Drug Repurposing Analysis for Colorectal Cancer through Network Medicine Framework: Novel Candidate Drugs and Small Molecules

References

• Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–249. doi:10.3322/caac.21660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boursi B, Arber N. Current and future clinical strategies in colon cancer prevention and the emerging role of chemoprevention. Curr Pharm Des. 2007;13(22):2274–2282. doi:10.2174/138161207781368783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkin DM. International variation. Oncogene. 2004;23(38):6329–6340. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodmer WF. Europe PMC funders group cancer genetics : colorectal cancer as a model. J Hum Genet. 2008;51(5):391–396. doi:10.1007/s10038-006-0373-x.Cancer.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azuaje F. Bioinformatics and biomarker discovery. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 2010. doi:10.1002/9780470686423.
   Google Scholar
• McDermott JE, Wang J, Mitchell H, Webb-Robertson B-J, Hafen R, Ramey J, et al. Challenges in biomarker discovery: combining expert insights with statistical analysis of complex omics data. Expert Opin Med Diagn. 2013;7(1):37–51. doi:10.1517/17530059.2012.718329.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ivliev AE, 't Hoen PAC, Borisevich D, Nikolsky Y, Sergeeva MG. Drug repositioning through systematic mining of gene coexpression networks in cancer. PLoS One. 2016;11(11):e0165059. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gov E. Co-expressed functional module-related genes in ovarian cancer stem cells represent novel prognostic biomarkers in ovarian cancer. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2020;66(4):255–266. doi:10.1080/19396368.2020.1759730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pushpakom S, Iorio F, Eyers PA, Escott KJ, Hopper S, Wells A, et al. Drug repurposing: progress, challenges and recommendations. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2019;18(1):41–58. doi:10.1038/nrd.2018.168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashburn TT, Thor KB. Drug repositioning: Identifying and developing new uses for existing drugs. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2004;3(8):673–683. doi:10.1038/nrd1468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown DM, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Do DV, Holz FG, Boyer DS, Midena E, et al. Intravitreal aflibercept for diabetic macular edema: 100-week results from the VISTA and VIVID studies. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(10):2044–2052. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.06.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim LS, Mitchell P, Seddon JM, Holz FG, Wong TY. Age-related macular degeneration. Lancet. 2012;379(9827):1728–1738. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60282-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross EL, Hutton DW, Stein JD, Bressler NM, Jampol LM, Glassman AR. Cost-effectiveness of aflibercept, bevacizumab, and ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema treatment analysis from the diabetic retinopathy clinical research network comparative effectiveness trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134(8):888–896. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.1669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Cutsem E, Tabernero J, Lakomy R, Prenen H, Prausová J, Macarulla T, et al. Addition of aflibercept to fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan improves survival in a phase III randomized trial in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer previously treated with an oxaliplatin-based regimen. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(28):3499–3506. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.42.8201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markham A. Brigatinib: first global approval. Drugs. 2017;77(10):1131–1135. doi:10.1007/s40265-017-0776-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Gao W, Zhou L, Chen Y, Qin S, Zhang L, et al. Repurposing brigatinib for the treatment of colorectal cancer based on inhibition of ER-phagy. Theranostics. 2019;9(17):4878–4892. doi:10.7150/thno.36254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunha BA, Domenico P, Cunha CB. Pharmacodynamics of doxycycline. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2000;6(5):270–273. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0691.2000.00058-2.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onoda T, Ono T, Dhar DK, Yamanoi A, Fujii T, Nagasue N. Doxycycline inhibits cell proliferation and invasive potential: combination therapy with cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in human colorectal cancer cells. J Lab Clin Med. 2004;143(4):207–216. doi:10.1016/j.lab.2003.12.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okazaki S, Ishikawa T, Iida S, Ishiguro M, Kobayashi H, Higuchi T, et al. Clinical significance of UNC5B expression in colorectal cancer. Int J Oncol. 2012;40(1):209–216. doi:10.3892/ijo.2011.1201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uddin S, Ahmed M, Hussain A, Abubaker J, Al-Sanea N, AbdulJabbar A, et al. Genome-wide expression analysis of Middle Eastern colorectal cancer reveals FOXM1 as a novel target for cancer therapy. Am J Pathol. 