Context-emergent turnover (CET) theory: a theory of collective turnover. Academy of Management Review, 38 (1), 109–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orrick, D., 2005. Police turnover. The Police Chief, 72 (9), 100–103.
   Google Scholar
• Orrick, D., 2008. Recruitment, retention, and turnover of police personnel: reliable, practical, and effective solutions. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher.
   Google Scholar
• Pelfrey, W.V., 2004. The inchoate nature of community policing: differences between community policing and traditional police officers. Justice Quarterly, 21 (3), 579–601.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, J.L., 2001. Reflections on the determinants of voluntary turnover. International Journal of Manpower, 22 (7), 600–624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, J. and Mueller, C., 1986. Absenteeism and turnover of hospital employees. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
   Google Scholar
• Raudenbush, S. and Bryk, A., 2002. Hierarchical linear models: applications and data analysis methods. 2nd ed.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Roberg, R., et al., 2011. Police and society. 5th ed.New York: Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Sampson, R.J. and Jeglum-Bartusch, D.J., 1998. Legal cynicism and (subcultural?) Tolerance of deviance: the neighborhood context of racial differences. Law and Society Review, 32 (4), 777–802.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidel, A. and Courtney, M., 1983. Why cops quit – factors influencing police patrol officers' tenure, retention, and resignation. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, B.W., 2004. Structural and organizational predictors of homicide by police. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 27 (4), 539–557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorra, J.S. and Dyer, N., 2010. Multilevel psychometric properties of the AHRQ hospital survey on patient safety culture. BMC Health Services Research, 10 (1), 199–211.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sparger, J. and Giacopassi, D., 1983. Copping out: why police leave the force. In: R.Bennett, ed. Police at work: policy issues and analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 107–124.
   Google Scholar
• Stetz, M., Castro, C. and Bliese, P.2007. The impact of deactivation uncertainty, workload, and organizational constraints on reservists' psychological well-being and turnover intentions. Military Medicine, 172, 576–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vroom, V., 1964. Work and motivation. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Wentland, D., 2009. Organizational performance in a nutshell. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, J.M., 2003. Measurement and association in the structure of municipal police organizations. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 26 (2), 276–297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, J., et al., 2010. Police recruitment and retention for the new Millennium. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, D.S., 2002. Explanations of employment turnover among Alaska village public safety officers. Journal of Criminal Justice, 30 (3), 197–215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, T.A., 1993. Correctional employee turnover: a longitudinal study. Journal of Criminal Justice, 21 (2), 131–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, J. and Lovrich, N., 1997. Collective bargaining and the police: the consequences for supplemental compensation policies in large agencies. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 20 (3), 508–518.
   Google Scholar