1,965
Views
100
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Review Article: The Effects of Radiation Chemistry on Solvent Extraction 3: A Review of Actinide and Lanthanide Extraction

, &
Pages 579-606 | Published online: 10 Nov 2009

REFERENCES

  • 2007 . World Energy Outlook International Atomic Energy Agency (IAE/OECD)
  • 2007 . The Sustainable Nuclear Energy Technology Platform: A Vision Report; Luxembourg, EUR 22842
  • 2004 . Implications of Partitioning and Transmutation in Radioactive Waste Management; International Atomic Energy Agency, Technical Report Series, no. 435, Vienna
  • 1999 . Actinide and Fission Product Partitioning and Transmutation‐Status and Assessment Report; (OECD‐NEA), Paris
  • Mincher , B. J. , Modolo , G. and Mezyk , S. P. 2009 . The effects of radiation chemistry on solvent extraction: 1. Conditions in acidic solution and a review of TBP radiolysis. . Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. , 27 : 1 – 25 .
  • Mincher , B. J. , Modolo , G. and Mezyk , S. P. 2009 . The effects of radiation chemistry on solvent extraction: 2. A review of fission‐product extraction. . Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. , 27 : 331 – 53 .
  • Horwitz , E. P. , Kalina , D. G. , Diamond , H. , Vandegrift , G. F. and Schulz , W. W. 1985 . The TRUEX process‐ a process for the extraction of the transuranic elements from nitric acid wastes utilizing modified PUREX solvent. . Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. , 3 : 75 – 109 .
  • Nilsson , M. and Nash , K. L. 2007 . Review article: A review of the development and operational characteristics of the TALSPEAK process. . Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. , 25 : 665 – 701 .
  • Zhu , Y. and Jiao , R. 1994 . Chinese experience in the removal of actinides from highly active waste by trialkylphosphine oxide extraction. . Nucl. Technol. , 108 : 361 – 69 .
  • Baron , P. , Charbonnel , M. C. , Nicol , C. and Berthon , L. 5 – 10 . State of Advancement of DIAMEX Process, GLOBAL 1997 Proceedings, Yokohama, Japan, Oct 1997
  • Modolo , G. , Vijgen , D. , Serrano‐Purroy , B. , Christiansen , R. , Malmbeck , C. , Sorel , C. and Baron , P. 2007 . DIAMEX counter‐current extraction process for recovery of trivalent actinides from simulated high active concentrate. . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 42 : 349 – 52 .
  • Sasaki , Y. , Sugo , Y. , Suzuki , S. and Tachimori , S. 2001 . The novel extractants, diglycolamides, for the extraction of lanthanides and actinides in HNO3‐n‐dodecane system. . Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. , 19 : 91 – 103 .
  • Kalina , D. G. , Horwitz , E. P. , Kaplan , L. and Muscatello , A. C. 1981 . The extraction of Am(III) and Fe(III) by selected dihexyl N,N‐dialkylcarbamoylmethyl‐phosphonates, ‐phosphinates and ‐phosphine oxides from nitrate media. . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 16 : 1127 – 45 .
  • Simonzadeh , N. , Crabtree , A. M. , Trevorrow , L. E. and Vandegrift , G. F. 1992 . “ Radiolysis and Report Hydrolysis of TRUEX‐NPH Solvent. ” . Argonne National Lab Report ANL‐90/14
  • Logunov , M. V. , Voroshilov , Yu. A. , Starovoitov , N. P. , Shadrin , A. Yu. , Smirnov , I. V. , Kvasnitskii , I. B. , Tananaev , I. G. , Myasoedov , B. F. , Morgalyuk , V. P. , Kamiya , M. , Koma , I. and Koyama , T. 2006 . Radiation resistance of a series of organophosphorus extractants. . Radiochemistry , 48 : 55 – 61 .
  • Chiarizia , R. and Horwitz , E. P. 1986 . Hydrolytic and radiolytic degradation of octyl(phenyl)‐N,N‐diisobutylcarbamoylmethylphosphine oxide and related compounds. . Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. , 4 : 677 – 723 .
  • Mincher , B. J. , Mezyk , S. P. and Martin , L. R. 2008 . A pulse radiolysis investigation of the reactions of tributylphosphate with the radical products of aqueous nitric acid irradiation. . J. Phys. Chem. , 112 : 6275 – 80 .
  • Schulz , W. W. and Horwitz , E. P. 1988 . The TRUEX process and the management of liquid TRU waste. . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 23 : 1191 – 1210 .
  • Nash , K. L. , Rickert , P. G. and Horwitz , E. P. 1989 . Degradation of TRUEX‐dodecane process solvent. . Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. , 7 : 655 – 75 .
