Distributed Apprenticeship in Online Communities

REFERENCES

• Ackerman, M. S. (1998). Augmenting organizational memory: A field study of answer garden. ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), 16(3), 203–224. doi:10.1145/290159.290160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamic, L. A., Zhang, J., Bakshy, E., & Ackerman, M. S. (2008). Knowledge sharing and yahoo answers: Everyone knows something. In Proc. of the Conference on World Wide Web (pp. 665–674). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Ahlers, G. K., Cumming, D., Günther, C., & Schweizer, D. (2015). Signaling in equity crowdfunding. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(4), 955–980. doi:10.1111/etap.12157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexa.com. (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2011, from http://www.alexa.com/
   Google Scholar
• Ardichvili, A., Cardozo, R., & Ray, S. (2003). A theory of entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(1), 105–123. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(01)00068-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arguello, J., Butler, B. S., Joyce, E., Kraut, R., Ling, K. S., Rosé, C., & Wang, X. (2006). Talk to me: Foundations for successful individual-group interactions in online communities. In Proc. of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 959–968). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Audet, J., & St-Jean, E. (2007). Factors affecting the use of public support services by SME owners: Evidence from a periphery region of Canada. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 12(02), 165–180. doi:10.1142/S1084946707000629
   Google Scholar
• Bain, A. (2012). The learning edge: What technology can do to educate all children. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2001). Self-Efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY, USA: W. H. Freeman and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Baron, R. A. (1998). Cognitive mechanisms in entrepreneurship: Why and when enterpreneurs think differently than other people. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 275–294. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00031-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bederson, B. B., & Quinn, A. J. (2011). Web workers unite! addressing challenges of online laborers. In Extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems (pp. 97–106). Vancouver, BC, Canada: ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Belleflamme, P., Lambert, T., & Schwienbacher, A. (2013). Crowdfunding: Tapping the right crowd. Journal of Business Venturing. 29(5), 585–609.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, R. (2008). SME policy support in Britain since the 1990s: What have we learnt? Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 26(2), 375–397. doi:10.1068/c07118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, R. J., & Robson, P. J. (1999). The use of external business advice by SMEs in Britain. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 11(2), 155–180. doi:10.1080/089856299283245
   Google Scholar
• Bhide, A. (2000). The origin and evolution of new businesses. New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Blau, P. M., Falbe, C. M., McKinley, W., & Tracy, P. K. (1976). Technology and organization in manufacturing. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21(1), 20–40. doi:10.2307/2391876
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouguessa, M., Dumoulin, B., & Wang, S. (2008). Identifying authoritative actors in question-answering forums: The case of yahoo! answers. In Proc.of the International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (pp. 866–874). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Bransford, J. D. (1997). The Jasper project: Lessons in curriculum, instruction, assessment, and professional development. New York, NY, USA: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Brindescu, C., Codoban, M., Shmarkatiuk, S., & Dig, D. (2014). How do centralized and distributed version control systems impact software changes? In Proc. of the International Conference on Software Engineering (pp. 322–333). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, C., Thompson, C., & Teasley, S. (2015). A time series interaction analysis method for building predictive models of learners using log data. In Proc. of the Conference on Learning Analytics And Knowledge (pp. 126–135). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, J. S., Collins, A., & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher, 18(1), 32–42. doi:10.3102/0013189X018001032
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan, R. (1992). Wicked problems in design thinking. Design Issues, 8(2), 5–21. doi:10.2307/1511637
   Google Scholar
• Cambre, J., Kulkarni, C., Bernstein, M. S., & Klemmer, S. R. (2014). Talkabout: Small-group discussions in massive global classes. In Proc. of the Conference on Learning@Scale (pp. 161–162). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, J. A., Aragon, C., Davis, K., Evans, S., Evans, A., & Randall, D. P. (2015). Thousands of Positive Reviews: Distributed Mentoring in Online Fan Communities. In Proc. of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing. ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, C., Greene, P. G., & Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 295–316. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00029-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coetzee, D., Lim, S., Fox, A., Hartmann, B., & Hearst, M. A. (2015). Structuring interactions for large-scale synchronous peer learning. In Proc. of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (pp. 1139–1152). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, S95–S120. doi:10.1086/228943
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, A. (2014). Cognitive Apprenticeship. In R. K. Sawyer (Ed.), Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences (2nd ed., pp. 47–60). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, A., & Brown, J. S. (1988). The computer as a tool for learning through reflection. New York, NY, USA: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, A., Brown, J. S., & Holum, A. (1991). Cognitive apprenticeship: Making thinking visible. American Educator, 15(3), 6–11.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, A., Brown, J. S., & Newman, S. E. (1989). Cognitive apprenticeship: Teaching the crafts of reading, writing, and mathematics. Knowing, Learning, and Instruction: Essays in Honor of Robert Glaser, 18, 32–42.