2011;178(2):537–547. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.10.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin G, He X, Ji H, Shi L, Davis RW, Zhong S. Reproducibility probability score - incorporating measurement variability across laboratories for gene selection. Nat Biotechnol. 2006;24(12):1476–1477. doi:10.1038/nbt1206-1476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlachavas EI, Pilalis E, Papadodima O, Koczan D, Willis S, Klippel S, et al. Radiogenomic analysis of F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and gene expression data elucidates the epidemiological complexity of colorectal cancer landscape. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2019;17:177–185. doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2019.01.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong Y, Downey T, Eu KW, Koh PK, Cheah PY. A “metastasis-prone” signature for early-stage mismatch-repair proficient sporadic colorectal cancer patients and its implications for possible therapeutics. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2010;27(2):83–90. doi:10.1007/s10585-010-9305-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsukamoto S, Ishikawa T, Iida S, Ishiguro M, Mogushi K, Mizushima H, et al. Clinical significance of osteoprotegerin expression in human colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17(8):2444–2450. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-2884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Deane NG, Lewis KB, Li J, Zhu J, Washington MK, et al. Comparison of nanostring nCounter® data on FFPE colon cancer samples and affymetrix microarray data on matched frozen tissues. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0153784. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galamb O, Wichmann B, Sipos F, Spisák S, Krenács T, Tóth K, et al. Dysplasia-carcinoma transition specific transcripts in colonic biopsy samples. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e48547. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett T, Wilhite SE, Ledoux P, Evangelista C, Kim IF, Tomashevsky M, et al. NCBI GEO: archive for functional genomics data sets - update. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41:D991–995. doi:10.1093/nar/gks1193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gautier L, Cope L, Bolstad BM, Irizarry RA. Affy - analysis of affymetrix GeneChip data at the probe level. Bioinformatics. 2004;20(3):307–315. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btg405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolstad BM, Irizarry RA, Åstrand M, Speed TP. A comparison of normalization methods for high density oligonucleotide array data based on variance and bias. Bioinformatics. 2003;19(2):185–193. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/19.2.185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth GK. Linear models and empirical Bayes methods for assessing differential expression in microarray experiments. Stat Appl Genet Mol Biol. 2004;3(1):Article3–25. Article3. doi:10.2202/1544-6115.1027.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bardou P, Mariette J, Escudié F, Djemiel C, Klopp C. jvenn: an interactive Venn diagram viewer. BMC Bioinformatics. 2014;15(1):293. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-15-293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang DW, Sherman BT, Lempicki RA. Bioinformatics enrichment tools: Paths toward the comprehensive functional analysis of large gene lists. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009;37(1):1–13. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gov E, Arga KY. Differential co-expression analysis reveals a novel prognostic gene module in ovarian cancer. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):4996. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05298-w.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saito R, Smoot ME, Ono K, Ruscheinski J, Wang P-L, Lotia S, et al. A travel guide to Cytoscape plugins. Nat Methods. 2012;9(11):1069–1076. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cline MS, Smoot M, Cerami E, Kuchinsky A, Landys N, Workman C, et al. Integration of biological networks and gene expression data using cytoscape. Nat Protoc. 2007;2(10):2366–2382. doi:10.1038/nprot.2007.324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Y, Zhou B, Pache L, Chang M, Khodabakhshi AH, Tanaseichuk O, et al. Metascape provides a biologist-oriented resource for the analysis of systems-level datasets. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):1523. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09234-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szklarczyk D, Gable AL, Nastou KC, Lyon D, Kirsch R, Pyysalo S, et al. The STRING database in 2021: customizable protein-protein networks, and functional characterization of user-uploaded gene/measurement sets. Nucleic Acids Res. 2021;49(D1):D605–D612. doi:10.1093/nar/gkaa1074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waskom ML. Seaborn: statistical data visualization. JOSS. 2021;6(60):3021. doi:10.21105/joss.03021.
