Disproportionate minority contact in the U.S. juvenile justice system: a review of the DMC literature, 2001 to 2014, Part II

References

• *Alexander, A. D. 2005. “Examining Race Effects in Juvenile Justice Processing: A Look at Juvenile Waiver in Pennsylvania.” Dissertation Abstracts International, A: The Humanities and Social Sciences 65 (9).
   Google Scholar
• *Bohanan, H. E. 2008. An Analysis of Youth Waived to Superior Court in North Carolina. Greensboro, N.C.: College of Arts & Sciences: Sociology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
   Google Scholar
• *Brownfield, D., and A. M. Sorenson. 2001. “Gang Membership, Race, and Social Class: A Test of the Group Hazard and Master Status Hypotheses.” Deviant Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Journal 22: 73–89. doi:10.1080/016396201750065810.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Bray, T. M., L. L. Sample, and K. Kempf–Leonard. 2005. “Justice by Geography: Racial Disparity and Juvenile Courts.” In Our Children, Their Children, edited by D. F. Hawkins and K. Kempf–Leonard. Chicago, IL.: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• *Carmichael, D., G. Whitten, and M. Voloudakis. 2005. Study of Minority Overrepresentation in the Texas Juvenile Justice System: Final Report. College Station, Texas: Public Policy Research Institute, Texas A&M University.
   Google Scholar
• *Chatterji, P., and A. Cuellar. 2006. How Do Youth with Mental Disorders Fare in the Juvenile Justice System? NBER Working Paper Series. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• *Cauffman, E., A. R. Piquero, E. Kimonis, L. Steinberg, L. Chassin, and J. Fagan. 2007. “Legal, Individual, and Environmental Predictors of Court Disposition in a Sample of Serious Adolescent Offenders.” Law & Human Behavior 31: 519–535. doi:10.1007/s10979-006-9076-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Campbell, D. G. 2008. “The Impact of Gender, Ethnicity, and Instant Offense on the Adjudication and Disposition Stages of Juvenile Justice Court Cases in Broward County, Florida.” Dissertation Abstracts International, A: The Humanities and Social Sciences 69 (3).
   Google Scholar
• *Burke, A. S. 2009. “Gender and Justice: An Examination of Policy and Practice regarding Judicial Waiver.” Dissertation Abstracts International, A: The Humanities and Social Sciences 69 (8).
   Google Scholar
• *Barela–Bloom, C., and N. P. Unnithan. 2009. “Hispanics and Juvenile Court Dispositions: A County-Level Study.” Criminal Justice Studies 22 (3): 331–344. doi:10.1080/14786010903167153.
   Google Scholar
• *Carmichael, J. T. 2010. “Sentencing Disparities for Juvenile Offenders Sentenced to Adult Prisons: An Individual and Contextual Analysis.” Journal of Criminal Justice 38 (4): 747–757. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.05.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Chappell, A., T. Scott, R. Maggard, and J. L. Higgins. 2013. “Exceptions to the Rule? Exploring the Use of Overrides in Detention Risk Assessments.” Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 11 (4): 332–348. doi:10.1177/1541204012470849.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Brown, J. M., and J. R. Sorensen. 2014. “Legal and Extra-Legal Factors Related to the Imposition of Blended Sentences.” Criminal Justice Policy Review 25 (2): 227–241. doi:10.1177/0887403412465431.
   Google Scholar
• *Caudill, J. W., C. R. Trulson, J. W. Marquart, and D. Matt. 2014. “On Gang Affiliation, Gang Databases, and Prosecutorial Outcomes.” Crime & Delinquency 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Charish, C., S. Davis, and K. Damphousse. 2004. Race/Ethnicity and Gender Effects on Juvenile Justice System Processing: Final Report. Prepared for the Oklahoma Office of Juvenile Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• *Cheesman, F., T. Cohen, D. Dancy, M. Kleiman, N. Mott, and H. Green. 2002. Blended Sentencing in Minnesota: On Target for Justice and Public Safety? Williamsburg, Virginia: National Center for State Courts.
   Google Scholar
• *Albright, D. 2003. “Gender-Blind Justice: An Analysis of Dispositional Outcomes in the Juvenile Justice System.” Dissertation, Louisville, Ky.: University of Louisville.
   Google Scholar
• *Barrett, D. E., A. Katsiyannis, and D. Zhang. 2006. “Predictors of Offense Severity, Prosecution, Incarceration, and Repeat Violations for Adolescent Male and Female Offenders.” Journal of Child & Family Studies 15 (6): 708–718. doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9044-y.
   Google Scholar
• *Degue, S., M. Scalora, D. Ullman, and D. Gallavan. 2008. “In-Home or Out-of-Home?: Predicting Long-Term Placement Recommendations for Juvenile Offenders.” International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 7 (1): 15–27. doi:10.1080/14999013.2008.9914400.
   Google Scholar
• *Crutchfield, R., M. L. Skinner, K. P. Haggerty, A. McGlynn, and R. F. Catalano. 2009. “Racial Disparities in Early Criminal Justice Involvement.” Race and Social Problems 1 (4): 218–230. doi:10.1007/s12552-009-9018-y.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Barrett, D. E., A. Katsiyannis, and D. Zhang. 2010. “Predictors of Offense Severity, Adjudication, Incarceration, and Repeat Referrals for Juvenile Offenders.” Remedial and Special Education 31 (4): 261–275. doi:10.1177/0741932509355990.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Chauhan, P. N., D. Reppucci, M. Burnette, and S. Reiner. 2010. “Race, Neighborhood Disadvantage, and Antisocial Behavior among Female Juvenile Offenders.” Journal of Community Psychology 38 (4): 532–540. doi:10.1002/jcop.20377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Cheesman, F. L., and N. L. Waters. 2010. “Who Gets A Second Chance? An Investigation Of Ohio’s Blended Juvenile Sentence.” Journal of Health & Human Services Administration 33 (3): 406–450.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *D’Angelo, J., M. P. Brown, and J. Strozewski. 2013. “Missouri: An Examination of the Relationship between the Source of Referral to Juvenile Court and Severity of Sentencing Outcomes.” Criminal Justice Policy Review 24 (4): 395–421. doi:10.1177/0887403412437408.
   Google Scholar
• *Ene-Korubo, O. A. 2011. “Characteristics of Juveniles Charged with Domestic Violence in the Jefferson County Family Court and the Effect of Prior Domestic Violence Conviction on Case Disposition.” Dissertation, University of Alabama at Birmingham.
   Google Scholar
• *Espinosa, E. M., J. R. Sorensen, and M. A. Lopez. 2013. “Youth Pathways to Placement: The Influence of Gender, Mental Health Need and Trauma on Confinement in the Juvenile Justice System.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 42 (12): 1824–1836. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9798-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fader, J. J., P. W. Harris, P. R. Jones, and M. E. Poulin. 2001. “Factors Involved in Decisions on Commitment to Delinquency Programs for First-Time Juvenile Offenders.” Justice Quarterly 18 (2): 323–341. doi:10.1080/07418820100094921.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Gamble, T. J., S. Sonnenberg, J. D. Haltigan, and A. Cuzzola-Kern. 2002. “Detention Screening: Prospects for Population Management and the Examination of Disproportionality by Race, Age, and Gender.” Criminal Justice Policy Review 13 (4): 380–395. doi:10.1177/088740302237805.
   Google Scholar
• *Armstrong, G. S., and N. Rodriguez. 2005. “Effects of Individual and Contextual Characteristics on Preadjudication Detention of Juvenile Delinquents.” Justice Quarterly 22 (4): 521–539. doi:10.1080/07418820500364643.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Freiburger, T. L., and A. S. Burke. 2010. “Adjudication Decisions of Black, White, Hispanic, and Native American Youth in Juvenile Court.” Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 8 (4): 231–247. doi:10.1080/15377938.2010.526852.
   Google Scholar
• *Armstrong, G. S., and B. Kim. 2011. “Juvenile Penalties for “Lawyering Up”: The Role of Counsel and Extralegal Case Characteristics.” Crime & Delinquency 57 (6): 827–848. doi:10.1177/0011128711420101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Gilman, A. B. 2014. “Incarceration and the Life Course: Predictors, Correlates, and Consequences of Juvenile Incarceration.” Dissertation, University of Washigton.
   Google Scholar
• *Guevara, L., C. Spohn, and D. Herz. 2004. “Race, Legal Representation, and Juvenile Justice: Issues and Concerns.” Crime & Delinquency 50 (3): 344–371. doi:10.1177/0011128704264514.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Haas, S. M., and S. A. Summers. 2004. Racial Disparity and the Juvenile Justice Process: A Multistage Analysis for the State of West Virginia, Final Report. Huntington, W.Va.: Marshall University Criminal Justice Department.
   Google Scholar
• *Guevara, L., D. C. Herz, and C. Spohn. 2006. “Gender and Juvenile Justice Decision-Making: What Role Does Race Play?” Feminist Criminology 1 (4): 258–282. doi:10.1177/1557085106292778.
   Google Scholar
• *Hayes–Smith, J., and R. Hayes–Smith. 2009. “Race, Racial Context, and Withholding Adjudication in Drug Cases: A Multilevel Examination of Juvenile Justice.” Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 7 (3): 163–185. doi:10.1080/15377930903140300.
   Google Scholar
• *Harig, T., W. Feyerherm, M. Cohen, R. Stephenson, and E. Spinney. 2012. Statewide Assessment of Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) in the Virginia Juvenile Justice System Final Report. Bethesda, Md.: Development Services Group.
   Google Scholar
• *Hickert, A. O., E. E. Becker, and R. Butters. 2011. Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) Diversion Assessment: Fiscal Year 2009 Juvenile Court Referrals. Salt Lake City, Ut.: Utah Criminal Justice Center, University of Utah.
   Google Scholar
• Higgins, G. E., M. L. Ricketts, J. D. Griffith, and S. A. Jirard. 2013. “Race and Juvenile Incarceration: A Propensity Score Matching Examination.” American Journal of Criminal Justice 38: 1–12. doi:10.1007/s12103-012-9162-6.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, C. M. 2004. “An Analysis of Juvenile Justice Decision-Making and Its Effect on Disproportionate Minority Contact.” Dissertation Abstracts International, A: the Humanities and Social Sciences 65 (2).
   Google Scholar
• *Hobbs, N., Behrens, and Wulf-Ludden. 2012. Nebraska State DMC Assessment. Omaha, Neb.: UNO Juvenile Justice Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Hollist, D., J. Coolidge, W. Delano, I. Greenwood, M. King, T. McLean, P. McKay, C. Harris, J. Burfeind, and D. Doyle. 2012. Assessing the Mechanisms that Contribute to Disproprtionate Minority Contact in Montana’s Juvenile Justice System. Missoula, Mont: Social Science Research Laboratory, University of Montana.
   Google Scholar
• Holman, B., and J. Ziedenberg. 2006. The Dangers of Detention: The Impact of Incarcerating Youth in Detention and Other Secure Facilities. Washington, D.C.: Justice Policy Institute.
   Google Scholar
• *Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority (Research and Analysis Unit). 2003. A Study of Disproportionate Minority Representation in the Cook County Juvenile Justice System: Part I: An Assessment of Disproportionate Minority Representation at Key Decision Points in the Cook County Juvenile Justice System.
   Google Scholar
• *Huizinga, D., T. P. Thornberry, K. E. Knight, P. Lovegrove, R. Loeber, K. G. Hill, and D. P. Farrington. 2007. Disproportionate Minority Contact in the Juvenile Justice System: A Study of Differential Minority Arrest/Referral to Court in Three Cities.
   Google Scholar
• *Jordan, K. L., and D. L. Myers. 2007. “The Decertification of Transferred Youth: Examining the Determinants of Reverse Waiver.” Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 5 (2): 188–206. doi:10.1177/1541204006295150.
   Google Scholar
• *Johnson, D. P. 2009. Gender and Juvenile Case Processing: A Look at Texas. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas.
   Google Scholar
• *Jordan, K. L., and T. L. Freiburger. 2010. “Examining the Impact of Race and Ethnicity on the Sentencing of Juveniles in the Adult Court.” Criminal Justice Policy Review 21 (2): 185–201. doi:10.1177/0887403409354738.
   Google Scholar
• Kirk, D. S. 2008. “The Neighborhood Context Of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Arrest.” Demography 45 (1): 55-77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirk, D. S. 2009. “Unraveling The Contextual Effects on Student Suspension and Juvenile Arrest: The Independent and Interdependent Influences Of School, Neighborhood, and Family Social Controls.” Criminology 47 (2): 479-520. doi:10.1111/crim.2009.47.issue-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurlychek, M. C., and B. D. Johnson. 2004. “The Juvenile Penalty: a Comparison Of Juvenile and Young Adult Sentencing Outcomes in Criminal Court.” Criminology 42 (2): 485-515. doi:10.1111/crim.2004.42.issue-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Kwak, D.-H. 2004. “The Interaction of Age, Gender, and Race/Ethnicity on Juvenile Justice Decision Making in Nebraska: The Comparisons of White, Black.” Dissertation, Hispanic, and Native American. University of Nebraska.
   Google Scholar
• Leiber, M. J. 2003. “The Individual and Joint Effects of Race, Gender, and Family Status on Juvenile Justice Decision-Making.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 40 (1): 34–70. doi:10.1177/0022427802239253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiber, M. J., K. Y. Mack, and R. A. Featherstone. 2009. “Family Structure, Family Processes, Economic Factors, and Delinquency: Similarities and Differences by Race and Ethnicity.” Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 7 (2): 79–99. doi:10.1177/1541204008327144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Leiber, M. J., and K. Y. Mack. 2002. “Race, Age, and Juvenile Justice Decision-Making.” Journal of Crime and Justice 25 (2): 23–47. doi:10.1080/0735648X.2002.9721156.
   Google Scholar
• *Leiber, M. J., and K. C. Fox. 2005. “Race and the Impact of Detention on Juvenile Justice Decision-Making.” Crime & Delinquency 51 (4): 470–497. doi:10.1177/0011128705275976.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Lemmon, J. H., T. L. Austin, P. J. Verrecchia, and M. D. Fetzer. 2005. “The Effect of Legal and Extralegal Factors on Statutory Exclusion of Juvenile Offenders.” Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 3 (3): 214–234. doi:10.1177/1541204005276263.
   Google Scholar
• *Leiber, M. J., J. D. Johnson, and K. C. Fox. 2006a. An Examination of the Factors that Influence Justice Decision-Making in Anchorage and Fairbanks, Alaska: An Assessment Study. Prepared for Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Juvenile Justice.
   Google Scholar
• *Leiber, M. J. 2006b. An Examination of the Factors that Influence Juvenile Justice Decision-Making in the Jurisdictions of Black Hawk, Johnson, Linn, and Scott, Iowa: An Assessment Study. Des Moines, Iowa: Prepared for the Iowa Division of Criminal and Juvenile Justice Planning.
   Google Scholar
• *Leiber, M. J., J. D. Johnson, K. C. Fox, and R. Lacks. 2007. “Differentiating among Racial/Ethnic Groups and Its Implications for Understanding Juvenile Justice Decision-Making.” Journal of Criminal Justice 35 (5): 471–484. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2007.07.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Leiber, M. J., K. C. Fox, and R. Lacks. 2007. Race and Detention Decision-Making and the Impact on Juvenile Court Outcomes in Black Hawk County, Iowa. Prepared for Black Hawk Juvenile Court Services and the State of Iowa Division of Criminal and Juvenile Justice Planning.
   Google Scholar
• *Leiber, M. J., and J. D. Johnson. 2008. “Being Young and Black: What are Their Effects on Juvenile Justice Decision-Making?” Crime & Delinquency 54 (4): 560–581. doi:10.1177/0011128707308857.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Leiber, M. J., S. J. Brubaker, and K. C. Fox. 2009. “A Closer Look at the Individual and Joint Effects of Gender and Race on Juvenile Justice Decision-Making.” Feminist Criminology 4 (4): 333–358. doi:10.1177/1557085109338564.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Aalsma, M. C., Y. Tong, K. Lane, B. Katz, and M. B. Rosenman. 2012. “Use of Outpatient Care by Juvenile Detainees upon Community Reentry: Effects of Mental Health Screening and Referral.” Psychiatric Services 63 (10): 997–1003. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201100550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Macdonald, J. M., and M. Chesney–Lind. 2001. “Gender Bias and Juvenile Justice Revisited: A Multiyear Analysis.” Crime & Delinquency 47 (2): 173–195. doi:10.1177/0011128701047002002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Macdonald, J. M. 2003. “The Effect of Ethnicity on Juvenile Court Decision-Making in Hawaii.” Youth Society 35 (2): 243–263. doi:10.1177/0044118X03255038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Mccluskey, J. D., S. P. Varano, B. M. Huebner, and T. S. Bynum. 2004. “Who Do You Refer? the Effects of a Policy Change on Juvenile Referrals.” Criminal Justice Policy Review 15 (4): 437–461. doi:10.1177/0887403403261276.
   Google Scholar
• *Maume, M. O., R. C. Toth, and J. W. Spears. 2006. “Race in Context: The Impact of Structural Factors on Racial Differences in Juvenile Court Processing.” International Review of Modern Sociology 32 (1): 53–73.
   Google Scholar
• *Mccarter, S. A. 2009. “Legal and Extralegal Factors Affecting Minority Overrepresentation in Virginia’s Juvenile Justice System: A Mixed-Method Study.” Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 26 (6): 533–544. doi:10.1007/s10560-009-0185-x.
   Google Scholar
• *Matsumura, S. K. (2010). “Justice for All? How Race Influences the Intake Process in Juvenile Court.“ Dissertation Abstracts International, A: The Humanities and Social Sciences 71(3).
   Google Scholar
• *Mallett, C. A., and P. Stoddard-Dare. 2010. “Predicting Secure Detention Placement for African-American Juvenile Offenders: Addressing the Disproportionate Minority Confinement Problem.” Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 8 (2): 91–103. doi:10.1080/15377931003761011.
   Google Scholar
• *Mccoy, T., J. T. Walker, and H. Elaine Rodney. 2012. “Predicting Preadjudication Detention Decisions: An Examination of Family Status and Race.” Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 10: 87–107. doi:10.1080/15377938.2012.669652.
   Google Scholar
• Mcguire, M. D. 2002a. “Cumulative Disadvantage as an Explanation for Observed Disproportionality within the Juvenile Justice System: An Empirical Test.” Juvenile and Family Court Journal 53 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6988.2002.tb00052.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Mcguire, M. D. 2002b. “Interactive Effects of Race, Sex, and Offense Severity on Detention Processing Decisions.” Journal for Juvenile Justice and Detention Services 17 (2): 59–78.
   Google Scholar
• *Myers, D. L. 2003. “The Recidivism of Violent Youths in Juvenile and Adult Court: A Consideration of Selection Bias.” Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 1 (1): 79–101. doi:10.1177/1541204002238365.
   Google Scholar
• *Moore, L. D., and I. Padavic. 2010. “Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Girls’ Sentencing in the Juvenile Justice System.” Feminist Criminology 5: 263–285. doi:10.1177/1557085110380583.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Neeley, E., M. N. Herian, and A. Hobbs. 2013. Kansas State DMC Assessment. Objective Advantage, LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Nellis, A., and B. Richardson. 2010. “Getting beyond Failure: Promising Approaches for Reducing DMC.” Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. doi:10.1177/1541204009361180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Osterhoff, W. E., A. Permaloff, and C. Grafton. 2002. Disproportionate Confinement and Processing of Minority Youth in Alabama. doi:10.1044/1059-0889(2002/er01)
   Google Scholar
• *O’Neill, B. F. 2002. “Influences on Detention Decisions in the Juvenile Justice System.” Juvenile and Family Court Journal 53 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6988.2002.tb00055.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *O’Neill, B. F. 2004. “Influences on Disposition Decisions in the Juvenile Justice System.” Journal for Juvenile Justice Services 19 (½): 29–46.
   Google Scholar
• *New Mexico Sentencing Commission. 2012. State of New Mexico Disproportionate Minority Contact Statewide Assessment: Preliminary Report. Albuquerque, NM.
   Google Scholar
• Pope, C. E., R. Lovell, and H. M. Hsia. 2002. Disproportionate Minority Confinement: A Review of the Research Literature from 1989 through 2001. Edited by OJJDP. Washington, D.C.
   Google Scholar
• *Pope, C. E., and H. N. Snyder. 2003. “Race as a Factor in Juvenile Arrests.” In OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, D.C.
   Google Scholar
• *Ray, K. E. B., and L. F. Alarid. 2004. “Examining Racial Disparity of Male Property Offenders in the Missouri Juvenile Justice System.” Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 2 (2): 107–128. doi:10.1177/1541204003262228.
   Google Scholar
• *Rodriguez, N. 2005. “Restorative Justice, Communities, and Delinquency: Whom Do We Reintegrate?” Criminology & Public Policy 4 (1): 103–130. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2005.00010.x.
   Google Scholar
• *Rodriguez, N. 2007. “Juvenile Court Context and Detention Decisions: Reconsidering the Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Community Characteristics in Juvenile Court Processes.” Justice Quarterly 24 (4): 629–656. doi:10.1080/07418820701717144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Rodriguez, N. 2008. Multilevel Analysis of Juvenile Court Processes: The Importance of Community Characteristics. Submitted to the National Institute of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• *Richetelli, D., M. Eliot, C. Hartstone, and K. L. Murphy. 2009. A Second Reassessment of Disproportionate Minority Contact in Connecticut’s Juvenile Justice System. Avon, Conn.: Spectrum Associates Market Research.
   Google Scholar
• *Rodriguez, N., H. Smith, and M. S. Zatz. 2009. “Youth Is Enmeshed in a Highly Dysfunctional Family System: Exploring the Relationship among Dysfunctional Families, Parental Incarceration, and Juvenile Court Decision-Making.” Criminology 47 (1): 117–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Prichard, J. M. 2010. “An Examination of Factors Related to Disproportionate Minority Contact within the Juvenile Justice System in Baltimore County, Maryland.” Dissertation, University of Maryland, Baltimore County.
   Google Scholar
• *Quinn, S. T. (2010). “The Gang Member Label and Juvenile Justice Decision-making.” Dissertation, Florida State University.
   Google Scholar
• *Reynolds, A. 2011. “Treatment of Minority Youth Offenders in the Criminal Justice System: An Analysis of “Juvenile Defendants in Criminal Courts (JDCC): Survey of 40 Counties in the United States, 1998.” Master’s Thesis, Southern Connecticut State University.
   Google Scholar
• *Ryan, J. P., D. Herz, P. M. Hernandez, and J. M. Marshall. 2007. “Maltreatment and Delinquency: Investigating Child Welfare Bias in Juvenile Justice Processing.” Children & Youth Services Review 29: 1035–1050. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.04.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Shook, J., and S. Goodkind. 2009. “Racial Disproportionality in Juvenile Justice: The Interaction of Race and Geography in Pretrial Detention for Violent and Serious Offenses.” Race and Social Problems 1 (4): 257–266. doi:10.1007/s12552-009-9021-3.
   Google Scholar
• *Schwalbe, C. S., S. S. Hatcher, and T. Maschi. 2009. “The Effects of Treatment Needs and Prior Social Services Use on Juvenile Court Decision-Making.” Social Work Research 33 (1): 31–40. doi:10.1093/swr/33.1.31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Samuelson, B. K. 2010. “Mechanisms of Juvenile Transfer: Variations in Incarceration and Sentence Length in Criminal Court.” Dissertation, University of Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• *Ross, J. J. 2010. “The Transition from Parens Patriae to Due Process in the New York Family Court: Effects on the Courtroom Interaction of Judge and Lawyers, and the Disposition of Juvenile Cases.” Dissertation, University of Buffalo, State University of New York.
   Google Scholar
• *Sridharan, S., L. Greenfield, and B. Blakely. 2004. “A Study of Prosecutorial Certification Practice in Virginia.” Criminology and Public Policy 3 (4): 605–632. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2004.tb00067.x.
   Google Scholar
• *Stone Motes, T. A. Patricia, J. P. Payne, A. B. Rivers, J. M. MacDonald, and C. O. Smith. 2004. Minorities in South Carolina’s Juvenile Justice System: Understanding the Disparities and Assessing Community Readiness for Change Disproportionate Minority Contact Project.
   Google Scholar
• *Steiner, B. 2005. “Predicting Sentencing Outcomes and Time Served for Juveniles Transferred to Criminal Court in a Rural Northwestern State.” Journal of Criminal Justice 33 (6): 601–610. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2005.08.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Tracy, P. E. 2005. “Race, Ethnicity, and Juvenile Justice: Is There Bias in Postarrest Decision-Making?” In Our Children, Their Children, edited by D. F. Hawkins and K. Kempf–Leonard. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• *Steiner, B. 2009. “Effects of Juvenile Transfer to Criminal Court on Incarceration Decisions.” Justice Quarterly 26 (1): 77–106. doi:10.1080/07418820802119943.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Tapia, M. A. 2010. “Untangling Race and Class Effects on Juvenile Arrests.” Journal of Criminal Justice 38 (3): 255–265. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.03.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Trulson, C. R., J. W. Caudill, S. H. Belshaw, and M. DeLisi. 2011. “A Problem of Fit: Extreme Delinquents, Blended Sentencing, and the Determinants of Continued Adult Sanctions.” Criminal Justice Policy Review 22 (3): 263–284. doi:10.1177/0887403410370618.
   Google Scholar
• *Singer, S. I. 2011. “Sentencing Juveniles to Life in Prison: The Reproduction of Juvenile Justice for Young Adolescents Charged with Murder.” Crime & Delinquency 57 (6): 969–986. doi:10.1177/0011128710396426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Tapia, M. A. 2011a. “Gang Membership and Race as Risk Factors for Juvenile Arrest.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 48 (3): 364–395. doi:10.1177/0022427810393013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Tapia, M. A. 2011b. “U.S. Juvenile Arrests: Gang Membership, Social Class, and Labeling Effects.” Youth & Society 43 (4): 1407–1432. doi:10.1177/0044118X10386083.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Stafford, D. W. 2013. “Predictive Factors Effecting Outcomes for Juvenile Delinquent Cases in Tennessee.” Dissertation, Tennessee State University.
   Google Scholar
• Stafford, D. W. 2013. Predictive factors effecting outcomes for juvenile delinquent cases in Tennessee (Doctoral dissertation, Tennessee State University).
   Google Scholar
• *Veysey, B. M., M. Grillo, and Z. Hamilton. 2004. Characteristics and Outcomes of Justice-Involved Girls with Mental Health and Substance Abuse Disorders. 17th Annual Conference Proceedings – A System of Care for Children’s Mental Health: Expanding the Research Base, Research and Training Center for Children’s Mental Health.
   Google Scholar
• *Yoder, K. A., E. A. Muñoz, L. B. Whitbeck, D. R. Hoyt, and B. J. McMorris. 2005. “Arrests among Homeless and Runaway Youths: The Effects of Race and Gender.” Journal of Crime and Justice 28 (1): 35–58. doi:10.1080/0735648X.2005.9721206.
   Google Scholar
• *Webb, P. 2006. “Predicting Pre-Adjudicatory Detention Decisions: An Investigation of Legal and Extralegal Factors.” Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 4 (4): 37–50.
   Google Scholar
• Young, D., C. Yancey, S. Betsinger, and J. Farrell. 2011. Disproportionate Minority Contact in the Maryland Juvenile Justice System. College Park, MD: Institute for Governmental Service and Research, University of Maryland.
   Google Scholar