  • Nash , K. L. , Gatrone , R. C. , Clark , G. A. , Rickert , P. G. and Horwitz , E. P. 1988 . Hydrolytic and radiolytic degradation of OϕD(iB)CMPO: Continuing studies. . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 23 : 1355 – 72 .
  • Mathur , J. N. , Murali , M. S. , Ruikar , P. B. , Nagar , M. S. , Sipahimalani , A. T. , Bauri , A. K. and Banerji , A. 1998 . Degradation, cleanup, and reusability of octylphenyl‐N,N′‐diisobutylcarbamoylmethyl Phosphine Oxide (CMPO) during partitioning of minor actinides from high level waste (HLW) solutions. . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 33 : 2179 – 96 .
  • Kikuchi , T. , Maruyama , K. , Goto , I. and Suzuki , K. 2006 . Durability of CMPO impregnated silica adsorbent under irradiation conditions. . J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. , 43 : 562 – 8 .
  • Chiarizia , R. and Horwitz , E. P. 1990 . Secondary cleanup of TRUEX process solvent. . Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. , 6 : 907 – 41 .
  • Tze , P.‐K. , Reichley‐Yinger , L. and Vandegrift , G. F. 1990 . TRUEX process solvent cleanup with solid sorbents. . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 25 : 1763 – 75 .
  • Horwitz , E. P. , Diamond , H. , Gatrone , R. C. , Nash , K. L. and Rickert , P. G. 1990 . “ TUCS: A New Class of Aqueous Complexing Agents for use in Solvent Extraction Processes. ” . ISEC‐90, Kyoto, Japan
  • Buchholz , B. A. , Nuńez , L. and Vandegrift , G. F. 1996 . Effect of α‐radiolysis on TRUEX‐NPH Solvent. . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 31 : 2231 – 43 .
  • Zhu , Y. , Jiao , R. , Wang , S. , Fan , S. , Liu , B. , Zheng , H. S. Z. and Chen , S. 1983 . “ An Extractant (TRPO) for the Removal and Recovery of Actinides from High Level Radioactive Liquid Waste. ” . ISEC‐83. Denver, CO
  • Song , C. , Xiangming , H. E. and Glatz , J. P. 1996 . “ A Mathematical Model for the Extraction of Americium from HLLW by 30% TRPO and its Experimental Verification. ” . ISEC‐96. Melbourne, Australia
  • Du , Y. , Wu , J. , Li , F. and Liu , A. 1999 . A pulse radiolysis study on energy transfer mechanism in trioctylphosphine oxide‐cyclohexane and tributylphosphate‐cyclohexane systems by using benzophenone as a probe. . Radiat. Phys. Chem. , 54 : 455 – 61 .
  • Pikaev , A. K. , Kabakchi , S. A. and Egorov , G. F. 1988 . Some radiation chemical aspects of nuclear engineering. . Radiat. Phys. Chem. , 31 : 789 – 803 .
  • Wagner , R. M. and Towle , L. H. 1958 . “ Radiation Stability of Organic Liquids. ” . Stanford Research Institute Report AECU‐4053
  • Zhang , P. , Song , C. L. , Liang , J. F. and Xin , R. X. 2001 . Extraction and retention of plutonium with γ‐irradiated 30% trialkylphosphine oxide‐kerosene solution. . Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. , 19 : 79 – 89 .
  • Jiao , R. , Yang , D. and Zhang , W. 1993 (in Chinese) . Study on extraction behavior of TRPO with different compositions China Nuclear Information Center, CNIC‐00758
  • Zheng , S. , Zhou , S. , Chen , S. , Jiao , R. , Wang , S. , Fan , S. and Liu , B. 1987 (in Chinese) . “ The Irradiation Effects on Extraction Properties and Physical Data of 30% TRPO‐Kerosene. ” . China Nuclear Information Center, CNIC‐0124
  • Kochetova , N. E. , Chmutova , M. K. , Lebedev , I. A. and Myasoedov , B. F. 1981 . Radiation stability of tetraphenylmethylenediphosphorine dioxide. . Soviet Radiochem. , 23 : 346 – 9 .
  • Schulz , W. W. 1972 . Radiolysis of Hanford B Plant HDEHP extractant. . Nucl. Technol. , 13 : 159 – 167 .
  • Weaver , B. and Kappelmann , F. A. 1968 . Preferential extraction of lanthanides over trivalent actinides by monoacidic organophosphates from carboxylic acids and from mixtures of carboxylic and aminopolyacetic acids. . J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. , 30 : 263 – 72 .
  • Tachimori , S. 1978 . Effects of radiolysis of di(2‐ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid upon the extraction of strontium(II). . J. Radioanal. Chem. , 44 : 25 – 35 .
  • Kuzin , I. A. , Semushin , A. M. and Romanovskii , V. N. 1969 . Stability of di(2‐ethylhexyl) hydrogen phosphate against radiation. . High Energy Chem. , 3 : 248 – 249 .
  • Vladimirova , M. V. , Kulikov , I. A. and Milovanova , A. S. 1979 . Radiation‐chemical behavior of the system D2EHPA in paraffin‐3.0 M HNO3. . Radiokhimiya , 21 : 925 – 6 .
  • Tachimori , S. and Izumo , M. 1981 . Radiolysis of DEHPA‐CCl4 solvent mixture in the presence of aqueous solutions. . J. Radioanal. Chem. , 67 : 329 – 37 .
  • Tachimori , S. 1979 . Mass spectrometric study of the radiolysis of di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid. . J. Radioanal. Chem. , 49 : 179 – 84 .
  • Beom , Y. H. , Hee , L. I. and Sil , M. H. 2003 . Determination of radiolysis products in zirconium salt of di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid by high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. . J. Liq. Chrom. Rel. Technol. , 26 : 2593 – 604 .
  • Kuruc , J. , Zubarev , V. E. and Macasek , F. 1988 . X‐ and gamma‐radiolysis of phosphate esters. Electron spin resonance study by the spin trap technique. . J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett. , 127 : 177 – 92 .
  • Schulz , W. W. 1968 . “ Effects of some Synergistic and Antagonistic Agents on HDEHP Extraction of Strontium. ” . Pacific Northwest Laboratory Report BNWL
  • Tachimori , S. , Krooss , B. and Nakamura , H. 1978 . Effect of radiolysis products of di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid upon the extraction of lanthanides. . J. Radioanal. Chem. , 43 : 53 – 63 .
  • Tachimori , S. 1979 . Radiation effects on the extraction of americium(III) with di(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid. . J. Radioanal. Chem. , 50 : 133 – 42 .
  • Tachimori , S. 1979 . Synergistic extraction of americium with MEHPA‐DEHPA mixed solvent from nitric acid solution. . J. Radioanal. Chem. , 49 : 31 – 5 .
  • Tachimori , S. , Nakamura , H. and Sato , A. 1979 . A study of radiation effects of americium(III) with acidic organophosphates. . J. Radioanal. Chem. , 50 : 143 – 51 .
  • Tachimori , S. and Ito , Y. 1979 . Radiation damage of organic extractant in partitioning of high‐level waste, (I) Radiolysis of di(2‐ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid by irradiation with cobalt‐60 gamma‐rays. . J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. , 16 : 49 – 56 .
  • Morita , Y. and Kubota , M. 1985 . Behavior of neptunium in chemical process of partitioning long‐lived radionuclides from high‐level waste. . J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. , 22 : 658 – 64 .
  • Morita , Y. and Kubota , M. 1990 . Radiolysis of diisodecyl phosphoric acid and its effect on the extraction of neptunium. . Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. , 8 : 529 – 55 .
  • Morita , Y. , Kubota , M. , Yoneya , M. , Tochiyama , O. and Inoue , Y. 1989 . Influence of monoisodecyl phosphoric acid on extraction of neptunium with diisodecyl phosphoric acid. . J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. , 26 : 698 – 704 .
  • Thiollet , G. and Musikas , C. 1989 . Synthesis and uses of the amides extractants. . Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. , 7 : 813 – 27 .
  • Gasparini , G. M. and Grossi , G. 1986 . Review article: Long chain disubstituted aliphatic amides as extracting agents in industrial applications of solvent extraction. . Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. , 4 : 1233 – 71 .
  • Musikas , C. 1988 . Potentiality of nonorganophosphorus extractants in chemical separations of actinides. . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 23 : 1211 – 26 .
  • Ruikar , P. B. , Nagar , M. S. and Subramanian , M. S. 1993 . Extraction of uranium, plutonium and some fission products with γ‐irradiated unsymmetrical and branched chain diakylamides. . J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett. , 176 : 103 – 11 .
  • Ruikar , P. B. , Nagar , M. S. and Subramanian , M. S. 1991 . Quantitative analysis of some extractants by infrared spectrometry. . J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Let. , 155 : 371 – 6 .
  • Kulkarni , P. G. , Gupta , K. K. , Gurba , P. B. , Janardan , P. , Changrani , R. D. , Dey , P. K. and Manchanda , V. K. 2006 . Solvent extraction behavior of some fission product elements with N,N‐dihexyl octanamide and tri‐n‐butyl phosphate under simulated PUREX process conditions. . Radiochim. Acta , 94 : 325 – 9 .
  • Parikh , K. J. , Pathak , P. N. , Misra , S. K. , Tripathi , S. C. , Dakshinamoorthy , A. and Manchanda , V. K. 2009 . Radiolytic degradation studies on N,N‐dihexyloctanamide (DHOA) under PUREX process conditions. . Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. , 27 : 244 – 57 .