   Google Scholar
• Aguirre-Gamboa R, Gomez-Rueda H, Martínez-Ledesma E, Martínez-Torteya A, Chacolla-Huaringa R, Rodriguez-Barrientos A, et al. SurvExpress: an online biomarker validation tool and database for cancer gene expression data using survival analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(9):e74250. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomczak K, Czerwińska P, Wiznerowicz M. The cancer genome atlas (TCGA): an immeasurable source of knowledge. Contemp Oncol (Pozn)). 2015;19(1A):A68–77. doi:10.5114/wo.2014.47136.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freshour SL, Kiwala S, Cotto KC, Coffman AC, McMichael JF, Song JJ, et al. Integration of the drug-gene interaction database (DGIdb 4.0) with open crowdsource efforts. Nucleic Acids Res. 2021;49(D1):D1144–D1151. doi:10.1093/nar/gkaa1084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan Q, Reid SP, Clark NR, Wang Z, Fernandez NF, Rouillard AD, et al. L1000CDS2: LINCS L1000 characteristic direction signatures search engine. NPJ Syst Biol Appl. 2016;2(1):16015–16015. doi:10.1038/npjsba.2016.15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• White J. PubMed 2.0. Med Ref Serv Q. 2020;39(4):382–387. doi:10.1080/02763869.2020.1826228.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rajaraman A, Ullman JD. Data mining. Mining of massive datasets. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011. p. 1–17. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139058452.002.
   Google Scholar
• Conway JR, Lex A, Gehlenborg N. UpSetR: an R package for the visualization of intersecting sets and their properties. Bioinformatics. 2017;33(18):2938–2940. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btx364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu Y, Zhou P, Lin Y, Yang D, Wang B. Anti-colorectal cancer effect via application of polyethylene glycol modified liposomal apatinib. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2019;15(6):1256–1266. doi:10.1166/jbn.2019.2770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong Z, Tang P, Liu B, Ran C, Yuan C, Zhang Y, et al. Ferroptosis-related genes for overall survival prediction in patients with colorectal cancer can be inhibited by gallic acid. Int J Biol Sci. 2021;17(4):942–956. doi:10.7150/ijbs.57164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu J, Tan HB, Zhang YJ, Tang DY, Zhan F, Li HY, et al. Catalyst-free one-pot synthesis of densely substituted pyrazole-pyrazines as anti-colorectal cancer agents. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):9281. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66137-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Li K, Zheng Z, Liu Y. Cordycepin inhibits colon cancer proliferation by suppressing MYC expression. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2022;23(1):12. doi:10.1186/s40360-022-00551-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian K, Sun L, Zhou G, Ge H, Meng Y, Li J, et al. Trifluoperazine as an alternative strategy for the inhibition of tumor growth of colorectal cancer. J Cell Biochem. 2019;120(9):15756–15765. doi:10.1002/jcb.28845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng X, Liu L, Zheng M, Sun H, Xiao J, Lu T, et al. Pantoprazole, an FDA-approved proton-pump inhibitor, suppresses colorectal cancer growth by targeting T-cell-originated protein kinase. Oncotarget. 2016;7(16):22460–22473. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.7984.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tatsuta M, Iishi H, Baba M, Taniguchi H. Tissue norepinephrine depletion as a mechanism for cysteamine inhibition of colon carcinogenesis induced by azoxymethane in Wistar rats. Int J Cancer. 1989;44(6):1008–1011. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910440612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozawa Y, Sugi NH, Nagasu T, Owa T, Watanabe T, Koyanagi N, et al. E7070, a novel sulphonamide agent with potent antitumour activity in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Cancer. 2001;37(17):2275–2282. doi:10.1016/s0959-8049(01)00275-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison ML, Williamson K, Arthur K, Price GJ, Hamilton PW, Maxwell P. Phenotypic changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta psi(m)) during valinomycin-induced depolarisation and apoptosis. Cell Oncol. 2005;27(4):231–236. doi:10.1155/2005/763421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corcoran RB, Atreya CE, Falchook GS, Kwak EL, Ryan DP, Bendell JC, et al. Combined BRAF and MEK inhibition with dabrafenib and trametinib in BRAF V600-mutant colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(34):4023–4031. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.63.2471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangi E, Ang C, Smibert P, Uzilov AV, Teague AG, Antipin Y, et al. A personalized platform identifies trametinib plus zoledronate for a patient with KRAS-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer. Sci Adv. 2019;5(5):eaav6528. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav6528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saturno G, Valenti M, De Haven Brandon A, Thomas GV, Eccles S, Clarke PA, et al. Combining trail with PI3 kinase or HSP90 inhibitors enhances apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells via suppression of survival signaling. Oncotarget. 2013;4(8):1185–1198. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.1162.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sini P, James D, Chresta C, Guichard S. Simultaneous inhibition of mTORC1 and mTORC2 by mTOR kinase inhibitor AZD8055 induces autophagy and cell death in cancer cells. Autophagy. 2010;6 (4):553–554. doi:10.4161/auto.6.4.11671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faber AC, Coffee EM, Costa C, Dastur A, Ebi H, Hata AN, et al. mTOR inhibition specifi cally sensitizes colorectal cancers with KRAS or BRAF mutations to BCL-2/BCL-XL inhibition by suppressing MCL-1. Cancer Discov. 2014;4(1):42–52. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-13-0315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee CK, Lee ME, Lee WS, Kim JM, Park KH, Kim TS, et al. Dovitinib (TKI258), a multi-target angiokinase inhibitor, is effective regardless of KRAS or BRAF mutation status in colorectal cancer. Am J Cancer Res. 2015;5(1):72–86. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4300687/. Cited in PubMed; PMID:25628921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang J, Pan H, Wang J, Wang T, Huo X, Ma Y, et al. Unfolded protein response in colorectal cancer. Cell Biosci. 2021;11(1):26. doi:10.1186/s13578-021-00538-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partik G, Hochegger K, Schörkhuber M, Marian B. Inhibition of epidermal-growth-factor-receptor-dependent signalling by tyrphostins A25 and AG1478 blocks growth and induces apoptosis in colorectal tumor cells in vitro. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1999;125(7):379–388. doi:10.1007/s004320050290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mínguez M, López Higueras A, Júdez J. Use of polyethylene glycol in functional constipation and fecal impaction. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2016;108(12):790–806. doi:10.17235/reed.2016.4571/2016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amaravani M, Prasad NK, Ramakrishna V. COX-2 structural analysis and docking studies with gallic acid structural analogues. Springerplus. 2012;1(1):58. doi:10.1186/2193-1801-1-58.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pal D, Saha S, Singh S. Importance of pyrazole moiety in the field of cancer. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2012;4(2):98–104. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277306189_Importance_of_pyrazole_moiety_in_the_field_of_cancer
   Google Scholar
• Feierman DE, Cederbaum AI. Oxidation of the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor pyrazole to 4-hydroxypyrazole by microsomes. Effect of cytochrome P-450 inducing agents. Drug Metab Dispos. 1987;15(5):634–639. Cited in PubMed; PMID:2891479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin Y, Meng X, Qiu Z, Su Y, Yu P, Qu P. Anti-tumor and anti-metastatic roles of cordycepin, one bioactive compound of Cordyceps militaris. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2018;25(5):991–995. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.05.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pluta K, Morak-Młodawska B, Jeleń M. Recent progress in biological activities of synthesized phenothiazines. Eur J Med Chem. 2011;46(8):3179–3189. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.05.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi L, Ding Y. Potential antitumor mechanisms of phenothiazine drugs. Sci China Life Sci. 2013;56(11):1020–1027. doi:10.1007/s11427-013-4561-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheer SM, Prakash A, Faulds D, Lamb HM. Pantoprazole: an update of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in the management of acid-related disorders. Drugs. 2003;63(1):101–133. doi:10.2165/00003495-200363010-00006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ando K, Takahashi F, Motojima S, Nakashima K, Kaneko N, Hoshi K, Takahashi K. Possible role for tocilizumab, an anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody, in treating cancer cachexia. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(6):e69–e72. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.44.2020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmonem MA, Veys KR, Soliman NA, Dyck M, Van Heuvel LP, Van Den Levtchenko E. Cystinosis : a review. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2016;11(1):47. doi:10.1186/s13023-016-0426-y.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahmed MO, Al-Badr AA. Chapter 6 - Lornoxicam. In: Brittain HG, editor. Profiles of drug substances, excipients and related methodology. Vol 36. Cambridge (MA): Academic Press; 2011. p. 205–239. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-387667-6.00006-3.
