Low-Rank Coal Drying Technologies—Current Status and New Developments

REFERENCES

• Willson , W.G. ; Walsh , D. ; Irwin , W. Overview of low rank coal drying . Coal Preparation 1997 , 18 , 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Mujumdar , A.S. Superheated Steam Drying: Principles Practice and Potential for Use of Electricity ; Canadian Electrical Association , Montreal , Quebec, Canada , 1990 . Report No. 817, U 671 .
   Google Scholar
• Mujumdar , A.S. Handbook of Industrial Drying , 3rd , Ed.; CRC Press : Boca Raton , FL , 2006 .
   Google Scholar
• Erdez , K. ; Mujumdar , A.S. Vibro-Fluidization, A Research Monograph ; Budapest University of Technology , Budapest , Hungary , 1991 .
   Google Scholar
• Karr , C. Analytical Methods for Coal and Coal Products , Vol. I ; Academic Press : New York , 1978 .
   Google Scholar
• Rong , R.X. Advances in Coal Preparation Technology, Vol. 2: Literature Review on Fine Coal and Tailings Dewatering ; University of Queensland , 1993 . JKMRC report on AMIRA Project P239C .
   Google Scholar
• Le Roux , M. ; Campbell , Q.P. An investigation into an improved method of fine coal dewatering . Journal of Minerals Engineering 2003 , 16 , 999 – 1003 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RWE Plants: The WTA technology—An advanced method of processing and drying lignite . Available at: http://www.rwe.com/generator.aspx/rwe-power-icw/property=Data/id=608764/dl-wta-technology.pdf accessed 15 August, 2008 .
   Google Scholar
• Pikon , J. ; Mujumdar , A.S. Drying of coal . In Handbook of Industrial Drying , 3rd , Ed; Mujumdar , A.S. , Ed.; CRC Press : Boca Raton , Florida , 2006 ; 993 – 1016 .
   Google Scholar
• Allardice , D.J. The Water in Brown Coal ; Ph.D. thesis , University of Melbourne , Australia , 1968 .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , D.G. The brown coal/water system, Part 4—Shrinkage on drying . Fuel 1973 , 52 ( 3 ), 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schobert , H.H. The relationship of coal science to coal technology . Twelfth Biennial Lignite Symposium on Technology and Utilization of Low Rank Coals ; Grand Forks , ND , May 18–19, 1983 .
   Google Scholar
• Klein , J. ; Beyer , M. ; van Affereden , M. ; Hodek , W. ; Pfrifer , F. ; Seewald , H. ; Wolf-Fischer , E. ; Jungten , H. Coal in biotechnology. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft 1988, 6B, 497–567.
   Google Scholar
• Rozgonyi , T.G. ; Szigeti , L.Z. Upgrading of high moisture content lignite using saturated steam . Fuel Processing Technology 1985 , 10 ( 1 ), 1 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdol , N. ; Calli , L. ; Okutan , H. ; Arisoy , A. ; Ekinci , E. Effect of coal moisture on particulate emission in a fixed bed combustion appliance . Fuel Processing Technology 1999 , 58 , 107 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karthikeyan , M. ; Kuma , J.V.M. ; Chew , S.H. ; David Low , N.Y. Factors affecting quality of dewatered low rank coals . Drying Technology 2007 , 25 ( 10 ), 1601 – 1611 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleisner , H. Drying Coal ; U.S. Patent 1,632,829, June 1927 .
   Google Scholar
• Potter , O.E. Dry as dust or how to dry particles with energy economy . Chemical Engineering in Australia 1979 , 4 ( 2 ), 26 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Taoda , K. ; Ito , Y. ; Uehara , S. ; Sato , F. ; Kumagaya , T. A Study on Upgrading Low-Grade Coals by Heat Treatment ; Mitsubushi Heavy Industries : Japan , 1982 . Technical Review .
   Google Scholar
• Chari , M.V. ; Huettenhain , H. Thermal upgrading of low rank coals: A process survey . 5th Annual EPRI Contractors Conference on Coal Gasification ; Palo Alto , CA , October 30–31, 1985 .
   Google Scholar
• Faber , E.F. ; Heydenrych , M.D. ; Seppa , R.V.I. ; Hicks , R.E. A technoeconomic compression of air and steam drying . In Drying' 86 , Vol. 2 ; Mujumdar , A.S. , Ed.; Hemisphere : New York , 1986 ; 588 – 594 .
   Google Scholar
• Potter , O.E. ; Guang , L.X. ; Georgakopoulos , S. ; Ming , M.Q. Some design aspects of steam-fluidized heated dryers. Proc. 6th International Drying Symposium , France , 5–8 September, 1988 ; 307 – 314 .
   Google Scholar
• Suwono , A. ; Hamdani , U. Upgrading the Indonesian's low rank coal by superheated steam drying with tar coating process and its application for preparation of CWM . Coal Preparation 1999 , 21 , 149 – 159 .
   Google Scholar
• Le Roux , M. ; Campbell , Q.P. ; Watermeyer , M.S. ; de Oliveria , S. The optimization of an improved method of fine coal dewatering . Journal of Minerals Engineering 2005 , 18 , 931 – 934 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , D.J. ; Lai , J.Y. ; Mujumdar , A.S. Moisture distribution and dewatering efficiency for wet materials . Drying Technology 2006 , 24 ( 10 ), 1201 – 1208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klutz , H.J. ; Moser , C. ; Block , D. WTA Fine Grain Drying—Module for Lignite-Fired Power Plants of the Future ; 2006 . Report PT 11, VGB Power Tech. Essen .
   Google Scholar
• Eagle , G.I. Unlocking the energy value of Victorian brown coal. The Monash Energy Project . Proceedings of Australian Institute of Energy National Conference , Melbourne , November 27–29, 2006 .
   Google Scholar
• KFX 2008: K-Fuel technology . Available at: http://www.evgenergy.com/about.shtml, accessed 27 August 2008 .
   Google Scholar
• Karthikeyan , M. Minimization of moisture readsorption in dried coal samples . Drying Technology 2008 , 26 ( 7 ), 948 – 955 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ness , M. ; Bullinger , G. Pre-drying the lignite to GRE's Coal Creek Station GRE's. Available at: www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/cctc/ccpi/pubs/GRE/Coal0505_1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mujumdar , A.S. Aerodynamics, heat transfer and drying in vibrated fluidized beds. Keynote Lecture , Heat Mass Transfer '89, Latin American Heat and Mass Transfer Conf. , Santa Fe, Argentina, September 1989 .
   Google Scholar
• Potter , O.E. ; Keogh , A.J. Cheaper power from high moisture brown coals—Part I and II . Journal of the Institute of Energy September 1979 , 143–149. .
   Google Scholar
• Potter , O.E. ; Keogh , A.J. Drying high moisture coals before liquefaction or gasification . Fuel Processing Technology 1981 , 4 ( 2–3 ), 217 – 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter , O.E. ; Beeby , C. ; Potter , O.E. ; Beeby , C.J. ; Fernando , W.J.N. ; Ho , P. Drying in steam-heated steam fluidized beds . Proc. 4th Int. Drying Symposium ; Birmingham , England , 1982 ; 115 – 123 .
   Google Scholar
• Potter , O.E. ; Beeby , C. Modeling tube-to-bed heat transfer in fluidized bed steam drying . In IDS' 86 , Mujumdar , A.S. , Eds.; Hemisphere : Boston , USA , 1986 .
   Google Scholar
• Potter , O.E. ; et al. . Some design aspects of steam-fluidized heated dryers . Proc. of IDS' 88 Versailles, France, September 1988 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , W.G. ; Young , B.C. ; Irwin , W. Low-rank coal drying advances . Coal 1992 , 24 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Clayton , S.A. ; Scholes , O.N. ; Headly , A.F.A. ; Wheeler , R.A. ; McIntosh , M.J. ; Huyah , D.Q. Dewatering of biomaterials by mechanical thermal expression . Drying Technology 2006 , 24 ( 7 ), 819 – 834 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mujumdar , A.S. ; Husain , H. ; Woods , B. Techno-Economic Assessment of Potential Superheated Steam Drying Applications in Canada ; Montreal , Quebec, Canada , 1994 . Canadian Electrical Association, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 1994, Report No. 9138, U888 .
   Google Scholar
• Rao , P.D. ; Wolff , E.N. Steam Drying of Sub bituminous Coals from the Nenana and Beluga Fields, a Laboratory Study ; 1981. U.S. DOE report number DOE/ET/12222-T1 .
   Google Scholar
• Baria , D.N. ; Hasan , A.R. Steam/hot water drying of low rank coals . Energy Progress 1986 , 6 ( 1 ).
   Google Scholar
• Clayton , S.A. ; Desai , D. ; Hadley , A.F.A. Drying of Brown Coal Using a Superheated Steam Rotary Dryer . Proceedings of the 5th Asia-Pacific Drying Conference, 13–15 August, Hong Kong 2007; 179–184 .
   Google Scholar
• Miknia , F.P. ; Netzel , D.A. ; Turner , T.F. ; Wallace , J.C. ; Butcher , C.H. Effect of different drying methods oil coal structure and reactivity toward liquefaction . Energy & Fuels 1996 , 10 ( 3 ), 631 – 640 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellman , R.C. ; Belter , J.W. ; Dockter , L. Adapting a Pulse-Jet Combustion System to Entrained Drying of Lignite ; Fifth International Coal Preparation Congress , Pittsburgh , PA , October 3–7, 1966 ; 463 – 476 .
   Google Scholar
• GulfTex Environmental Services: Bio-energy update—New non-thermal biomass dryer . Available at: http://www.bioenergyupdate.com/magazine/security/Bioenergy%20Update%2011%20and%2012%2004/bioenergy_update_November%20December_2004.htm
   Google Scholar
• Pulsedryer system . Available at: http://www.pulverdryerusa.com/pulverdryer.html
   Google Scholar
• Veal , C. Coal dewatering: A review of current technology and new developments . The Austrian Coal Review 1997 , 3 , 28 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Reuss , F.F. Sur un nouel effet de l'electricite Galvanique . Memories de la societe Impaeriate des Naturalists de Moscoe 1808 , 2 , 327 – 337 .
   Google Scholar
• Lockhart , N.C. Electro-dewatering of fine suspensions . In Advances in Solid-Liquid Separation ; Muralidhara , A.S. , Ed.; Battelle Press : Columbus , OH , 1986 ; 241 – 273 .
   Google Scholar
• Rabie , H.R. ; Mujumdar , A.S. ; Weber , M.E. Interrupted electro-osmotic dewatering of clay suspensions . Separation Technology 1994 , 4 ( 1 ), 38 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , G. ; Yue , P.L. ; Mujumdar , A.S. Dewatering and drying of wastewater treatment sludge . In Handbook of Industrial Drying, , 3rd ed.; Mujumdar , A.S. , Ed.; CRC Press : Boca Raton , FL , 2006 ; 887 – 903 .
   Google Scholar
• Holdich , R.G. ; Cumming , I.W. ; Ismail , B. Cross flow microfiltration for mineral suspension thickening and washing . Minerals Engineering 1996 , 9 ( 2 ), 243 – 257 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sztabert , Z.T. ; Kudra , T. Cost-estimation methods for drying . In Handbook of Industrial Drying , 3rd , Ed.; Mujumdar , A.S. , Ed.; CRC Press : Boca Raton , FL , 2006 ; 1247 – 1259 .
   Google Scholar