   Google Scholar
• Collinson, S., & Gregson, G. (2003). Knowledge networks for new technology–Based firms: An international comparison of local entrepreneurship promotion. R&D Management, 33(2), 189–208. doi:10.1111/1467-9310.00292
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo, M. G., Franzoni, C., & Rossi-Lamastra, C. (2015). Internal social capital and the attraction of early contributions in crowdfunding. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(1), 75–100. doi:10.1111/etap.2015.39.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Common Teaching Materials. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.nationalsurvey.org/survey-findings/
   Google Scholar
• The Contender. (2015a). The contender: The game of political debate. Retrieved from https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/contender/the-contender-the-game-of-political-debate
   Google Scholar
• The Contender. (2015b, November 4). Step-by-step guide on how we made over $142,000 in our campaign. Retrieved from https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/541979290/the-contender-the-game-of-political-debate/posts/1404456
   Google Scholar
• Cope, J. (2005). Toward a dynamic learning perspective of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(4), 373–397. doi:10.1111/etap.2005.29.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cope, J., & Watts, G. (2000). Learning by doing-An exploration of experience, critical incidents and reflection in entrepreneurial learning. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 6(3), 104–124. doi:10.1108/13552550010346208
   Google Scholar
• Corbett, A. C. (2005). Experiential learning within the process of opportunity identification and exploitation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(4), 473–491. doi:10.1111/etap.2005.29.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidsson, P., & Honig, B. (2003). The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(3), 301–331. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00097-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vries, E. N., Prins, H. A., Crolla, R. M., den Outer, A. J., van Andel, G., & van Helden, S. H.; others. (2010). Effect of a comprehensive surgical safety system on patient outcomes. New England Journal of Medicine, 363(20), 1928–1937. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa0911535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deakins, D., & Freel, M. (1998). Entrepreneurial learning and the growth process in SMEs. The Learning Organization, 5(3), 144–155. doi:10.1108/09696479810223428
   Google Scholar
• Design Kit: The Course for Human-Centered Design. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.designkit.org/resources/5
   Google Scholar
• Dew, N., Velamuri, S. R., & Venkataraman, S. (2004). Dispersed knowledge and an entrepreneurial theory of the firm. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(5), 659–679. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2003.09.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillahunt, T. R., Ng, S., Fiesta, M., & Wang, Z. (2016). Do massive open online course platforms support employability? In Proc. of the Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (pp. 233–244). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Ding, X., Shih, P. C., & Gu, N. (2017). Socially embedded work: A study of wheelchair users performing online crowd work in China. In Proc. of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (pp. 642–654). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Dow, S. P., Glassco, A., Kass, J., Schwarz, M., Schwartz, D. L., & Klemmer, S. R. (2010). Parallel prototyping leads to better design results, more divergence, and increased self-efficacy. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), 17(4), 18. doi:10.1145/1879831.1879836
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dow, S. P., Kulkarni, A., Klemmer, S., & Hartmann, B. (2012). Shepherding the crowd yields better work. In Proc. of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (pp. 1013–1022).
   Google Scholar
• Drake, D. (2016, October 22). 2,000 global crowdfunding sites to choose from by 2016: Top 5 growth indicators. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-drake/2000-global-crowdfunding-_b_8365266.html
   Google Scholar
• Evans, S., Davis, K., Evans, A., Campbell, J. A., Randall, D. P., Yin, K., & Aragon, C. (2017). More Than Peer Production: Fanfiction Communities as Sites of Distributed Mentoring. In Proc. of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing.
   Google Scholar
• Fiesler, C., Morrison, S., Shapiro, R. B., & Bruckman, A. S. (2017). Growing Their Own: Legitimate Peripheral Participation for Computational Learning in an Online Fandom Community. In Proc. of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (pp. 1375–1386). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Florida, R. (2004). Rise of the creative class. New York, NY, USA: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Foong, E., Dow, S. P., Bailey, B. P., & Gerber, E. M. (2017). Online feedback exchange: A framework for understanding the socio-psychological factors. In Proc. of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 4454–4467). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Gerber, E. M., & Hui, J. S. (2013). Crowdfunding: Motivations and deterrents for participation. Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction, 20(6), 34:1–34: 32. doi:10.1145/2530540
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, R. M. (1996). Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17(S2), 109–122. doi:10.1002/smj.4250171110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, M. L., Suri, S., Ali, S. S., & Kulkarni, D. (2016).The crowd is a collaborative network. In Proceedings of computer-supported cooperative work and social computing. ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Gredler, M. E. (1992). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice. New York, NY: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, M. D., Easterday, M., & Gerber, E. M. (2015). Critiki: A scaffolded approach to gathering design feedback from paid crowdworkers. In Proceedings of ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing. San Francisco, California, USA: ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, M. D., & Gerber, E. M. (2014). Learning to fail: Experiencing public failure online through crowdfunding. In Proc. of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 581–590). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Gulwani, S. (2014). Example-based learning in computer-aided stem education. Communications of the ACM, 57(8), 70–80. doi:10.1145/2632661
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, N., Martin, D., Hanrahan, B. V., & O’Neill, J. (2014). Turk-life in India. In Proc. of the Conference on Supporting Group Work (pp. 1–11). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Guy, I., Ur, S., Ronen, I., Weber, S., & Oral, T. (2012). Best faces forward: A large-scale study of people search in the enterprise. In Proc. of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1775–1784). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Habich, J. (2015, November 25). How we failed in our first Kickstarter campaign, only to nail it with the second. Retrieved from https://medium.com/the-crowdfunding-bible/how-we-failed-in-our-first-kickstarter-campaign-only-to-nail-it-with-the-second-f72d163dd881
   Google Scholar
• Hadwin, A. F., Järvelä, S., & Miller, M. (2011). Self-regulated, co-regulated, and socially shared regulation of learning. Handbook of Self-Regulation of Learning and Performance, 30, 65–84.
   Google Scholar
• Hannák, A., Wagner, C., Garcia, D., Mislove, A., Strohmaier, M., & Wilson, C. (2017). Bias in online freelance marketplaces: Evidence from taskrabbit and fiverr. In Proc. of the Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW 2017). He, K.
   Google Scholar
• Harburg, E., Hui, J. S., Greenberg, M. D., & Gerber, E. M. (2015). The effects of crowdfunding on entrepreneurial self-efficacy. In Proc. of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (pp. 3–16). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 81–112. doi:10.3102/003465430298487
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes, A. B., Weiser, T. G., Berry, W. R., Lipsitz, S. R., Breizat, A.-H. S., & Dellinger, E. P.; others. (2009). A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(5), 491–499. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa0810119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks, C. M., Pandey, V., Fraser, C. A., & Klemmer, S. (2016). Framing feedback: Choosing review environment features that support high quality peer assessment. In Proc. of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 458–469). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Hite, J. M. (2005). Evolutionary processes and paths of relationally embedded network ties in emerging entrepreneurial firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(1), 113–144. doi:10.1111/etap.2005.29.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hite, J. M., & Hesterly, W. S. (2001). The evolution of firm networks: From emergence to early growth of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 22(3), 275–286. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0266
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoang, H., & Antoncic, B. (2003). Network-based research in entrepreneurship: A critical review. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(2), 165–187. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00081-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollan, J., Hutchins, E., & Kirsh, D. (2000). Distributed cognition: Toward a new foundation for human-computer interaction research. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), 7(2), 174–196. doi:10.1145/353485.353487
   Google Scholar
• Hollingshead, A. B., Fulk, J., & Monge, P. (2002). Fostering intranet knowledge sharing: An integrated of transactive memory and public goods approaches. In P. Hinds & S. Kiesler (Eds.), Distributed work. Cambridge, MA, USA: The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz, D., & Kamvar, S. D. (2010). The anatomy of a large-scale social search engine. In Proc. of the Conference on the World Wide Web (pp. 431–440). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Hui, J. S., Gerber, E., & Gergle, D. (2014). Understanding and leveraging social networks for crowdfunding: Opportunities and challenges. In Proc. of the ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (pp. 677–680). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Hui, J. S., Gerber, E. M., & Dow, S. P. (2014). Crowd-Based design activities: Helping student connect with users online. In Proc. of the ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (pp. 875–884). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Hui, J. S., Glenn, A., Jue, R., Gerber, E. M., & Dow, S. P. (2015). Using anonymity and communal efforts to improve quality of crowdsourced feedback. In Proc. of the AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing. AAAI.
   Google Scholar
• Hui, J. S., Greenberg, M. D., & Gerber, E. M. (2014). Understanding the role of community in crowdfunding work. In Proc. of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (pp. 62–74). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Hwang, E. H., Singh, P. V., & Argote, L. (2015). Knowledge sharing in online communities: Learning to cross geographic and hierarchical boundaries. Organization Science, 26, 6. doi:10.1287/orsc.2015.1009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irani, L. C., & Silberman, M. (2013). Turkopticon: Interrupting worker invisibility in amazon mechanical turk. In Proc. of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 611–620). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Jansson, D. G., & Smith, S. M. (1991). Design fixation. Design Studies, 12(1), 3–11. doi:10.1016/0142-694X(91)90003-F
   Google Scholar
• Kaish, S., & Gilad, B. (1991). Characteristics of opportunities search of entrepreneurs versus executives: Sources, interests, general alertness. Journal of Business Venturing, 6(1), 45–61. doi:10.1016/0883-9026(91)90005-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauffman Foundation. (2008). Entrepreneurship in American higher education. Retrieved from http://www.kauffman.org/what-we-do/research/2013/08/entrepreneurship-in-american-higher-education
   Google Scholar
• Kazanjian, R. K. (1988). Relation of dominant problems to stages of growth in technology-based new ventures. Academy of Management Journal, 31(2), 257–279. doi:10.2307/256548
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KickSpy. (2015). Retrieved November 13, 2014, from https://web.archive.org/web/20141113030253/http://www.kickspy.com/top
   Google Scholar
• Kickstarter Campus. (2015). Campus. Retrieved from https://www.kickstarter.com/campus
   Google Scholar
• Kickstarter Guide. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.kickstarter.com/guide-to-funding?ref=fb_ads_guide_to_funding_julia&utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=cpc-mgb&utm_campaign=ft-L2&banner=cta-launch01
   Google Scholar
• Kickstarter Stats. (2016). Retrieved February 12, 2015, from http://www.kickstarter.com/help/stats
   Google Scholar
• Kim, Y., Shaw, A., Zhang, H., & Gerber, E. (2017). Understanding trust amid delays in crowdfunding. In Proc. of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (pp. 1982–1996). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Kittur, N., Nickerson, J., Bernstein, M., Gerber, E., Shaw, A., Zimmerman, J., … Horton, J. (2013). The future of crowd work. In Proc. of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (pp. 1301–1318).
   Google Scholar
• Knowledge @ Wharton. (2010, December 8). Can you spare a quarter? Crowdfunding sites turn fans into patrons of the arts. Retrieved from http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=2647
   Google Scholar
• Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Kotturi, Y., Du, A., Klemmer, S., & Kulkarni, C. (2017). Long-Term peer reviewing effort is anti-reciprocal. In Proc. of the Conference on Learning@ Scale (pp. 279–282). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Krause, M., Mogalle, M., Pohl, H., & Williams, J. J. (2015). A playful game changer: Fostering student retention in online education with social gamification. In Proc. if tge Conference on Learning@Scale (pp. 95–102). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Kraut, R. E., & Resnick, P. (2012). Building successful online communities. The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn, K. M., & Galloway, T. L. (2015). With a little help from my competitors: Peer networking among artisan entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(3), 571–600. doi:10.1111/etap.2015.39.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulkarni, A., Gutheim, P., Narula, P., Rolnitzky, D., Parikh, T., & Hartmann, B. (2012). MobileWorks: Designing for quality in a managed crowdsourcing architecture. IEEE Internet Computing, 16(5), 28–35. doi:10.1109/MIC.2012.72
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulkarni, C., Wei, K. P., Le, H., Chia, D., Papadopoulos, K., Cheng, J., … Klemmer, S. R. (2013). Peer and self assessment in massive online classes. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), 20(6), 33. doi:10.1145/2505057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulkarni, C. E., Bernstein, M. S., & Klemmer, S. R. (2015). PeerStudio: Rapid peer feedback emphasizes revision and improves performance. In Proc. of the Conference on Learning@ Scale (pp. 75–84). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Kuznetsov, S., & Paulos, E. (2010).Rise of the expert amateur: DIY projects, communities, and cultures. In Proceedings of the 6th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Reykjavik, Iceland: ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Lampe, C., Wohn, D. Y., Vitak, J., Ellison, N. B., & Wash, R. (2011). Student use of Facebook for organizing collaborative classroom activities. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 6(3), 329–347. doi:10.1007/s11412-011-9115-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leonardi, P. M. (2015). Ambient awareness and knowledge acquisition: Using social media to learn” who knows what” and” who knows whom”. MIS Quarterly, 39(4), 747–762. doi:10.25300/MISQ/2015/39.4.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonardi, P. M., & Meyer, S. R. (2015). Social media as social lubricant how ambient awareness eases knowledge transfer. American Behavioral Scientist, 59(1), 10–34. doi:10.1177/0002764214540509
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Z., & Jansen, B. J. (2013). Factors influencing the response rate in social question and answering behavior. In Proc. Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (pp. 1263–1274). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Livefree backpack live Q&A. (2017). Retrieved from https://live.kickstarter.com/knomo/live-stream/live-q-and-a-livefree-backpack
   Google Scholar
• Long, W. (1983). The meaning of entrepreneurship. American Journal of Small Business, 8(2), 47–59. doi:10.1177/104225878300800209
   Google Scholar
• Mahajan, V., Muller, E., & Bass, F. M. (1991). New product diffusion models in marketing: A review and directions for research. In N. Nakicenovic & A. Grübler (Eds.). Diffusion of technologies and social behavior (pp. 125–177). New York, NY, USA: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Marlow, J., & Dabbish, L. (2014). From rookie to all-star: Professional development in a graphic design social networking site. In Proc. of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (pp. 922–933). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Marom, D., Rob, A., & Sade, O. (n.d.). Gender dynamics in crowdfunding (Kickstarter): Evidence on entrepreneurs, investors, deals, and taste-based discrimination. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=2442954 doi:10.2139/ssrn.2442954
   Google Scholar
• Martin, D., O’Neill, J., Gupta, N., & Hanrahan, B. V. (2016). Turking in a global labour market. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 25(1), 39–77. doi:10.1007/s10606-015-9241-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massolution. (2015). 2015CF: The crowdfunding industry report. Retrieved from Massolution.com
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, D. W., & Ackerman, M. S. (2000). Expertise recommender: A flexible recommendation system and architecture. In Proc. of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (pp. 231–240). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Mikami, H., Sakamoto, D., & Igarashi, T. (2017). Micro-versioning tool to support experimentation in exploratory programming. In Proc. of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 6208–6219). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Miles, M. B., & Huberman, M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Miner, J. B. (1990). Entrepreneurs, high growth entrepreneurs, and managers: Contrasting and overlapping motivational patterns. Journal of Business Venturing, 5(4), 221–234. doi:10.1016/0883-9026(90)90018-O
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitra, T., & Gilbert, E. (2014). The language that gets people to give: Phrases that predict success on kickstarter. In Proc. of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (pp. 49–61). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Mod, C. (2010, August). Kickstartup: Successful fundraising with Kickstarter.com & (re)making art space Toyko. Retrieved from http://craigmod.com/journal/kickstartup/
   Google Scholar
• Mollick, E. R. (2013). The dynamics of crowdfunding: An exploratory study. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(1), 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.06.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, M. R., Bigham, J. P., Brewer, R., Bragg, J., Kulkarni, A., Li, J., & Savage, S. (2017). Subcontracting microwork. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1867–1876). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, M. R., & Horvitz, E. (2007). SearchTogether: An interface for collaborative web search. In Proc. of the Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (pp. 3–12). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Muller, M., Geyer, W., Soule, T., Daniels, S., & Cheng, L.-T. (2013). Crowdfunding inside the enterprise: Employee-initiatives for innovation and collaboration. In Proc. of the Conference on Human Factors and Computing Systems (pp. 503–512).
   Google Scholar
• Muller, M., Geyer, W., Soule, T., & Wafer, J. (2014). Geographical and organizational distances in enterprise crowdfunding. In Proc. of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (pp. 778–789). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council. (2000). How people learn: Brain, mind, experience, and school. Washington D.C.: The National Academy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen, G. M., & Olsen, J. S. (2000). Distance matters. Human-Computer Interaction, 15, 139–178. doi:10.1207/S15327051HCI1523_4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orlikowski, W. J. (1992). The duality of technology: Rethinking the concept of technology in organizations. Organization Science, 3(3), 398–427. doi:10.1287/orsc.3.3.398
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborn, T. (2015, July 28). My adventures and advice on fulfilling orders for a printed self-published book. Retrieved from https://hellowebbooks.com/news/my-adventures-and-advice-on-fulfilling-orders-for-a-printed-self-published-book/
   Google Scholar
• Ozcan, P., & Eisenhardt, K. M. (2009). Origin of alliance portfolios: Entrepreneurs, network strategies, and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal, 52(2), 246–279. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2009.37308021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parigi, P., & Ma, X. (2016). The gig economy. XRDS: Crossroads, the ACM Magazine for Students, 23(2), 38–41. doi:10.1145/3026779
   Google Scholar
• Pedroso, O. (2016, January 28). https://blog.thimble.io/kit-progress-future-kits-and-logo-contest-10843d17f638. Medium. Retrieved from https://blog.thimble.io/kit-progress-future-kits-and-logo-contest-10843d17f638
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. (2016). The State of American Jobs. Washington, D.C.
   Google Scholar
• Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. R. (2003). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. Palo Alto, CA, USA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Piaget, J., & Cook, M. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children (Vol. 8). New York: International Universities Press.