   Google Scholar
• Bryson HM, Benfield P. Donepezil. Drugs Aging. 1997;10(3):234–239. doi:10.2165/00002512-199710030-00007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gearhart JM, Jepson GW, Clewell HJ, Andersen ME, Conolly RB. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by organophosphate esters. Environ Health Perspect. 1994;102(11):51–60. doi:10.1289/ehp.94102s1151.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhan ZJ, Bian HL, Wang JW, Shan WG. Synthesis of physostigmine analogues and evaluation of their anticholinesterase activities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2010;20(5):1532–1534. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia DF, Oliveira TG, Molfetta GA, Garcia LV, Ferreira CA, Marques AA, et al. Biochemical and genetic analysis of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in a family, due to prolonged neuromuscular blockade after the use of succinylcholine. Genet Mol Biol. 2011;34(1):40–44. doi:10.1590/S1415-47572011000100008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang A, Zhao H, Cai J, Jiang WG. Possible effect of muscle-relaxant anaesthetics on invasion, adhesion and migration of breast cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 2016;36(3):1259–1265. https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/36/3/1259.short. Cited in PubMed; PMID:26977023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taraschenko OD, Barnes WG, Herrick-Davis K, Yokoyama Y, Boyd DL, Hough LB. Actions of tacrine and galanthamine on histamine-N-methyltransferase. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2005;27(3):161–165. doi:10.1358/mf.2005.27.3.890872.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pohanka M. Inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase meet immunity. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(6):9809–9825. doi:10.3390/ijms15069809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard P, Remi J, Remi C, Charlesworth S, Whalley H, Bhatia R, et al. Levetiracetam. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2018;56(4):645–649. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.07.012.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li J, Yao QY, Xue JS, Wang LJ, Yuan Y, Tian XY, et al. Dopamine D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride enhances dexamethasone responses in the treatment of drug-resistant and metastatic breast cancer. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2017;38(9):1282–1296. doi:10.1038/aps.2017.24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Doherty DS, Shields CD. Methocarbamol; new agent in treatment of neurological and neuromuscular diseases. J Am Med Assoc. 1958;167(2):160–163. doi:10.1001/jama.1958.02990190014003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parr JS, Khalifah RG. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrases I and II by N-unsubstituted carbamate esters. J Biol Chem. 1992;267(35):25044–25050. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)74003-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma S. Interleukin-6 trans-signaling: a pathway with therapeutic potential for diabetic retinopathy. Front Physiol. 2021;12:689429. doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.689429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford JM, Truman CA, Wilcock GK, Roberts CJC, Bristol F. Serum concentrations of tacrine hydrochloride predict its adverse effects in Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1993;53(6):691–695. doi:10.1038/clpt.1993.91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burmester GR, Lin Y, Patel R, van Adelsberg J, Mangan EK, Graham NMH, et al. Efficacy and safety of sarilumab monotherapy versus adalimumab monotherapy for the treatment of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (MONARCH): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group phase III trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(5):840–847. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosak A, Gazić I, Vinković V, Kovarik Z. Stereoselective inhibition of human, mouse, and horse cholinesterases by bambuterol enantiomers. Chem Biol Interact. 2008;175(1–3):192–195. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2008.04.050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Supuran CT, Scozzafava A. Benzolamide is not a membrane-impermeant carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2004;19(3):269–273. doi:10.1080/14756360410001689559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PubChem. Demecarium bromide. National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information. 2022. Accessed September 20, 2022. Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Demecarium-bromide.
   Google Scholar
• Nachon F, Asojo OA, Borgstahl GEO, Masson P, Lockridge O. Role of water in aging of human butyrylcholinesterase inhibited by echothiophate: the crystal structure suggests two alternative mechanisms of aging. Biochemistry. 2005;44(4):1154–1162. doi:10.1021/bi048238d.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baraka A. Hexafluorenium-suxamethonium interaction in patients with normal versus atypical cholinesterase. Br J Anaesth. 1975;47(8):885–888. doi:10.1093/bja/47.8.885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilde MI, Faulds D. Oprelvekin. BioDrugs. 1998;10(2):159–171. doi:10.2165/00063030-199810020-00006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottwald MD, Rozanski RI. Rivastigmine, a brain-region selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor for treating Alzheimer’s disease: review and current status. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 1999;8(10):1673–1682. doi:10.1517/13543784.8.10.1673.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Enz A, Boddeke H, Gray J, Spiegel R. Pharmacologic and clinicopharmacologic properties of SDZ ENA 713, a centrally selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1991;640(1):272–275. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb00232.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heo YA. Satralizumab : First Approval. Drugs. 2020;80(14):1477–1482. doi:10.1007/s40265-020-01380-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose-John S. Interleukin-6 family cytokines. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2018;10(2):a028415. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a028415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng Z, Heath J, Drachenberg C, Raufman J-P, Xie G. Cholinergic muscarinic receptor activation augments murine intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. BMC Cancer. 2013;13(1):204. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-13-204.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Finkbeiner AE. Is bethanechol chloride clinically effective in promoting bladder emptying? A literature review. J Urol. 1985;134(3):443–449. doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)47234-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HT, Cha H, Hwang KY. Structural insight into the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase by the COX-2-selective inhibitor polmacoxib (CG100649). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016;478(1):1–6. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SL, Shih HT, Chi YC, Li YP, Yin SJ. Oxidation of methanol, ethylene glycol, and isopropanol with human alcohol dehydrogenases and the inhibition by ethanol and 4-methylpyrazole. Chem Biol Interact. 2011;191(1–3):26–31. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2010.12.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox SN, Hay E, Bird AC. Treatment of chronic macular edema with acetazolamide. Arch Ophthalmol. 1988;106(9):1190–1195. doi:10.1001/archopht.1988.01060140350030.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Block ER, Rostand RA. Carbonic anhydrase inhibition in glaucoma: hazard or benefit for the chronic lunger? Surv Ophthalmol. 1978;23(3):169–172. doi:10.1016/0039-6257(78)90152-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drugbank. Chlorothiazide. Drugbank online. 2022. Accessed September 20, 2022. Available from: https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00880.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar S, Rulhania S, Jaswal S, Monga V. Recent advances in the medicinal chemistry of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem. 2021;209:112923. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu H, Zhang H, Jiang Y. Methazolamide in high-altitude illnesses. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2020;148:105326. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galkin AV, Melnick JS, Kim S, Hood TL, Li N, Li L, et al. Identification of NVP-TAE684, a potent, selective, and efficacious inhibitor of NPM-ALK. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104(1):270–275. doi:10.1073/pnas.0609412103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng XD, Wu XH, Chen LJ, Wang ZL, Hu XH, Song LF, et al. Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase ameliorates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010;332(1):46–56. doi:10.1124/jpet.109.153494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrik D, Jiang Y, Birnbaum SG, Powell CM, Kim M-S, Hsieh J, et al. Functional and mechanistic exploration of an adult neurogenesis-promoting small molecule. FASEB J. 2012;26(8):3148–3162. doi:10.1096/fj.11-201426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin CF, Hsu KC, HuangFu WC, Lin TE, Huang HL, Pan SL. Investigating the potential effects of selective histone deacetylase 6 inhibitor ACY1215 on infarct size in rats with cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2020;21(1):21. doi:10.1186/s40360-020-0400-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luch A. Nature and nurture - lessons from chemical carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005;5(2):113–125. doi:10.1038/nrc1546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein P, Holm NV, Verkasalo PK, Iliadou A, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M, et al. Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer–analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(2):78–85. doi:10.1056/NEJM200007133430201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czene K, Lichtenstein P, Hemminki K. Environmental and heritable causes of cancer among 9.6 million individuals in the Swedish Family-Cancer Database. Int J Cancer. 2002;99(2):260–266. doi:10.1002/ijc.10332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan S, Zou C, Zhang W, Yin M, Gao X, Tang Q. Recent developments in d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-succinate-based nanomedicine for cancer therapy. Drug Deliv. 2017;24(1):1831–1842. doi:10.1080/10717544.2017.1406561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy HK, Kunte DP, Koetsier JL, Hart J, Kim YL, Liu Y, et al. Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by polyethylene glycol: suppression of epithelial proliferation via modulation of SNAIL/beta-catenin signaling. Mol Cancer Ther. 2006;5(8):2060–2069. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-06-0054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen GC, Duh PD, Tsai HL. Antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties of ascorbic acid and gallic acid. Food Chem. 2002;79(3):307–313. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00145-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanian AP, Jaganathan SK, Mandal M, Supriyanto E, Muhamad II. Gallic acid induced apoptotic events in HCT-15 colon cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(15):3952–3961. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i15.3952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang W, Li Y, Ai Y, Obianom ON, Guo D, Yang H, et al. Pyrazole-4-carboxamide (YW2065): a therapeutic candidate for colorectal cancer via dual activities of Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibition and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. J Med Chem. 2019;62(24):11151–11164. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu PY, Lin YH, Yeh EL, Lo HC, Hsu TH, Su CC. Cordycepin and a preparation from Cordyceps militaris inhibit malignant transformation and proliferation by decreasing EGFR and IL-17RA signaling in a murine oral cancer model. Oncotarget. 2017;8(55):93712–93728. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.21477.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hwang IH, Oh SY, Jang HJ, Jo E, Joo JC, Lee KB, et al. Cordycepin promotes apoptosis in renal carcinoma cells by activating the MKK7-JNK signaling pathway through inhibition of c-FLIPL expression. PLoS One. 2017;12(10):e0186489. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Mao ZP, Wang L, Zhang FH, Wu GH, Wang DY, et al. Cordycepin inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in human cholangiocarcinoma. Neoplasma. 2017;64(6):834–839. doi:10.4149/neo_2017_604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang CW, Hsu WH, Tai CJ. Antimetastatic effects of cordycepin mediated by the inhibition of mitochondrial activity and estrogen-related receptor α in human ovarian carcinoma cells. Oncotarget. 2017;8(2):3049–3058. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.13829.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zeng Y, Lian S, Li D, Lin X, Chen B, Wei H, et al. Anti-hepatocarcinoma effect of cordycepin against NDEA-induced hepatocellular carcinomas via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Nrf2/HO-1/NF-κB pathway in mice. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;95:1868–1875. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li SZ, Ren JW, Fei J, Zhang XD, Du RL. Cordycepin induces Bax‑dependent apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Mol Med Rep. 2019;19(2):901–908. doi:10.3892/mmr.2018.9717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong JW, Park C, Cha HJ, Hong SH, Park SH, Kim GY, et al. Cordycepin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced cell migration and invasion in human colorectal carcinoma HCT-116 cells through down-regulation of prostaglandin E2 receptor EP4. BMB Rep. 2018;51(10):532–537. doi:10.5483/BMBRep.2018.51.10.120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng Q, Li X, Fang C, Li X, Zhang J, Xi Q, et al. Cordycepin enhances anti-tumor immunity in colon cancer by inhibiting phagocytosis immune checkpoint CD47 expression. Int Immunopharmacol. 2022;107:108695. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Liu C, Wang J, Fan Y, Wang Z, Wang Y. Proton pump inhibitors increase the chemosensitivity of patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Oncotarget. 2017;8(35):58801–58808. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.18522.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wan XM, Zheng F, Zhang L, Miao YY, Man N, Wen LP. Autophagy-mediated chemosensitization by cysteamine in cancer cells. Int J Cancer. 2011;129(5):1087–1095. doi:10.1002/ijc.25771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinkerton M, Steinrauf LK, Dawkins P. The molecular structure and some transport properties of valinomycin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1969;35(4):512–518. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(69)90376-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmoud WH, Mohamed GG, El-Dessouky MMI. Coordination modes of bidentate lornoxicam drug with some transition metal ions. Synthesis, characterization and in vitro antimicrobial and antibreastic cancer activity studies. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2014;122:598–608. doi:10.1016/j.saa.2013.11.069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drakopoulou S, Kontis E, Pantiora E, Vezakis A, Karandrea D, Aravidou E, et al. Effects of lornoxicam on anastomotic healing: a randomized, blinded, placebo-control experimental study. Surg Res Pract. 2016;2016:4328089–6. doi:10.1155/2016/4328089.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu J, Wang Y, Xu X, Cao H, Sahengbieke S, Sheng H, et al. Transcriptional activation of FN1 and IL11 by HMGA2 promotes the malignant behavior of colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2016;37(5):511–521. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgw029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putoczki TL, Ernst M. IL-11 signaling as a therapeutic target for cancer. Immunotherapy. 2015;7(4):441–453. doi:10.2217/imt.15.17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grivennikov S, Karin E, Terzic J, Mucida D, Yu G-Y, Vallabhapurapu S, et al. IL-6 and Stat3 are required for survival of intestinal epithelial cells and development of colitis-associated cancer. Cancer Cell. 2009;15(2):103–113. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2009.01.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YH, Kim T, Joo JD, Han JH, Kim YJ, Kim IA, et al. Survival benefit of levetiracetam in patients treated with concomitant chemoradiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide for glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer. 2015;121(17):2926–2932. doi:10.1002/cncr.29439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamid M, Ghani A, Micaily I, Sarwar U, Lashari B, Malik F. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) after bevacizumab therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2018;8(3):130–133. doi:10.1080/20009666.2018.1478563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen VCH, Hsieh YH, Lin TC, Lu ML, Liao YT, Yang YH, et al. New use for old drugs: the protective effect of risperidone on colorectal cancer. Cancers. 2020;12(6):1560. doi:10.3390/cancers12061560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaur S, Chen L, Ann V, Lin W-C, Wang Y, Chang VHS, et al. Dovitinib synergizes with oxaliplatin in suppressing cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells regardless of RAS-RAF mutation status. Mol Cancer. 2014;13(1):21. doi:10.1186/1476-4598-13-21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou L, Gao W, Wang K, Huang Z, Zhang L, Zhang Z, et al. Brefeldin A inhibits colorectal cancer growth by triggering Bip/Akt-regulated autophagy. FASEB J. 2019;33(4):5520–5534. doi:10.1096/fj.201801983R.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao J, Lv W, Wang L, Xu J, Yuan P, Huang S, et al. Ricolinostat (ACY-1215) suppresses proliferation and promotes apoptosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via miR-30d/PI3K/AKT/mTOR and ERK pathways. Cell Death Dis. 2018;9(8):817. doi:10.1038/s41419-018-0788-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tan Y, Zhang S, Zhu H, Chu Y, Zhou H, Liu D, et al. Histone deacetylase 6 selective inhibitor ACY1215 inhibits cell proliferation and enhances the chemotherapeutic effect of 5-fluorouracil in HCT116 cells. Ann Transl Med. 2019;7(1):2–2. doi:10.21037/atm.2018.11.48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar