Liquid–Liquid Extraction of Lithium Ions Using a Slug Flow Microreactor: Effect of Extraction Reagent and Microtube Material

References

• Hessel, V.; Löwe, H.; Schönfeld, F. Micromixers—A review on passive and active mixing principles. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2005, 60, 2479–2501. doi:10.1016/j.ces.2004.11.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, S.H.; Ward, M.C.L.; Wharton, C.W. Micro T-mixer as a rapid mixing micromixer. Sens. Actuators, B 2004, 100, 359–379. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2004.02.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dummann, G.; Quittmann, U.; Gröschel, L.; Agar, D.W.; Wörz, O.; Morgenschweis, K. The capillary-microreactor: A new reactor concept for the intensification of heat and mass transfer in liquid–liquid reactions. Catal. Today 2003, 79–80, 433–439. doi:10.1016/S0920-5861(03)00056-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, P.L.; Quiram, D.J.; Ryley, J.F. Microreactor technology and process miniaturization for catalytic reactions—A perspective on recent developments and emerging technologies. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2007, 62, 6992–7010. doi:10.1016/j.ces.2007.09.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashid, M.N.; Harshe, Y.M.; Agar, D.W. Liquid−liquid slug flow in a capillary: An alternative to suspended drop or film contactors. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2007, 46, 8420–8430. doi:10.1021/ie070077x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sotowa, K.-I. Fluid behavior and mass transport characteristics of gas–liquid and liquid–liquid flows in microchannels. J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 2014, 47, 213–224. doi:10.1252/jcej.13we141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ufer, A.; Mendorf, M.; Ghaini, A.; Agar, D.W. Liquid/liquid slug flow capillary microreactor, Chem. Eng. Technol. 2011, 34, 353–360. doi:10.1002/ceat.201000334
   Google Scholar
• Richa, K.; Babbitt, C.W.; Gaustad, G.; Wang, X. A future perspective on lithium-ion battery waste flows from electric vehicles. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2014, 83, 63–76. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.11.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niinae, M.; Suzuki, T.; Nakamura, T.; Shibata, J. Separation of cobalt and lithium from chloride and sulfate solutions by solvent extraction. Resour. Process. 2010, 57, 141–145. doi:10.4144/rpsj.57.141
   Google Scholar
• Mukai, H.; Miyazaki, S.; Umetani, S.; Kihara, S.; Matsui, M. Synergic liquid/liquid extraction of lithium and sodium with 4-acyl-5-pyrazolones with bulky substituents and tri-n-octylphosphine oxide. Anal. Chim. Acta 1989, 220, 111–117. doi:10.1016/S0003-2670(00)80255-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantuano, D.P.; Dorella, G.; Elias, R.C.A.; Mansur, M.B. Analysis of a hydrometallurgical route to recover base metals from spent rechargeable batteries by liquid–liquid extraction with Cyanex 272. J. Power Sour. 2006, 159, 1510–1518. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.12.056
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogueira, C.A.; Margarido, F.; Vieceli, N.; Durão, F.; Guimarães, C. Comparison of processes for lithium recovery from lepidolite by H2SO4 digestion or HCl leaching. Proceedings of the International Conference on Mining, Material and Metallurgical Engineering, Prague, Czech Republic, August 11–12, 2014, Paper No. 72. Available at: http://repositorio.lneg.pt///handle/10400.9/2562 [accessed October 29, 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Tamagawa, O.; Muto, A. Development of cesium ion extraction process using a slug flow microreactor. Chem. Eng. J. 2011, 167, 700–704. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2010.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaoqun, Y.; Yuchao, Z.; Chunbo, Y.; Minhui, D.; Zhengya, D.; Guangwen, C. Characteristics of slug flow with inertial effects in a rectangular microchannel. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2013, 95, 246–256. doi:10.1016/j.ces.2013.03.046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghaini, A.; Mescher, A.; Agar, D.W. Hydrodynamic studies of liquid–liquid slug flows in circular microchannels. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2011, 66, 1168–1178. doi:10.1016/j.ces.2010.12.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dessimoz, A.-L.; Cavin, L.; Renken, A.; Kiwi-Minsker, L. Liquid–liquid two-phase flow patterns and mass transfer characteristics in rectangular glass microreactors. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2008, 63, 4035–4044. doi:10.1016/j.ces.2008.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aota, A. Applications of multiphase microflows to chemical processes. Bunseki Kagaku 2014, 63, 299–310. doi:10.2116/bunsekikagaku.63.299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashid, M.N.; Agar, D.W. Hydrodynamics of liquid–liquid slug flow capillary microreactor: Flow regimes, slug size and pressure drop. Chem. Eng. J. 2007, 131, 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2006.11.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns, J.R.; Ramshaw, C. The intensification of rapid reactions in multiphase systems using slug flow in capillaries. Lab Chip 2001, 1, 10–15. doi:10.1039/b102818a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darekar, M.; Sen, N.; Singh, K.K.; Mukhopadhyay, S.; Shenoy, K.T.; Ghosh, S.K. Liquid–liquid extraction in microchannels with zinc–D2EHPA system. Hydrometallurgy 2014, 144–145, 54–62. doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.01.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, K.K.; Renjith, A.U.; Shenoy, K.T. Liquid–liquid extraction in microchannels and conventional stage-wise extractors: A comparative study. Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif. 2015, 98, 95–105. doi:10.1016/j.cep.2015.10.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoki, N.; Tanigawa, S.; Mae, K. A new index for precise design and advanced operation of mass transfer in slug flow. Chem. Eng. J. 2011, 167, 651–656. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2010.07.071
   Google Scholar