   Google Scholar
• Preece, J., & Shneiderman, B. (2009). The reader-to-leader framework: Motivating technology mediated social participation. Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction, 1(1), 13–32. doi:10.17705/1thci.00005
   Google Scholar
• Putnam, R. D. (2001). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York, NY, USA: Simon & Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Reddit. (2016). Reddit. Retrieved October 29, 2017, from https://www.reddit.com/r/kickstarter/comments/47m0u2/hi_reddit_could_you_please_give_me_some_feedback/
   Google Scholar
• Rees Lewis, D., Harburg, E., Gerber, E., & Easterday, M. (2015). Building support tools to connect novice designers with professional coaches. In ACM Conference on Creativity and Cognition (pp. 43–52).
   Google Scholar
• Reiser, B. J. (2004). Scaffolding complex learning: The mechanisms of structuring and problematizing student work. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 13(3), 273–304. doi:10.1207/s15327809jls1303_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren, Y., & Argote, L. (2011). Transactive memory systems 1985–2010: An integrative framework of key dimensions, antecedents, and consequences. The Academy of Management Annals, 5(1), 189–229. doi:10.1080/19416520.2011.590300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhue, L., & Clark, J. (2016). Who gets started on kickstarter? Racial disparities in crowdfunding success. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=2837042 doi:10.2139/ssrn.2837042
   Google Scholar
• Rittel, H. W., & Webber, M. M. (1973). Planning problems are wicked problems. Polity, 4, 155–169.
   Google Scholar
• Rogoff, B. (2003). The cultural nature of human development. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rosner, D. K. (2012). The material practices of collaboration. In Proceedings of the ACM 2012 conference on computer supported cooperative work (pp. 1155–1164). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Rouse, J. (2014). Braxton Brewing Company: Building the taoproom of the future. Retrieved from https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1860927270/braxton-brewing-company-building-the-taproom-of-th/description
   Google Scholar
• Rulke, D. L., & Galaskiewicz, J. (2000). Distribution of knowledge, group network structure, and group performance. Management Science, 46(5), 612–625. doi:10.1287/mnsc.46.5.612.12052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salehi, N., Irani, L. C., Bernstein, M. S., Alkhatib, A., Ogbe, E., & Milland, K., & others. (2015). We are dynamo: Overcoming stalling and friction in collective action for crowd workers. In Proc. of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1621–1630). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Schön, D. A. (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action (Vol. 5126). New York, NY, USA: Basic books.
   Google Scholar
• Sexton, D. L., Upton, N. B., Wacholtz, L. E., & McDougall, P. P. (1997). Learning needs of growth-oriented entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 12(1), 1–8. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(96)00037-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shane, S. (2003). A general theory of entrepreneurship: The individual-opportunity nexus. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Shulman, L. S. (1986). Those who understand: Knowledge growth in teaching. Educational Researcher, 15(2), 4–14. doi:10.3102/0013189X015002004
   Google Scholar
• Siemens, G. (2014). Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. Retrieved from http://www.itdl.org/journal/jan_05/article01.htm
   Google Scholar
• Simon, H. A. (1973). The structure of ill structured problems. Artificial Intelligence, 4(3–4), 181–201. doi:10.1016/0004-3702(73)90011-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slotte-Kock, S., & Coviello, N. (2010). Entrepreneurship research on network processes: A review and ways forward. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(1), 31–57. doi:10.1111/etap.2010.34.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M. K., Wood, W. B., Adams, W. K., Wieman, C., Knight, J. K., Guild, N., & Su, T. T. (2009). Why peer discussion improves student performance on in-class concept questions. Science, 323(5910), 122–124. doi:10.1126/science.1165919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, J., Ma, W., & Wash, R. (2015). Don’t wait! How timing affects coordination of crowdfunding donations. Proc. of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing.
   Google Scholar
• Staubitz, T., Petrick, D., Bauer, M., Renz, J., & Meinel, C. (2016). Improving the peer assessment experience on MOOC platforms. In Proc. of the Conference on Learning@ Scale (pp. 389–398). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• St-Jean, E., & Audet, J. (2012). The role of mentoring in the learning development of the novice entrepreneur. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 8(1), 119–140. doi:10.1007/s11365-009-0130-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, A. (1988). The articulation of project work: An organizational process. The Sociological Quarterly, 29(2), 163–178. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1988.tb01249.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su Yin, M., Haddawy, P., Suebnukarn, S., & Rhienmora, P. (2016). Toward intelligent tutorial feedback in surgical simulation: Robust outcome scoring for endodontic surgery. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (pp. 402–406). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki, R., Salehi, N., Lam, M. S., Marroquin, J. C., & Bernstein, M. S. (2016). Atelier: Repurposing expert crowdsourcing tasks as micro-internships. In Proc. of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Toombs, A. L., Bardzell, S., & Bardzell, J. (2015). The proper care and feeding of hackerspaces: Care ethics and cultures of making. In Proc. of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 629–638). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Tseng, T., & Resnick, M. (2014). Product versus process: Representing and appropriating DIY projects online. In Proc. of the Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (pp. 425–428). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Van Merriënboer, J. J., & Kirschner, P. A. (2012). Ten steps to complex learning: A systematic approach to four-component instructional design. New York, NY, USA: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Von Hippel, E. (1988). Sources of Innovation. New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Von Hippel, E. (2005). Democratizing innovation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vygotsky, L. S., & Cole, M. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wash, R., & Solomon, J. (2014). Coordinating donors on crowdfunding websites. In Proc. of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (pp. 38–48). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Wenger, E. (1999). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Whiting, M. E., Gamage, D., Gaikwad, S. S., Gilbee, A., Goyal, S., & Ballav, A., … others. (2016). Crowd guilds: Worker-led reputation and feedback on crowdsourcing platforms. ArXiv Preprint ArXiv:1611.01572. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.01572
   Google Scholar
• Williams, J. J., Kizilcec, R. F., Russell, D. M., & Klemmer, S. R. (2014). Learning innovation at scale. In Extended Abstracts in the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 131–134). Toronto, ON, Canada: ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, J. J., Renkl, A., Koedinger, K. R., & Stamper, J. C. (2013). Online education: A unique opportunity for cognitive scientists to integrate research and practice. In CogSci.
   Google Scholar
• Woodward, J. (1958). Management and technology. Indiana, USA: HM Stationery Off.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, L., Cirimele, J., Leach, K., Card, S., Chu, L., Harrison, T. K., & Klemmer, S. R. (2014). Supporting crisis response with dynamic procedure aids. In Proc. of the Conference on Designing interactive systems (pp. 315–324). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, A., Huang, S.-W., & Bailey, B. (2014). Voyant: Generating structured feedback on visual designs using a crowd of non-experts. In Proc. of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing. ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, A., Rao, H., Dow, S. P., & Bailey, B. P. (2015). A classroom study of using crowd feedback in the iterative design process. In Proc. of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (pp. 1637–1648). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, A., Yang, X., Rao, H., Fu, W.-T., Huang, S.-W., & Bailey, B. P. (2014). Show me the money! An analysis of project updates during crowdfunding campaigns. In Proc. of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 591–600). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Yarosh, S., Matthews, T., Zhou, M., & Ehrlich, K. (2013). I need someone to help!: A taxonomy of helper-finding activities in the enterprise. In Proc. of the Conference on Computer supported cooperative work (pp. 1375–1386). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, H., Easterday, M. W., Gerber, E. M., Lewis, D. R., & Maliakal, L. (2017). Agile research studios: Orchestrating communities of practice to advance research training. In Proc. of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, H., Dow, S. P., Kraut, R. E., & Kittur, A. (2014). Reviewing versus doing: Learning and performance in crowd assessment. In Proc. of the Conference on Computer supported cooperative work & social computing (pp. 1445–1455). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, B. J., & Schunk, D. H. (2011). Handbook of self-regulation of learning and performance. New York, NY, USA: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar