99
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Exploring Factors and Disparities: Female Labor Force Participation in the Palestinian Regions: East Jerusalem, West Bank and Gaza Strip

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Received 14 Jun 2023, Accepted 20 May 2024, Published online: 17 Jun 2024

References

  • Abraham, A. Y., Ohemeng, F. N. A., & Ohemeng, W. (2017). Female labour force participation: Evidence from Ghana. International Journal of Social Economics, 44(11), 1489–1505. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-06-2015-0159
  • Abraham, R., Basole, A., & Kesar, S. (2022). Down and out? The gendered impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on India’s labour market. Economia Politica, 39(1), 101–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40888-021-00234-8
  • Abrahamsen, C. K. (2015). Labor supply over the life cycles: An age–period-cohort analysis (Master’s thesis). Department of Economics, University of Oslo.
  • Al-Botmeh, S. (2015). Palestinian women in the labor market a Burgeoning workforce curbed by Israel’s colonialism. Interactive encyclopedia of the Palestine question. https://www.palquest.org/en/highlight/16043/palestinian-women-labor-market
  • Al-Botmeh, S. (2016). The political economy of Palestinian women’s labour market participation. In Development challenges and solutions after the Arab spring (pp. 175–199). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • Assaad, R., Hendy, R., Lassassi, M., & Yassin, S. (2020). Explaining the MENA paradox: Rising educational attainment, yet stagnant female labor force participation. Demographic Research, 43, 817–850. https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2020.43.28
  • Browning, M., Crawford, I., Knoef, M. (2012). The age-period-cohort problem: Set identification and point identification. Institute for Fiscal Studies, CEMMAP Working Paper, CWP02/12 London, WC1E 7AE.
  • Chattopadhyay, S., & Chowdhury, S. (2022). Female labour force participation in India: An empirical study. Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 65(1), 59–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41027-022-00362-0
  • Choshen, M., Korach, M. (2011). Jerusalem: Facts and trends 2011. Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies. https://bit.ly/2Hc1rLb
  • Coulibaly, K., Ma, J., Qassis, H. (2023). Palestinian labor market outcomes, dynamics, and policies. International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/CR/2023/English/1WBGEA2023002.ashx.
  • Daoud, Y., & Fallah, B. (2016). The differential impact of employment in agriculture on wages for rural and non-rural Palestine. IZA Journal of Labor & Development, 5(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40175-016-0063-9
  • Daoud, Y., & Shanti, R. (2016). Private–public sector employment choice and wage differentials in Palestine: A gender perspective. In N. Chamlou & M. Karshenas (Eds.), Women, work and welfare in the Middle East and North Africa: The role of socio-demographics, entrepreneurship and public policies (pp. 383–408). IC Publishing.
  • Di Maio, M., & Sciabolazza, V. L. (2023). Conflict exposure and labour market outcomes: Evidence from longitudinal data for the Gaza Strip. Labour Economics, 85, 102439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102439
  • Diwan, I., & Vartanova, I. (2017). The effect of patriarchal culture on women’s labor force participation. Cairi, Egypt: Economic research forum (ERF) Working Paper (No. 1110).
  • El Zein, R. (2017). Developing a Palestinian resistance economy through agricultural labor. Journal of Palestine Studies, 46(3), 7–26. https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.2017.46.3.7
  • Fallah, B., Bergolo, M., Saadeh, I., Abu Hashhash, A., & Hattawy, M. (2021). The effect of labour-demand shocks on women’s participation in the labor force: Evidence from Palestine. Journal of Development Studies, 57(3), 400–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2020.1806246
  • Fosse, E., & Winship, C. (2019). Analyzing age-period-cohort data: A review and critique. Annual Review of Sociology, 45(1), 467–492. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022616
  • Habash, N., & Baidoun, S. (2023). How to win the succession race: Empirical analysis of Palestinian family businesses. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-07-2022-0209
  • Hallaq, S. (2020). Wage differential between Palestinian non-refugees and Palestinian refugees in the West Bank and Gaza. International Journal of Development and Conflict, 10(2), 145–181. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3503112
  • Hallaq, S., & Daas, Y. (2024). The impact of climate change on the Palestinian sectoral reallocation of labor. International Review of Applied Economics, 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2024.2319784
  • Hayo, B., & Caris, T. (2013). Female labour force participation in the MENA region: The role of identity. Review of Middle East Economics and Finance, 9(3), 271–292. https://doi.org/10.1515/rmeef-2013-0021
  • Hendy, R. (2015). Women’s participation in the Egyptian labor market 1998–2012. In R. Assaad & C. Krafft (Eds.), The Egyptian labor market in an era of Revolution (pp. 147–161). Oxford University Press.
  • IMF. (2023). West Bank and Gaza: Selected issues. IMF Staff Country Reports, Middle East and Central Asia Dept, 2023(327), A001. https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400253843.002.A001
  • Kelly, P. F. (2009). From global production networks to global reproduction networks: Households, migration, and regional development in Cavite, the Philippines. Regional Studies, 43(3), 449–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400902777075
  • Krafft, C. (2020). Why is fertility on the rise in Egypt? The role of women’s employment opportunities. Journal of Population Economics, 33(4), 1173–1218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-020-00770-w
  • Lassassi, M., & Tansel, A. (2022). Female labor force participation in Egypt and Palestine: An age–period–cohort analysis. Review of Development Economics, 26(4), 1997–2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12908
  • Loewenthal, A., & Miaari, S. H. (2020). Male-female wage differential in the West Bank: A gender-based analysis of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Defence and Peace Economics, 31(8), 939–956. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2020.1768340
  • Mahapatro, S. (2019). Female employment in India: Determinants of choice of sector of activity. Journal of Economic Studies, 46(3), 748–759. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-04-2017-0108
  • Mansour, H. (2010). The effects of labor supply shocks on labor market outcomes: Evidence from the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Labour Economics, 17(6), 930–939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2010.04.001
  • Miaari, S. H., & Sauer, R. M. (2011). The labor market costs of conflict: Closures, foreign workers, and Palestinian employment and earnings. Review of Economics of the Household, 9(1), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-009-9081-6
  • Morrar, R., & Gallouj, F. (2016). The growth of the service sector in Palestine: The productivity challenge. Journal of Innovation Economics & Management, n°19(1), 179–204. https://doi.org/10.3917/jie.019.0179
  • Morrar, R., & Rios-Avila, F. (2021). Discrimination against refugees in the Palestinian labor market. International Journal of Manpower, 42(6), 1002–1024. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-08-2019-0396
  • Olivetti, C., & Petrongolo, B. (2016). The evolution of gender gaps in institutionalized countries. Annual Review of Economics, 8(1), 405–434. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115329
  • Osman, A., Speer, J. D., Weaver, A. (2021). Discrimination against Women in Hiring. Working Paper.
  • PCBS (2017). PCBS (Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics). Technical Report. Bureau of Statistics. https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2385.pdf
  • Quickworld (2022). The West Bank in 2022. https://en.quickworld.com/map/hqha9b0jq9kdvheoq0
  • Salem, H. S. (2019). Agriculture status and women’s role in agriculture production and rural transformation in the occupied Palestinian territories. Journal of Agriculture and Crops, 5(58), 132–150. https://doi.org/10.32861/jac.58.132.150
  • Salem, R. (2016). The gendered effects of labor market experiences on marriage timing in Egypt. Demographic Research, 35(11), 283–314. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2016.35.11
  • Tam, H. (2011). U-shaped female labor participation with economic development: Some panel data evidence. Economics Letters, 110(2), 140–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2010.11.003
  • Tansel, A., & Ozdemir, Z. A. (2018). Unemployment invariance hypothesis, added and discouraged worker effects in Canada. International Journal of Manpower, 39(7), 929–936. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-04-2017-0059
  • Thévenon, O. (2013). Drivers of female labour force participation in the OECD, OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 145. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/5k46cvrgnms6-en
  • Tivadar, L. M. (2021). The Gaza Strip and the Israel-Hamas conflict: From 2008 until nowadays. Acta Musei Napocensis. Historica, 58(58), 293–311. https://doi.org/10.54145/ActaMN.58.15
  • Tumsarp, P., & Pholphirul, P. (2020). Does marriage discourage female labor force participation? Empirical evidence from Thailand. Marriage & Family Review, 56(7), 677–688. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2020.1740370
  • UNCTAD. (2013). United Nations conference on trade and development: The Palestinian economy in East Jerusalem: Resilience. The face of annexation, isolation and disintegration.
  • UNDP. (2017). Resilience series – Youth employment in Palestine. Technical Report. https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2022-11/17_05_18_resilience_series_-_youth_employment.pdf
  • United Nations. (2020). Womens job market participation stagnating at less than 50 for the past 25 years finds UN report. United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/desa/women%E2%80%99s-job-market-participation-stagnating-less-50-past-25-years-finds-un-report#:∼:text=In%202020%2C%20only%2047%25%20of,participating%20in%20the%20labour%20market.
  • US US (2020). Investment climate statements: West Bank and Gaza. Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-investment-climate-statements/west-bank-and-gaza/
  • Verme, P., Barry, A. G., & Guennouni, J. (2016). Female labor participation in the Arab world: Evidence from panel data in Morocco. Labour, 30(3), 258–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/labr.12078
  • Vishwanath, T., Blankespoor, B., Calandra, F., Krishnan, N., Mahadevan, M., & Yoshida, M. (2014). Seeing is believing: Poverty in the Palestinian territories. World Bank Group.
  • World Bank. (2018). Enhancing job opportunities for skilled women in the Palestinian territories. Group. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/977921537274068902/pdf/129981-WP-PUBLIC-Enhancing-Job-Opportunities-for-Skilled-Females-in-the-Palestinian-Territories-Final-Report.pdf
  • World Bank. (2022). Female labor force participation. World Bank Gender Data Portal. https://genderdata.worldbank.org/data-stories/flfp-data-story/#:∼:text=The%20global%20labor%20force%20participation,do%20work%2C%20they%20earn%20less.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.