References
- Ad Fontes Media. 2021. “Media Bias Chart 7.0.” January https://www.adfontesmedia.com/static-mbc/
- AllSides. 2021. “Media Bias Ratings.” https://www.allsides.com/media-bias/media-bias-ratings
- Altheide, D. L. 1997. “The News Media, the Problem Frame, and the Production of Fear.” The Sociological Quarterly 38 (4): 647–668. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1997.tb00758.x.
- Altheide, D. L. 2013. “The News Media, the Problem Frame, and the Production of Fear.” The Sociological Quarterly 38 (4): 647–688. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1997.tb00758.x.
- Bakhshay, S., and C. Haney. 2018. “The Media’s Impact on the Right to a Fair Trial: A Content Analysis of Pretrial Publicity in Capital Cases.” Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 24 (3): 326–340. doi:10.1037/law0000174.
- Bandes, S. 2004. “Fear Factor: The Role of Media in Covering and Shaping the Death Penalty.” Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 1 (2): 585–598. doi:10.2139/ssrn.413385.
- Baptiste, N. 2019. “The Trump Administration Announced It’s Bringing Back the Federal Death Penalty. Is It That Simple?” Mother Jones. https://www.motherjones.com/crime-justice/2019/07/the-trump-administration-announced-its-bringing-back-the-federal-death-penalty-is-it-that-simple/
- Baptiste, N. 2020a. “Biden Once Championed the Death Penalty. Now He Wants to Stop Trump’s Execution Spree.” Mother Jones. https://www.motherjones.com/crime-justice/2020/11/biden-once-championed-the-death-penalty-now-he-wants-to-stop-trumps-execution-spree/
- Baptiste, N. 2020b. “The Deaths Trump Wants You to See and the Deaths He Wants You to Ignore.” Mother Jones. https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2020/07/the-deaths-trump-wants-you-to-see-and-the-deaths-he-wants-you-to-ignore/
- Baranauskas, A. J. 2022. “News Media and Public Attitudes Toward the Protests of 2020: An Examination of the Mediating Role of Perceived Protester Violence.” Criminology & Public Policy 21 (1): 107–123. doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12569.
- Baranauskas, A. J., and K. M. Drakulich. 2018. “Media Construction of Crime Revisited: Media Types, Consumer Contexts, and Frames of Crime and Justice.” Criminology 56 (4): 679–714. doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12189.
- Baumgartner, F. R. 2021. “If Biden Abolishes the Federal Death Penalty, He’ll Have More Support Than You Think.” The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/08/03/if-biden-abolishes-federal-death-penalty-hell-have-more-support-than-you-think/
- Baumgartner, F. R., S. L. De Boef, and A. E. Boydstun. 2009. The Decline of the Death Penalty and the Discovery of Innocence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Beckett, K. 1997. Making Crime Pay: Law and Order in Contemporary American Politics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Bellware, K. 2020. “Trump’s Record-Breaking Spree of Federal Executions Could Come to an End Under Biden.” The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/11/11/biden-federal-executions/
- Benford, R. D., and D. A. Snow. 2000. “Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment.” Annual Review of Sociology 26 (1): 611–639. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611.
- Berman, M., and M. Flynn 2019. “Federal Judge Blocks Trump Administration’s Plans to Resume Executions.” The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/11/21/william-barr-death-penalty-halted-federal-judge/
- Berman, M., and M. Zapotosky 2020. “Trump Administration Sets Wave of Executions for Days Leading Up to Biden Inauguration.” The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/federal-executions-accelerate-before-biden-inauguration/2020/12/02/34db45e0-340d-11eb-b59c-adb7153d10c2_story.html
- Berns, N. 2009. “Contesting the Victim Card: Closure Discourse and Emotion in Death Penalty Rhetoric.” The Sociological Quarterly 50 (3): 383–406. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2009.01145.x.
- Best, P. 2020. “Justice Department Schedules Executions for Three More Inmates Before Biden Takes Office.” Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/us/justice-department-more-federal-executions-scheduled
- Bohm, R. M. 2017. Deathquest: An Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Capital Punishment in the United States. 5th ed. New York: Routledge.
- Branigin, A. 2020. “The Jurors Who Sentenced Brandon Bernard Say He Shouldn’t Die. He’s Still Scheduled to Be Executed.” The Root. https://www.theroot.com/the-jurors-who-sentenced-brandon-bernard-say-he-shouldn-1845836991
- Britt, C. L. 1998. “Race, Religion, and Support for the Death Penalty: A Research Note.” Justice Quarterly 15 (1): 175–191. doi:10.1080/07418829800093681.
- Britto, S., and K. E. Noga-Styron. 2014. “Media Consumption and Support for Capital Punishment.” Criminal Justice Review 39 (1): 81–100. doi:10.1177/0734016814522645.
- Bruenig, E. 2021. “The Government Has Not Explained How These 13 People Were Selected to Die.” The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/18/opinion/federal-death-penalty.html
- Carlisle, M. 2021. “Why It’s so Significant Virginia Just Abolished the Death Penalty.” Time. https://time.com/5937804/virginia-death-penalty-abolished/
- Carrega, C. 2020a. “DOJ Set to Execute 5 Federal Prisoners Before Inauguration Day.” CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/25/politics/barr-trump-federal-executions/index.html
- Carrega, C. 2020b. “Two Black Men Have Been Executed Within Two Days. Two More are Set to Die Before Biden’s Inauguration.” CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/12/us/brandon-bernard-alfred-bourgeois-executions/index.html
- Claiborne, S. 2019. “The Death Penalty is a Failed Experiment in the U.S.” Sojourners. https://sojo.net/articles/death-penalty-failed-experiment-us
- Dardis, F. E., F. R. Baumgartner, A. E. Boydstun, S. De Boef, and F. Shen. 2008. “Media Framing of Capital Punishment and Its Impact on individuals’ Cognitive Responses.” Mass Communication & Society 11 (2): 115–140. doi:10.1080/15205430701580524.
- Davidson, J. 2021. “‘Say Their Names’: Democrat Congresswoman Demands Tribute to White Supremacist Murderer.” The Federalist. https://thefederalist.com/2021/01/18/say-their-names-democrat-congresswoman-demands-tribute-to-white-supremacist-murderer/
- Death Penalty Information Center. 2021. “Facts About the Death Penalty.” https://documents.deathpenaltyinfo.org/pdf/FactSheet.pdf
- Demker, M., A. Towns, G. Duus-Otterström, and J. Sebring. 2008. “Fear and Punishment in Sweden: Exploring Penal Attitudes.” Punishment & Society 10 (3): 319–332. doi:10.1177/1462474508090228.
- de Vogue, A., C. Duster, and D. Shortell 2020. “Daniel Lewis Lee Executed After Supreme Court Clears the Way for First Federal Execution in 17 Years.” CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/14/politics/daniel-lewis-lee-supreme-court-rule-execution/index.html
- Domke, D., D. V. Shah, and D. B. Wackman. 1998. “Media Priming Effects: Accessibility, Association, and Activation.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 10 (1): 51–74. doi:10.1093/ijpor/10.1.51.
- Drakulich, K., J. Hagan, D. Johnson, and K. H. Wozniak. 2017. “Race, Justice, Policing, and the 2016 American Presidential Election.” Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 14 (1): 7–33. doi:10.1017/S1742058X1600031X.
- Entman, R. M. 1993. “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm.” The Journal of Communication 43 (4): 51–58. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x.
- Frost, N. A., and N. D. Phillips. 2011. “Talking Heads: Crime Reporting on Cable News.” Justice Quarterly 28 (1): 87–112. doi:10.1080/07418820903173336.
- Fuchs, H. 2020. “Virus Hits Federal Death Row, Prompting Calls for Delays in Executions.” The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/21/us/politics/coronavirus-death-row-executions.html?searchResultPosition=3
- Fuchs, H. 2021. U.S. Executes Dustin Higgs for Role in 3 1996 Murders. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/16/us/politics/dustin-higgs-executed.html?searchResultPosition=1
- Gamson, W. A. 1988. “Political Discourse and Collective Action.” International Social Movement Research 1 (2): 219–244.
- Gamson, W. A., and A. Modigliani. 1989. “Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach.” The American Journal of Sociology 95 (1): 1–37. doi:10.1086/229213.
- Grabe, M. E., and D. G. Drew. 2007. “Crime Cultivation: Comparisons Across Media Genres and Channels.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 51 (1): 147–171. doi:10.1080/08838150701308143.
- Graber, D. A. 1980. Crime News and the Public. New York: Praeger.
- Haney, C. 2009. “Media Criminology and the Death Penalty.” DePaul Law Review 58 (3): 689–740.
- Haney, C., and S. Greene. 2004. “Capital Constructions: Newspaper Reporting in Death Penalty Cases.” Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 4 (1): 129–150. doi:10.1111/j.1530-2415.2004.00038.x.
- Harsanyi, D. 2020. “Wanted: An Honest Debate About the Death Penalty.” National Review. https://www.nationalreview.com/2020/12/wanted-an-honest-debate-about-the-death-penalty/
- Holbert, R. L., D. V. Shah, and N. Kwak. 2004. “Fear, Authority, and Justice: Crime-Related TV Viewing and Endorsements of Capital Punishment and Gun Ownership.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 81 (2): 343–363. doi:10.1177/107769900408100208.
- Iyengar, S. 1991. Is Anyone Responsible?: How Television Frames Political Issues. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Jacobs, D., and J. T. Carmichael. 2002. “The Political Sociology of the Death Penalty: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis.” American Sociological Review 67 (1): 109–131. doi:10.2307/3088936.
- Jacoby, J. E., E. F. Bronson, A. R. Wilczak, J. M. Mack, D. Suter, Q. Xu, and S. P. Rosenmerkel. 2008. “The Newsworthiness of Executions.” The Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture 15 (2): 168–188.
- Jeltsen, M. 2021. “Inside the Race to Save the Only Woman on Federal Death Row.” Huffington Post. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/lisa-montgomery-federal-death-row_n_5ff73114c5b61a92a8c0861a
- Jewkes, Y. 2015. Media & Crime. 3rd ed. London: Sage.
- Jones, J. M. 2020. “U.S. Support for Death Penalty Holds Above Majority Level.” Gallup. https://news.gallup.com/poll/325568/support-death-penalty-holds-above-majority-level.aspx
- Jurkowitz, M., A. Mitchell, E. Shearer, and M. Walker 2020. “U.S. Media Polarization and the 2020 Election: A Nation Divided.” January 24. https://www.journalism.org/2020/01/24/u-s-media-polarization-and-the-2020-election-a-nation-divided/
- Kaur, H. 2020. “The US Plans to Execute a Man for a Crime He Committed at 19. Scientists Say the Research on Brain Development Makes That Wrong.” CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/24/us/christopher-vialva-execution-brain-development-trnd/index.html
- Kim, C. 2019. “The Trump Administration is Bringing Back Federal Executions.” Vox. https://www.vox.com/2019/7/25/8930191/federal-execution-death-penalty-bill-barr-trump-administration
- Kim, M., and H. -J. Kwon. 2010. “How Media Partisanship Aggravates Conflicts Between Human Rights and Social Justice: A Study on News Objectivity of Capital Punishment.” OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development 1 (10): 25–29.
- King, M. L. I. 2021. “Opinion: Martin Luther King Jr. Abhorred the Death Penalty. Executing Black Men on His Birthday Would Dishonor Him.” The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/01/14/mlk-birthday-executions-death-penalty/
- Kleck, G., and D. B. Jackson. 2017. “Does Crime Cause Punitiveness?” Crime & Delinquency 63 (12): 1573–1599. doi:10.1177/0011128716638503.
- Koeppel, B. 2020. “Execution Will Mark Mlk’s Birthday.” Common Dreams. https://www.commondreams.org/views/2020/12/30/execution-will-mark-mlks-birthday
- Kort‐butler, L. A., and K. J. S. Hartshorn. 2011. “Watching the Detectives: Crime Programming, Fear of Crime, and Attitudes About the Criminal Justice System.” The Sociological Quarterly 52 (1): 36–55. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01191.x.
- Lehman, C. F. 2019. “Trump Admin. Takes Federal Death Penalty to Supreme Court.” The Washington Free Beacon. https://freebeacon.com/issues/trump-admin-takes-federal-death-penalty-to-supreme-court/
- Lehman, C. F. 2020a. “Obama-Appointed Judge Blocks Federal Execution.” The Washington Free Beacon. https://freebeacon.com/courts/obama-appointed-judge-blocks-federal-execution/
- Lehman, C. F. 2020b. “Supreme Court Clears Way for Second Federal Execution in Two Decades.” Washington Free Beacon. https://freebeacon.com/courts/supreme-court-clears-way-for-second-federal-execution-in-two-decades/
- Lehman, C. F. 2021. “Dems Move to End Federal Death Penalty.” The Washington Free Beacon. https://freebeacon.com/democrats/dems-move-to-end-federal-death-penalty/
- Levine, J. 2021. “Federal Executions Were Likely COVID-19 Superspreader Events.” New York Post. https://nypost.com/2021/02/06/federal-executions-were-likely-covid-19-superspreader-events/
- Lipschultz, J. H., and M. L. Hilt. 1999. “Mass Media and the Death Penalty: Social Construction of Three Nebraska Executions.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 43 (2): 236–253. doi:10.1080/08838159909364487.
- Lopez, K. J. 2020. “President Trump: Please Commute the Death Sentence of Lisa Montgomery.” National Review. https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/president-trump-please-commute-the-death-sentence-of-lisa-montgomery/
- Mack, E. 2020. “DOJ to Resume Death Penalty Executions Next Week After 15 Years.” Newsmax. https://www.newsmax.com/politics/deathpenalty-justice-department-williambarr/2020/07/08/id/976340/
- McCarthy, A. C. 2020. “Triple-Murderer Executed After Supreme Court Vacates Injunction Against Death Penalty.” National Review. https://www.nationalreview.com/2020/07/triple-murderer-executed-after-supreme-court-vacates-injunction-against-death-penalty/
- Mitchell, A., J. Gottfried, J. Kiley, and K. E. Matsa 2014. “Political Polarization & Media.” http://www.journalism.org/2014/10/21/political-polarization-media-habits/
- Moore, M. 2020. “Wesley Ira Purkey Lethally Injected in Second Federal Execution This Week.” New York Post. https://nypost.com/2020/07/16/one-hour-hold-is-placed-on-second-federal-execution-this-week/
- Nelson, T. E., and Z. M. Oxley. 1999. “Issue Framing Effects on Belief Importance and Opinion.” The Journal of Politics 61 (4): 1040–1067. doi:10.2307/2647553.
- Nieto, P. 2019. “Liberal Podcaster Tried to Mislead on Native American’s Death Penalty. It Didn’t Work.” The Daily Caller. https://dailycaller.com/2019/07/28/rebecca-nagle-native-american-death-penalty/
- Niven, D. 2002. “Bolstering an Illusory Majority: The Effects of the Media’s Portrayal of Death Penalty Support.” Social Science Quarterly 83 (3): 671–689. doi:10.1111/1540-6237.00108.
- Ogletree, C. J., Jr, and A. Sarat. 2009. The Road to Abolition? The Future of Capital Punishment in the United States. New York: NYU Press.
- Ortiz, E. 2020a. “Buddhist Priest Sues to Halt Inmate’s Federal Execution Because of Coronavirus Risk.” NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/buddhist-priest-sues-halt-federal-execution-because-coronavirus-risk-n1232777
- Ortiz, E. 2020b. “Spree of Federal Executions During Trump’s Lame-Duck Period and Pandemic is Unprecedented.” NBC. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/spree-federal-executions-during-trump-s-lame-duck-period-pandemic-n1250565
- Pickett, J. T., C. Mancini, D. P. Mears, and M. Gertz. 2015. “Public (Mis) Understanding of Crime Policy: The Effects of Criminal Justice Experience and Media Reliance.” Criminal Justice Policy Review 26 (5): 500–522. doi:10.1177/0887403414526228.
- Potter, G. W., and V. E. Kappeler. 1998. Constructing Crime: Perspectives on Making News and Social Problems. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
- Prince, M. 2019. “Tom Cotton Calls Out 2020 Democrats for Defending ‘Heinous’ White Supremacist Against the Death Penalty.” The Daily Wire. https://www.dailywire.com/news/tom-cotton-calls-out-2020-democrats-defending-molly-prince
- Quinney, R. 1970. The Social Reality of Crime. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, and Company.
- Quintanar, E. 2020. “Judge Delays Lisa Montgomery Execution After Her Lawyers Contract Coronavirus.” The Daily Wire. https://www.dailywire.com/news/judge-delays-lisa-montgomery-execution-after-her-lawyers-contract-coronavirus
- Radelet, M. L. 2009. “The Executioner’s Waning Defense.” In The Road to Abolition? The Future of Capital Punishment in the United States, edited by C. J. Ogletree Jr and A. Sarat, 19–45. New York: NYU Press.
- Reiner, R. 2002. “Media Made Criminality: The Representation of Crime in the Mass Media.” In The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, edited by M. Maguire, R. Morgan, and R. Reiner, 376–416. 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Research Center, P. 2021. “Digital News Fact Sheet.” https://www.journalism.org/fact-sheet/digital-news/
- Reyes, R. A. 2021. “‘This is Not justice’: Justice Sonia Sotomayor Offers Fierce Dissent in Death Penalty Case.” NBC. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/not-justice-justice-sonia-sotomayor-offers-fierce-dissent-death-penalty-n1254554
- Roche, S. P., J. T. Pickett, and M. Gertz. 2016. “The Scary World of Online News? Internet News Exposure and Public Attitudes Toward Crime and Justice.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 32 (2): 215–236. doi:10.1007/s10940-015-9261-x.
- Sandys, M., and S. M. Chermak. 1996. “A Journey into the Unknown: Pretrial Publicity and Capital Cases.” Communication Law and Policy 1 (4): 533–577. doi:10.1080/10811689609368615.
- Sarat, A. 2001. When the State Kills: Capital Punishment and the American Condition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Sarat, A., R. Kermes, H. Cambra, A. Curran, M. Kiley, and K. Pant. 2017. “The Rhetoric of Abolition: Continuity and Change in the Struggle Against America’s Death Penalty, 1900-2010.” The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 107 (4): 757–780.
- Schulberg, J. 2020. “The Last Man Scheduled to Be Executed by Trump Admin Tests Positive for COVID-19.” Huffington Post. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dustin-higgs-scheduled-execution-positive-covid-19_n_5fdbe473c5b6f24ae35ebfeb
- Schulberg, J. 2021. “The Supreme Court Was Complicit in Donald Trump’s Execution Spree.” Huffington Post. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/supreme-court-complicit-trump-execution-spree_n_600a00f0c5b6df63a91e7dd7
- Scott, E. 2020. “With Executions in Final Days of Presidency, Trump is Solidifying His Criminal Justice Legacy.” The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/12/14/with-executions-final-days-presidency-trump-is-solidifying-his-criminal-justice-legacy/
- Shackford, S. 2020. “The Trump Administration Executes Its Fourth Federal Prisoner in Two Months.” Reason. https://reason.com/2020/08/26/the-trump-administration-executes-its-fourth-federal-prisoner-in-two-months/
- Shackford, S. 2021. “Trump Administration Puts 13th Prisoner to Death as Justice Sotomayor Blasts ‘Breakneck Timetable of Executions’.” Reason. https://reason.com/2021/01/16/trump-administration-puts-13th-prisoner-to-death-as-justice-sotomayor-blasts-breakneck-timetable-of-executions/
- Snow, D. A., and R. D. Benford. 1988. “Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participant Mobilization.” International Social Movement Research 1: 197–217.
- Soellner, M. 2020. “COVID-19 Outbreaks Found Among Execution Staff as Trump Administration Rushes Death Penalties.” Washington Examiner. https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/covid-19-outbreaks-found-among-execution-staff-as-trump-administration-rushes-death-penalties
- Soss, J., L. Langbein, and A. R. Metelko. 2003. “Why Do White Americans Support the Death Penalty?” The Journal of Politics 65 (2): 397–421. doi:10.1111/1468-2508.t01-2-00006.
- Sotirovic, M. 2001. “Affective and Cognitive Processes as Mediators of Media Influences on Crime-Policy Preferences.” Mass Communication & Society 4 (3): 311–329. doi:10.1207/S15327825MCS0403_04.
- Stancil, K. 2020. “Adding to 2020 Death Toll in US, Trump Has Overseen More Federal Executions This Year Than in Previous 56 Years Combined.” Common Dreams. https://www.commondreams.org/news/2020/08/27/adding-2020-death-toll-us-trump-has-overseen-more-federal-executions-year-previous
- Stern, M. J. 2020. “The Supreme Court’s Late-Night Death Penalty Decision Isn’t Just Cruel. It’s Legally Indefensible.” Slate. https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/07/supreme-court-federal-execution-daniel-lee.html
- Stern, M. J. 2021. “Sonia Sotomayor Condemns Trump’s Execution Spree: “This is Not Justice”.” Slate. https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/01/dustin-higgs-supreme-court-death-penalty-sotomayor.html
- Suebsaeng, A. 2020. “Unmoved Trump Allows Inmate Championed by Kim K to Become Ninth Victim of Pre-Biden ‘Killing Spree’.” The Daily Beast. https://www.thedailybeast.com/unmoved-trump-declines-to-save-brandon-bernard-inmate-backed-by-kim-kardashian-from-execution-on-thursday?ref=scroll
- Surette, R. 2015. Media, Crime, and Criminal Justice. 5th ed. Stamford, CT: Cenage Learning.
- Swoyer, A. 2019. “Judge Temporarily Halts First Federal Executions in Decades.” The Washington Times. https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/nov/21/judge-temporarily-halts-first-federal-executions-d/
- Tabak, R. J. 2021. “Capital Punishment.” American Bar Association: The State of Criminal Justice, 185–238. https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/criminaljustice/2021/scj2021-capital-punishment.pdf
- United States v. Higgs, 592 U.S. ___. 2021.
- Unnever, J. D., and F. T. Cullen. 2005. “Executing the Innocent and Support for Capital Punishment: Implications for Public Policy.” Criminology & Public Policy 4 (1): 3–38. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2005.00002.x.
- Viglione, G. 2020. “Four Ways Trump Has Meddled in Pandemic Science — and Why It Matters.” Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03035-4
- Walters, J. 2020. “‘Out of step’: Trump Rush to Carry Out Executions Sharply at Odds with US Trends.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/12/trump-executions-death-penalty-us-public
- Weber, P. 2020. “U.S. Executes 8th Inmate This Year, After Justice Barrett, Other Supreme Court Conservatives Lift Stay.” The Week. https://theweek.com/speedreads/951021/executes-8th-inmate-year-after-justice-barrett-other-supreme-court-conservatives-lift-stay
- Williams, M. R. 2007. “How Coverage of Death Sentences Vary: A Study of Two Ohio Newspapers.” Journal of Crime and Justice 30 (2): 53–78. doi:10.1080/0735648X.2007.9721235.
- Williams, P. 2019. “Justice Department Asks Supreme Court to Lift Hold on Federal Executions.” NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/justice-department-asks-supreme-court-lift-hold-federal-executions-n1094926
- Williams, T. D. 2020. “U.S. Bishops Call for Halt to Federal Executions.” Breitbart. https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2020/07/08/u-s-bishops-call-for-halt-to-federal-executions/
- Yanich, D. 1996. “Making the Movies Real: The Death Penalty & Local TV News.” Crime, Law, and Social Change 26 (4): 303–328. doi:10.1007/BF00138899.
- Zimring, F. E. 2003. The Contradictions of American Capital Punishment. New York: Oxford University Press.