0
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Hormones, autonomic nervous system activity, and criminal behavior

, , , , , , , & show all
Received 14 Feb 2024, Accepted 16 Jul 2024, Published online: 03 Aug 2024

References

  • Allen, M. T., A. Sherwood, P. A. Obrist, M. D. Crowell, and L. A. Grange. 1987. “Stability of Cardiovascular Reactivity to Laboratory Stressors: A 2 1/2 Yr Follow-Up.” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 31 (5): 639–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(87)90043-2.
  • Allison, P. 2012. “Do We Really Need Zero Inflated Models?” Statistical Horizons. http://statisticalhorizons.com/zero-inflated-models.
  • Armstrong, T., J. Wells, D. Boisvert, R. Lewis, E. Cooke, M. Woeckener, and N. Kavish. 2021. “An Exploratory Analysis of Testosterone, Cortisol, and Aggressive Behavior Type in Men and Women.” Biological Psychology 161:108073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108073.
  • Bauer, A. M., J. A. Quas, and W. T. Boyce. 2002. “Associations Between Physiological Reactivity and children’s Behavior: Advantages of a Multisystem Approach.” Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 23 (2): 102–113. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004703-200204000-00007.
  • Bauer, D. J., and P. J. Curran. 2005. “Probing Interactions in Fixed and Multilevel Regression: Inferential and Graphical Techniques.” Multivariate Behavioral Research 40:373–400. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr4003_5.
  • Benjamini, Y., and Y. Hochberg. 1995. “Controlling for the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological) 57 (1): 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x.
  • Berntson, G. G., J. T. Bigger, D. L. Eckberg, P. Grossman, P. G. Kaufmann, M. Malik, H. N. Nagaraja, et al. 1997. “Heart Rate Variability: Origins, Methods, and Interpretive Caveats.” Psychophysiology 34 (6): 623–648. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02140.x.
  • Booth, A., and D. W. Osgood. 1993. “The Influence of Testosterone on Deviance in Adulthood: Assessing and Explaining the Relationship.” Criminology 31 (1): 93–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1993.tb01123.x.
  • Brinkley, C. A., P. M. Diamond, P. R. Magaletta, and C. P. Heigel. 2008. “Cross-Validation of Levenson’s Psychopathy Scale in a Sample of Federal Female Inmates.” Assessment 15 (4): 464–482. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191108319043.
  • Brownlee, K. K., A. W. Moore, and A. C. Hackney. 2005. “Relationship Between Circulating Cortisol and Testosterone: Influence of Physical Exercise.” Journal of Sports Science & Medicine 4 (1): 76–83.
  • Chen, F. R., A. Raine, and D. A. Granger. 2015. “Tactics for Modeling Multiple Salivary Analyte Data in Relation to Behavior Problems: Additive, Ration, and Interaction Effects.” Psychoneuroendocrinology 51:188–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.09.027.
  • Chichinadze, K., and N. Chichinadze. 2008. “Stress-Induced Increase of Testosterone: Contributions of Social Status and Sympathetic Reactivity.” Physiology & Behavior 94 (4): 595–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.03.020.
  • Chrousos, G. P., and P. W. Gold. 1992. “The Concepts of Stress and Stress System Disorders: Overview of Physical and Behavioral Homeostasis.” JAMA 267 (9): 1244–1252. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1992.03480090092034.
  • Clow, A., F. Hucklebridge, T. Stalder, P. Evans, and L. Thorn. 2010. “The Cortisol Awakening Response: More Than a Measure of HPA Axis Function.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 35 (1): 97–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.12.011.
  • Conner, B. T., J. A. Stein, and D. Longshore. 2009. “Examining Self-Control as a Multidimensional Predictor of Crime and Drug Use in Adolescents with Criminal Histories.” Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research 36 (2): 137–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-008-9121-7.
  • Cumming, D. C., M. E. Quigley, and S. S. C. Yen. 1983. “Acute Suppression of Circulating Testosterone Levels by Cortisol in Men.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 57 (3): 671–673. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-57-3-671.
  • Dabbs, J. M., Jr., R. L. Frady, T. S. Carr, and N. F. Besch. 1987. “Saliva Testosterone and Criminal Violence in Young Adult Prison Inmates.” Psychosomatic Medicine 49 (2): 174–182. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-198703000-00007.
  • De Looff, P. C., L. J. Cornet, C. H. De Kogel, B. Fernández-Castilla, P. J. Embregts, R. Didden, and H. L. Nijman. 2022. “Heart Rate and Skin Conductance Associations with Physical Aggression, Psychopathy, Antisocial Personality Disorder and Conduct Disorder: An Updated Meta-Analysis.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 132:553–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.003.
  • De Vries‐Bouw, M., A. Popma, R. Vermeiren, T. A. Doreleijers, P. M. Van De Ven, and L. M. Jansen. 2011. “The Predictive Value of Low Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability During Stress for Reoffending in Delinquent Male Adolescents.” Psychophysiology 48 (11): 1597–1604. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01233.x.
  • El‐Sheikh, M. 2007. “Children’s Skin Conductance Level and Reactivity: Are These Measures Stable Over Time and Across Tasks?” Developmental psychobiology 49 (2): 180–186. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20171.
  • Fairchild, G., E. Baker, and S. Eaton. 2018. “Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Function in Children and Adults with Severe Antisocial Behavior and the Impact of Early Adversity.” Current Psychiatry Reports 20 (10): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0952-5.
  • Geniole, S. N., B. M. Bird, J. S. McVittie, R. B. Purcell, J. Archer, and J. M. Carré. 2020. “Is Testosterone Linked to Human Aggression? A Meta-Analytic Examination of the Relationship Between Baseline, Dynamic, and Manipulated Testosterone on Human Aggression.” Hormones and Behavior 123:104644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104644.
  • Grasmick, H. G., C. R. Tittle, R. J. Bursik Jr, and B. J. Arneklev. 1993. “Testing the Core Empirical Implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime.” The Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 30 (1): 5–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427893030001002.
  • Hammerton, G., J. Heron, L. Mahedy, B. Maughan, M. Hickman, and J. Murray. 2018. “Low Resting Heart Rate, Sensation Seeking and the Course of Antisocial Behaviour Across Adolescence and Young Adulthood.” Psychological Medicine 48 (13): 2194–2201. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717003683.
  • Handa, R. J., and M. J. Weiser. 2014. “Gonadal Steroid Hormones and the Hypothalamo–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis.” Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 35 (2): 197–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.11.001.
  • Hassellund, S. S., A. Flaa, L. Sandvik, S. E. Kjeldsen, and M. Rostrup. 2010. “Long-Term Stability of Cardiovascular and Catecholamine Responses to Stress Tests: An 18-Year Follow-Up Study.” Hypertension 55 (1): 131–136. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.143164.
  • Hilbe, J. M. 2011. Negative binomial regression. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Johnson, M. M., A. Mikolajewski, E. A. Shirtcliff, L. A. Eckel, and J. Taylor. 2015. “The Association Between Affective Psychopathic Traits, Time Incarcerated, and Cortisol Response to Psychosocial Stress.” Hormones and Behavior 72:20–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.04.010.
  • Jones, E. J., N. Rohleder, and H. M. Schreier. 2020. “Neuroendocrine Coordination and Youth Behavior Problems: A Review of Studies Assessing Sympathetic Nervous System and Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal Axis Activity Using Salivary Alpha Amylase and Salivary Cortisol.” Hormones and Behavior 122:104750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104750.
  • Kagan, J., J. S. Reznick, and N. Snidman. 1988. “Biological Bases of Childhood Shyness.” Science 240 (4849): 167–171. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3353713.
  • Kemeny, M. E., and A. Shestyuk. 2008. “Emotions, the Neuroendocrine and Immune Systems, and Health.” In Handbook of Emotions, edited by M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, and L. F. Barrett, 661–675. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Kurath, J., and R. Mata. 2018. “Individual Differences in Risk Taking and Endogeneous Levels of Testosterone, Estradiol, and Cortisol: A Systematic Literature Search and Three Independent Meta-Analyses.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 90:428–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.003.
  • Kutlikova, H. H., J. B. Durdiakova, B. Wagner, M. Vlček, C. Eisenegger, C. Lamm, and I. Riečanský. 2020. “The Effects of Testosterone on the Physiological Response to Social and Somatic Stressors.” Psychoneuroendocrinology 117:104693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104693.
  • Latvala, A., R. Kuja-Halkola, C. Almqvist, H. Larsson, and P. Lichtenstein. 2015. “A Longitudinal Study of Resting Heart Rate and Violent Criminality in More Than 700 000 Men.” JAMA Psychiatry 72 (10): 971–978. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1165.
  • Laube, C., R. Lorenz, and W. van den Bos. 2020. “Pubertal Testosterone Correlates with Adolescent Impatience and Dorsal Striatal Activity.” Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 42:100749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100749.
  • Levenson, M. R., K. A. Kiehl, and C. M. Fitzpatrick. 1995. “Assessing Psychopathic Attributes in a Noninstitutionalized Population.” Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 68 (1): 151–158. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.1.151.
  • Li, C. 2013. “Little’s Test of Missing Completely at Random.” The Stata Journal 13 (4): 795–809. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1301300407.
  • Ling, S., R. Umbach, and A. Raine. 2019. “Biological Explanations of Criminal Behavior.” Psychology Crime & Law 25 (6): 626–640. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2019.1572753.
  • Little, R. J., and D. B. Rubin. 2002. Statistical Analysis with Missing Data. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley.
  • Lobbestael, J., A. Arntz, and R. W. Wiers. 2008. “How to Push someone’s Buttons: A Comparison of Four Anger-Induction Methods.” Cognition & Emotion 22 (2): 353–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930701438285.
  • Lorber, M. F. 2004. “Psychophysiology of Aggression, Psychopathy, and Conduct Problems: A Meta-Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 130 (4): 531–552. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.531.
  • Lykken, D. T. 1957. “A Study of Anxiety in the Sociopathic Personality.” The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 55 (1): 6–10. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047232.
  • Lykken, D. T. 1995. The Antisocial Personalities. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Mazur, A., and A. Booth. 1998. “Testosterone and Dominance in Men.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21 (3): 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X98001228.
  • Moffitt, T. E., S. Ross, and A. Raine. 2011. “Crime and Biology.” In Crime and Public Policy, edited by J. Q. Wilson, & J. Petersilia, 53–87.
  • Moons, W. G., N. I. Eisenberger, and S. E. Taylor. 2010. “Anger and Fear Responses to Stress Have Different Biological Profiles.” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 24 (2): 215–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2009.08.009.
  • Murray, J., P. C. Hallal, G. I. Mielke, A. Raine, F. C. Wehrmeister, L. Anselmi, and F. C. Barros. 2016. “Low Resting Heart Rate is Associated with Violence in Late Adolescence: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study in Brazil.” International Journal of Epidemiology 45 (2): 491–500. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyv340.
  • Nagin, D., and R. Paternoster. 2000. “Population Heterogeneity and State Dependence: State of the Evidence and Directions for Future Research.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 16 (2): 117–144. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007502804941.
  • Nakagawa, S. 2004. “A Farewell to Bonferroni: The Problems of Low Statistical Power and Publication Bias.” Behavioral Ecology 15 (6): 1044–1045. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arh107.
  • Op de Macks, Z. A., B. G. Moor, S. Overgaauw, B. Güroğlu, R. E. Dahl, and E. A. Crone. 2011. “Testosterone Levels Correspond with Increased Ventral Striatum Activation in Response to Monetary Rewards in Adolescents.” Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 1 (4): 506–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2011.06.003.
  • Ortiz, J., and A. Raine. 2004. “Heart Rate Level and Antisocial Behavior in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 43 (2): 154–162. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200402000-00010.
  • Patrick, C. J., M. M. Bradley, and P. J. Lang. 1993. “Emotion in the Criminal Psychopath: Startle Reflex Modulation.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 102 (1): 82–92. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.102.1.82.
  • Platje, E., A. Popma, R. R. Vermeiren, T. A. Doreleijers, W. H. Meeus, P. A. van Lier, and L. M. Jansen. 2015. “Testosterone and Cortisol in Relation to Aggression in a Non‐Clinical Sample of Boys and Girls.” Aggressive Behavior 41 (5): 478–487. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21585.
  • Popma, A., R. Vermeiren, C. A. Geluk, T. Rinne, W. van den Brink, D. L. Knol, and T. A. Doreleijers. 2007. “Cortisol Moderates the Relationship Between Testosterone and Aggression in Delinquent Male Adolescents.” Biological Psychiatry 61 (3): 405–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.006.
  • Portnoy, J., and D. P. Farrington. 2015. “Resting Heart Rate and Antisocial Behavior: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Aggression & Violent Behavior 22:33–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.02.004.
  • Portnoy, J., A. Raine, F. R. Chen, D. Pardini, R. Loeber, and J. R. Jennings. 2014. “Heart Rate and Antisocial Behavior: The Mediating Role of Impulsive Sensation Seeking.” Criminology 52 (2): 292–311. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12038.
  • Prasad, S., B. Lassetter, K. M. Welker, and P. H. Mehta. 2019. “Unstable Correspondence Between Salivary Testosterone Measured with Enzyme Immunoassays and Tandem Mass Spectrometry.” Psychoneuroendocrinology 109:104373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104373.
  • Pruessner, J. C., C. Kirschbaum, G. Meinlschmid, and D. H. Hellhammer. 2003. “Two Formulas for Computation of the Area Under the Curve Represent Measures of Total Hormone Concentration versus Time-Dependent Change.” Psychoneuroendocrinology 28 (7): 916–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(02)00108-7.
  • Quay, H. C. 1965. “Psychopathic Personality as Pathological Stimulation-Seeking.” The American Journal of Psychiatry 122 (2): 180–183. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.122.2.180.
  • Raine, A. 2002. “Annotation: The Role of Prefrontal Deficits, Low Autonomic Arousal, and Early Health Factors in the Development of Antisocial and Aggressive Behavior in Children.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 43 (4): 417–434. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00034.
  • Raine, A., P. H. Venables, and M. Williams. 1990. “Relationships Between Central and Autonomic Measures of Arousal at Age 15 Years and Criminality at Age 24 Years.” Archives of General Psychiatry 47 (11): 1003–1007. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810230019003.
  • Raine, A., P. H. Venables, and M. Williams. 1995. “High Autonomic Arousal and Electrodermal Orienting at Age 15 Years as Protective Factors Against Criminal Behavior at Age 29 Years.” The American Journal of Psychiatry 152 (11): 1595–1600.
  • R Core Team. 2020. “R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.” Vienna, Austria. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/.
  • Rimmele, U., B. C. Zellweger, B. Marti, R. Seiler, C. Mohiyeddini, U. Ehlert, and M. Heinrichs. 2007. “Trained Men Show Lower Cortisol, Heart Rate and Psychological Responses to Psychosocial Stress Compared with Untrained Men.” Psychoneuroendocrinology 32 (6): 627–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.04.005.
  • Romero-Martínez, A., M. Lila, R. K. Williams, E. González-Bono, and L. Moya-Albiol. 2013. “Skin Conductance Rises in Preparation and Recovery to Psychosocial Stress and Its Relationship with Impulsivity and Testosterone in Intimate Partner Violence Perpetrators.” International Journal of Psychophysiology 90 (3): 329–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.10.003.
  • Ruttle, P. L., E. A. Shirtcliff, L. A. Serbin, D. B. D. Fisher, D. M. Stack, and A. E. Schwartzman. 2011. “Disentangling Psychobiological Mechanisms Underlying Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors in Youth: Longitudinal and Concurrent Associations with Cortisol.” Hormones and Behavior 59 (1): 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.10.015.
  • Sapolsky, R. M., L. M. Romero, and A. U. Munck. 2000. “How Do Glucocorticoids Influence Stress Responses? Integrating Permissive, Suppressive, Stimulatory, and Preparative Actions.” Endocrine Reviews 21 (1): 55–89. https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv.21.1.0389.
  • Sijtsema, J. J., Veenstra, R., Lindenberg, S., Van Roon, A. M., Verhulst, F. C., Ormel, J., Riese, H. “Mediation of sensation seeking and behavioral inhibition on the relationship between heart rate and antisocial behavior: The TRAILS study.” Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 49 (5): 493–502.
  • StataCorp. 2017. Stata Statistical Software: Release 15. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC.
  • Stauss, H. M. 2003. “Heart Rate Variability.” American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 285 (5): R927–R931. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00452.2003.
  • Sundin, Z. W., W. J. Chopik, K. M. Welker, E. Ascigil, C. M. Brandes, K. Chin, and J. L. Tackett. 2021. “Estimating the Associations Between Big Five Personality Traits, Testosterone, and Cortisol.” Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology 7 (3): 307–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40750-020-00159-9.
  • Sweeten, G. 2012. “Scaling Criminal Offending.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 28 (3): 533–557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-011-9160-8.
  • Tackett, J. L., K. Herzhoff, K. P. Harden, E. Page-Gould, and R. A. Josephs. 2014. “Personality× Hormone Interactions in Adolescent Externalizing Psychopathology.” Personality Disorders Theory, Research, & Treatment 5 (3): 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000075.
  • van Bokhoven, I., S. H. M. Van Goozen, H. Van Engeland, B. Schaal, L. Arseneault, J. R. Séguin, and R. E. Tremblay. 2005. “Salivary Cortisol and Aggression in a Population-Based Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Males.” Journal of Neural Transmission 112 (8): 1083–1096. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-004-0253-5.
  • van Goozen, S. H., G. Fairchild, H. Snoek, and G. T. Harold. 2007. “The Evidence for a Neurobiological Model of Childhood Antisocial Behavior.” Psychological Bulletin 133 (1): 149–182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.149.
  • Welker, K. M., B. Lassetter, C. M. Brandes, S. Prasad, D. R. Koop, and P. H. Mehta. 2016. “A Comparison of Salivary Testosterone Measurement Using Immunoassays and Tandem Mass Spectrometry.” Psychoneuroendocrinology 71:180–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.05.022.
  • Welker, K. M., E. Lozoya, J. A. Campbell, C. S. Neumann, and J. M. Carré. 2014. “Testosterone, Cortisol, and Psychopathic Traits in Men and Women.” Physiology & Behavior 129:230–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.02.057.
  • Wickham, H., M. Averick, J. Bryan, W. Chang, L. D. McGowan, R. François, G. Grolemund, et al. 2019. “Welcome to the Tidyverse.” Journal of Open Source Software 4 (43): 1686. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686.
  • Wilcox, R. R. 2010. Fundamentals of Modern Statistical Methods: Substantially Improving Power and Accuracy. New York: Springer.
  • Wingfield, J. C., R. E. Hegner, A. M. Dufty Jr, and G. F. Ball. 1990. “The “Challenge Hypothesis”: Theoretical Implications for Patterns of Testosterone Secretion, Mating Systems, and Breeding Strategies.” The American Naturalist 136 (6): 829–846. https://doi.org/10.1086/285134.
  • Zhang, Q., Z. Chen, S. Chen, Y. Xu, and H. Deng. 2017. “Intraindividual Stability of Cortisol and Cortisone and the Ratio of Cortisol to Cortisone in Saliva, Urine and Hair.” Steroids 118:61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2016.12.008.
  • Zmuda, J. M., J. A. Cauley, A. Kriska, N. W. Glynn, J. P. Gutai, and L. H. Kuller. 1997. “Longitudinal Relation Between Endogenous Testosterone and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Middle-Aged Men: A 13-Year Follow-Up of Former Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Participants.” American Journal of Epidemiology 146 (8): 609–617. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009326.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.