  • Mowafy , E. A. 2004 . The effect of previous gamma‐irradiation on the extraction of U(VI), Th(IV), Zr(IV), Eu(III) and Am(III) by various amides. . J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. , 260 : 179 – 87 .
  • Ruikar , P. B. , Nagar , M. S. , Subramanian , M. S. , Gupta , K. K. , Varadarajan , N. and Singh , R. K. 1995 . Extraction behavior of uranium (VI), plutonium (IV), zirconium (IV), ruthenium (III) and europium (III) with γ‐pre‐irradiated solutions of N,N′‐methylbutyl substituted amides in n‐dodecane. . J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett. , 201 : 125 – 134 .
  • Ruikar , P. B. , Nagar , M. S. , Subramanian , M. S. , Gupta , K. K. , Varadarajan , N. and Singh , R. K. 1995 . Extraction behavior of uranium (VI), plutonium (IV) and some fission products with gamma pre‐irradiated n‐dodecane solutions of N,N′‐dihexyl substituted amides. . J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Art. , 196 : 171 – 78 .
  • Mowafy , E. A. and Aly , H. F. 2001 . Extraction of actinides and selected fission products from nitric acid medium using long chain monoamides. . Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. , 19 : 629 – 41 .
  • Mowafy , E. A. 2007 . Evaluation of selectivity and radiolysis behavior of some promising isonicotinamids and dipicolinamides as extractants. . Radiochim. Acta , 95 : 539 – 45 .
  • Cuillerdier , C. , Musikas , C. , Hoel , P. , Nigond , L. and Vitart , X. 1991 . Malonamides as new extractants for nuclear waste solutions. . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 26 : 1229 – 44 .
  • El‐Reefy , S. A. , Mowafy , E. A. , Abdel‐Badei , M. M. and Aly , H. F. 1997 . Extraction of uranium and selected fission products from nitric acid medium by certain diamides. . Radiochim. Acta , 77 : 195 – 200 .
  • Berthon , L. , Morel , J. M. , Zorz , N. , Nicol , C. , Virelizier , H. and Madic , C. 2001 . DIAMEX process for minor actinide partitioning: hydrolytic and radiolytic degradations of malonamide extractants. . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 36 : 709 – 28 .
  • Berthon , L. , Journet , S. , Lalia , V. , Morel , J. M. , Zorz , N. , Berthon , C. and Amekraz , B. 2004 . “ Use of Chromatographic Techniques to Study a Degraded Solvent for Minor Actinides Partitioning: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis. ” . Atalante‐2004, Nîmes, France
  • Bisel , I. , Camès , B. , Faucon , M. , Rudloff , D. and Saucerotte , B. 2007 . “ DIAMEX‐SANEX Solvent Behavior under Continuous Degradation and Regeneration Operation. ” . Global‐2007, Boise, ID, USA
  • Rivasseau , C. and Blanc , P. 2001 . Determination of C4‐C14 carboxylic acids by capillary zone electrophoresis. Application to the identification of diamide degradation products and partitioning studies. . J. Chrom. A , 920 : 345 – 58 .
  • Nicol , C. , Cames , B. , Margot , L. and Ramain , L. 2000 . “ DIAMEX Regeneration Studies. ” . Atalante‐2000, Avignon, France
  • Sugo , Y. , Sasaki , Y. and Tachimori , S. 2002 . Studies on hydrolysis and radiolysis of N,N,N′,N′‐tetraoctyl‐3‐oxapentane‐1,5‐diamide. . Radiochim. Acta , 90 : 161 – 5 .
  • Sugo , Y. , Sasaki , Y. , Kimura , T. and Sekine , T. 2007 . “ Attempts to Improve Radiolytic Stability of Amidic Extractants. ” . Global 2007, Boise, ID
  • Sugo , Y. , Izumi , Y. , Yoshida , Y. , Nishijima , S. , Saski , Y. , Kimura , T. , Sekine , T. and Kudo , H. 2007 . Influence of diluent on radiolysis of amides in organic solution. . Radiat. Phys. Chem. , 76 : 794 – 800 .
  • Bellido , A. V. and Rubenich , M. N. 1984 . Influence of the diluents on the radiolytic degradation of TBP in TBP, 30% (v/v)‐Diluent‐HNO3 Systems. . Radiochimica Acta , 36 : 61 – 4 .
  • Modolo , G. , Asp , H. , Schreinemachers , C. and Vijgen , H. 2007 . Development of a TODGA based process for partitioning of actinides from a PUREX raffinate part 1: Batch extraction optimization studies and stability tests. . Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. , 25 : 703 – 21 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.