Uniformity Issue in Microwave Drying

REFERENCES

• Datta , A.K. ; Anantheswaran , R.C. Handbook of Microwave Technology for Food Application ; Marcel Dekker : New York , 2001 .
   Google Scholar
• Bogdal , D. Microwave-Assisted Organic Synthesis: Vol. 25. One Hundred Reaction Procedures ; Elsevier Science : New York , 2006 .
   Google Scholar
• Committee on Microwave Processing of Materials. Microwave Processing of Materials ; National Academy Press : Washington , DC , 1994 .
   Google Scholar
• Schubert , H. ; Regier , M. The Microwave Processing of Foods ; Woodhead Publishing Limited : Cambridge , UK , 2005 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , M. ; Tang , J. ; Mujumdar , A.S. ; Wang , S. Trends in microwave related drying of fruits and vegetables . Trends Food Science & Technology 2006 , 17 ( 10 ), 524 – 534 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan , W. ; Zhang , M. ; Huang , L.-L. ; Tang , J. ; Mujumdar , A.S. ; Sun , J.-C. Study of the optimization of puffing characteristics of potato cubes by spouted bed drying enhanced with microwave . Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2010 , 90 ( 8 ), 1300 – 1307 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganesapillai , M. ; Regupathi , I. ; Murugesan , T. Characterization and process optimization of microwave drying of plaster of Paris . Drying Technology 2008 , 26 ( 12 ), 1484 – 1496 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinelo , M. ; Sineiro , J. ; Nunez , M.J. Mass transfer during continuous solid–liquid extraction of antioxidants from grape byproducts . Journal of Food Engineering 2006 , 77 ( 1 ), 57 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gedye , R. ; Smith , F. ; Westaway , K. ; Ali , H. ; Baldisera , L. ; Laberge , L. ; Rousell , J. The use of microwave ovens for rapid organic synthesis . Tetrahedron Letters 1986 , 27 ( 3 ), 279 – 282 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz , J.D. Microwave sintering of ceramics . Annual Review of Materials Science 1992 , 22 , 153 – 170 .
   Google Scholar
• Al-Harahsheh , M. ; Kingman , S.W. Microwave-assisted leaching—A review . Hydrometallurgy 2004 , 73 , 189 – 203 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu , F. ; Ruan , R. ; Deng , S.B. ; Chen , P.P. ; Lin , X.Y. Microwave pyrolysis of biomass. ASABE Annual International Meeting, Portland, OR, July 9–12, 2006, Paper No. 066051. Available at: http://asae.frymulti.com/newresults.asp (accessed April 6, 2011) .
   Google Scholar
• Appleton , T.J. ; Colder , R.I. ; Kingman , S.W. ; Lowndes , I.S. ; Read , A.G. Microwave technology for energy-efficient processing of waste . Applied Energy 2005 , 81 ( 1 ), 85 – 113 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bessarabov , A. ; Shimichev , V. ; Menshutina , N. Microwave drying of multicomponent sols . Drying Technology 1999 , 17 ( 3 ), 379 – 394 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dev , S.R.S. ; Padmini , T. ; Adedeji , A. ; Gariepy , Y. ; Raghavan , G.S.V. A comparative study on the effect of chemical, microwave, and pulsed electric pretreatments on convective drying and quality of raisins . Drying Technology 2008 , 26 ( 10 ), 1238 – 1243 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mujumdar , A.S. Handbook of Industrial Drying, , 3rd Ed ; CRC Press : Boca Raton , FL , 2007 .
   Google Scholar
• Creative Energy. European Roadmap for Process Intensification; Creative Energy: The Netherlands; Available by contacting [email protected] .
   Google Scholar
• Spencer , P. Method of treating foodstuffs. U.S. Patent No. 2,495,429, 1950 .
   Google Scholar
• von Hippel , A.R. Dielectric Materials and Applications ; MIT Press : Cambridge , MA , 1954 .
   Google Scholar
• Duan , X. ; Zhang , M. ; Li , X. ; Mujumdar , A.S. Microwave freeze drying of sea cucumber coated with nanoscale silver. Drying Technology 2008, 26(4), 413–419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , R. ; Zhang , M. ; Mujumdar , A.S. ; Sun , J.-C. Microwave freeze-drying characteristics and sensory quality of instant vegetable soup . Drying Technology 2009 , 27 ( 9 ), 962 – 968 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , R. ; Zhang , M. ; Mujumdar , A.S. Effect of osmotic dehydration on microwave freeze-drying characteristics and quality of potato chips . Drying Technology 2010 , 28 ( 6 ), 798 – 806 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan , X. ; Zhang , M. ; Mujumdar , A.S. ; Wang , R. Trends in microwave-assisted freeze drying of foods . Drying Technology 2010 , 28 ( 4 ), 444 – 453 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowalski , S.J. ; Mierzwa , D. Convective drying in combination with microwave and IR drying for biological materials . Drying Technology 2009 , 27 ( 12 ), 1292 – 1301 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowalski , S.J. ; Rajewska , K. Convective drying enhanced with microwave and infrared radiation . Drying Technology 2009 , 27 ( 7–8 ), 878 – 887 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song , X.-J. ; Zhang , M. ; Mujumdar , A.S. ; Fan , L. Drying characteristics and kinetics of vacuum microwave dried potato slices . Drying Technology 2009 , 27 ( 9 ), 969 – 974 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitra , P. ; Meda , V. Optimization of microwave–vacuum drying parameters of Saskatoon berries using response surface methodology . Drying Technology 2009 , 27 ( 10 ), 1089 – 1096 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setiady , D. ; Rasco , B. ; Younce , F. ; Clary , C. Rehydration and sensory properties of dehydrated russet potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) using microwave vacuum, heated air, or freeze dehydration . Drying Technology 2009 , 27 ( 10 ), 1116 – 1122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowski , M. ; Bondaruk , J. ; Błaszczak , W. Rehydration behaviour of vacuum–microwave-dried potato cubes . Drying Technology 2009 , 27 ( 2 ), 296 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chauhan , A.K.S. ; Srivastava , A.K. Optimizing drying conditions for vacuum-assisted microwave drying of green peas (Pisum sativum L.) . Drying Technology 2009 , 27 ( 6 ), 761 – 769 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azarpazhooh , E. ; Ramaswamy , H.S. Microwave–osmotic dehydration of apples under continuous flow medium spray conditions: Comparison with other methods . Drying Technology 2010 , 28 ( 1 ), 49 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui , Z.W. ; Li , C.Y. ; Song , C.F. ; Song , Y. Combined microwave–vacuum and freeze drying of carrot and apple chips . Drying Technology 2008 , 26 ( 12 ), 1517 – 1523 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Askari , G.R. ; Emam-Djomeh , Z. ; Mousavi , S.M. An investigation of the effects of drying methods and conditions on drying characteristics and quality attributes of agricultural products during hot air and hot air/microwave-assisted dehydration . Drying Technology 2009 , 27 ( 7–8 ), 831 – 841 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowalski , S.J. ; Mielniczuk , B. Analysis of effectiveness and stress development during convective and microwave drying . Drying Technology 2008 , 26 ( 1 ), 64 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Łupinska , A. ; Kozioł , A. ; Araszkiewicz , M. ; Łupinski , M. The changes of quality in rapeseeds during microwave drying . Drying Technology 2009 , 27 ( 7–8 ), 857 – 862 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witrowa-Rajchert , D. ; Bawoł , A. ; Czapski , J. ; Kidoń , M . Studies on drying of purple carrot roots . Drying Technology 2009 , 27 ( 12 ), 1325 – 1331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihoubi , D. ; Bellagi , A. Drying-induced stresses during convective and combined microwave and convective drying of saturated porous media . Drying Technology 2009 , 27 ( 7–8 ), 851 – 856 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , G.-C. ; Zhang , M. ; Mujumdar , A.S. ; Wang , R. Effect of calcium ion and microwave power on structural and quality changes in drying of apple slices . Drying Technology 2010 , 28 ( 4 ), 517 – 522 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe , M. ; Suzuki , M. ; Sugimoto , K. Theoretical and experimental study on uneven heating in microwave oven . The 1971 Symposium on Microwave Power , Vol. 1, Edmonton , Alberta , Canada , May 26–28, 1971 , pp. 26 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Ohlsson , T. ; Risman , P.O. Temperature distribution of microwave-heating spheres and cylinders . Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy 1978 , 13 ( 4 ), 303 – 309 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geedipalli , S.S.R. ; Rakesh , V. ; Datta , A.K. Modeling the heating uniformity contributed by a rotating turntable in microwave ovens . Journal of Food Engineering 2007 , 82 ( 3 ), 359 – 368 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vadivambal , R. ; Jayas , D.S. ; Chelladurai , V. ; White , N.D.G. Temperature distribution studies in microwave-heated grains using a thermal camera. ASABE/CSBE North Central Intersectional Conference , Fargo , ND , October 12–13 , 2007 , paper no. RRV-07100 .
   Google Scholar
• Chamchong , M. ; Datta , A.K. Thawing of foods in a microwave oven: II . Effect of load geometry and dielectric properties. Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy 1999 , 34 ( 1 ), 22 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , H. ; Datta , A.K. Heating concentrations of microwaves in spherical and cylindrical foods part two: In a cavity . Food and Bioproducts Processing 2005 , 83 ( C1 ), 14 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araszkiewicz , M. ; Koziol , A. ; Lupinska , A. ; Lupinski , M. Microwave drying of various shape particles suspended in an air stream . In Drying of Porous Materials ; Kowalski , S.J. , Ed.; Springer : Amsterdam , The Netherlands , 2007 ; 173 – 186 .
   Google Scholar
• Araszkiewicz , M. ; Koziol , A. ; Lupinska , A. ; Lupinski , M. IR technique in the investigation of the microwave assisted drying process. CHISA 2006, Prague, Czech Republic, August 27–31, 2006, Paper No H5.5 .
   Google Scholar
• Peyre , F. ; Datta , A.K. ; Seyler , C. Influence of the dielectric property on microwave oven heating patterns: Application to food materials . Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy 1997 , 32 ( 1 ), 3 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamchong , M. ; Datta , A.K. Thawing of foods in a microwave oven: I . Effect of power levels and power cycling. Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy 1999 , 34 ( 1 ), 9 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vadivambal , R. ; Jayas , D.S. Non-uniform temperature distribution during microwave heating of food materials—A review . Food Bioprocess Technology 2010 , 3 ( 2 ), 161 – 171 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijhuis , H.H. ; Torringa , H.M. ; Muresan , S. ; Yuksel , D. ; Leguijt , C. ; Kloek , W. Approaches to improving the quality of dried fruit and vegetables . Trends in Food Science and Technology 1998 , 9 , 13 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijhuis , H.H. ; Torringa , E. ; Luyten , H. ; René , F. ; Jones , P. ; Funebo , T. ; Ohlsson , T. Research needs and opportunities in the dry conservation of fruits and vegetables . Drying Technology 1996 , 14 ( 6 ), 1429 – 1457 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datta , A.K. ; Ni , H. Infrared and hot-air-assisted microwave heating of foods for control of surface moisture . Journal of Food Engineering 2002 , 51 ( 4 ), 355 – 364 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datta , A.K. ; Geedipalli , S.S.R. ; Almeida , M.F. Microwave combination heating . Food Technology 2005 , 59 ( 1 ), 36 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wappling-Raaholt , B. ; Ohlsson , T. Tools for improving the heating uniformity of foods heated in a microwave oven . Microwave World 2000 , 21 ( 1 ), 24 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Bows , J.R. Variable frequency microwave heating of food . Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy 1999 , 34 ( 4 ), 227 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashyap , S.C. ; Wyslouzil , W. Methods for improving heating uniformity of microwave ovens . Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy 1977 , 12 ( 3 ), 223 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George , J. ; Bergman , R. Selective re-meshing: A new approach to include mode stirring effects in the steady state FDTD simulation of microwave heating cavities . Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 2006 , 48 ( 6 ), 1179 – 1182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plaza-Gonzalez , P. ; Monzo-Cabrera , J. ; Catala-Civera , J.M. ; Sanchez-Hernandez , D. New approach for the prediction of the electric field distribution in multimode microwave-heating applicators with mode stirrers . IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 2004 , 40 ( 3 ), 1672 – 1678 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plaza-Gonzalez , P. ; Monzo-Cabrera , J. ; Catala-Civera , J.M. ; Sanchez-Hernandez , D. Effect of mode-stirrer configurations on dielectric heating performance in multimode microwave applicators. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 2005, 53(5), 1699–1706.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominguez-Tortajada , E. ; Plaza-Gonzalez , P. ; Diaz-Morcillo , A. ; Balbastre , J.V. Optimisation of electric field uniformity in microwave heating systems by means of multi-feeding and genetic algorithms . International Journal of Materials & Product Technology 2007 , 29 ( 1–4 ), 149 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , H.W. ; Gunasekaran , S. Comparison of temperature distribution in model food cylinders based on Maxwell's equations and Lambert's law during pulsed microwave heating . Journal of Food Engineering 2004 , 64 ( 4 ), 445 – 453 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anfinogentov , V.I. ; Garayev , T.K. ; Morozov , G.A. Optimization of dielectric microwave heating by moving radiator. Proceedings of 12th International Crimean Conference on Microwave and Telecommunication Technology, Sevastopol, Crimea, Ukraine, September 9–13, 2002, pp. 605–606 .
   Google Scholar
• Anfinogentov , V.I. Mathematical modelling of dielectrics microwave heating. Proceedings of the 12th International Crimean Conference on Microwave and Telecommunication Technology, Sevastopol, Crimea, Ukraine, September 9–13, 2002, pp. 573–574 .
   Google Scholar
• Manickavasagan , A. ; Jayas , D.S. ; White , N.D.G. Non-uniformity of surface temperature of grain after microwave treatment in an industrial microwave dryer . Drying Technology 2006 , 24 ( 12 ), 1559 – 1567 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atong , D. Drying of a slip casting for tableware product using microwave continuous belt dryer . Drying Technology 2006 , 24 ( 5 ), 589 – 594 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , C. ; Zheng , X. ; Jia , S. ; Ding , N. ; Gao , X. Comparative experiment on hot-air and microwave–vacuum drying and puffing of blue honeysuckle snack . International Journal of Food Engineering 2009 5 ( 4 ), Art. 4 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudra , T. ; Mujumdar , A.S. Advanced Drying Technologies, , 2nd Ed ; CRC Press : Boca Raton , FL , 2009 .
   Google Scholar
• Feng , H. ; Tang , J. Microwave finish drying of diced apples in a spouted bed . Journal of Food Science 1998 , 63 ( 4 ), 679 – 683 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudra , T. Dielectric drying of particulate materials in a fluidized state . Drying Technology 1989 , 7 ( 1 ), 17 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanislawski , J. Drying of diced carrot in a combined microwave–fluidized bed dryer . Drying Technology 2005 , 23 ( 8 ), 1711 – 1721 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyes , A. ; Campos , C. ; Vega , R. Drying of turnip seeds with microwaves in fixed and pulsed fluidized beds . Drying Technology 2006 , 24 ( 11 ), 1469 – 1480 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szabó , G. ; Ludányi , L. ; Rajkó , R. ; Forgács , E. Recent developments of combined microwave-assisted hot-air vibrofluidised bed drier with homogeneous distribution of electromagnetic field. The International Conference for Conveying and Handling of Particulate Solids, Vol. 2, Budapest, Hungary, May 27–30, 2003, pp. 27–30 .
   Google Scholar
• Itaya , Y. ; Uchiyama , S. ; Hatano , S. ; Mori , S. Effect of scattering by fluidization of electrically conductive beads on electric field intensity profile in microwave dryers . Drying Technology 2005 , 23 ( 1–2 ), 273 – 287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An , Z.T. ; Niu , G.G. ; Pan , X.J. ; Zhang , G.D. ; Liu , H.Z. Rotary continuous devices for microwave drying. Chinese Patent No. 02104214.4, 2005 .
   Google Scholar
• Li , Z.Y. ; Su , W.G. ; Ye , J.S. ; Wang , R.F. ; Song , J.T. ; Li , Y.H. Microwave–hot air drum dryer, Chinese Patent No. 200720096086.8, 2008 .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , R.F. ; Li , Z.Y. ; Li , Y.H. ; Ye , J.S. Soybean drying characteristics in microwave rotary dryer with forced convection . Frontiers of Chemical Engineering in China 2009 , 3 ( 3 ), 289 – 292 .
   Google Scholar
• Han , Q.H. ; Li , S.J. ; Ma , J.W. ; Zhao , D.L. Study on continuous microwave vacuum drying equipment . Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery 2006 , 37 ( 8 ), 136 – 139 . (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Kaensup , W. ; Chutima , S. ; Wongwises , S. Experimental study on drying of chili in a combined microwave–vacuum–rotary drum dryer . Drying Technology 2002 , 20 ( 10 ), 2067 – 2079 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopyt , P. ; Celuch , M. Coupled simulation of microwave heating effect with Quickwave-3D and Fluent simulation tools. Proceedings of the 10th AMPERE Conference on Microwave and High Frequency Heating , Modena , Italy , September 12–15 , 2005 , pp. 440 – 443 .
   Google Scholar
• Oliveira , M.E.C. ; Franca , A.S. Microwave heating of foodstuffs . Journal of Food Engineering 2002 , 53 ( 4 ), 347 – 359 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , W. ; Chen , G.H. ; Gao , F.R. Effect of dielectric material on microwave freeze drying of skim milk . Drying Technology 2005 , 23 ( 1 ), 317 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domínguez-Tortajada , E. ; Monzó-Cabrera , J. ; Díaz-Morcillo , A. Uniform electric field distribution in microwave heating applicators by means of genetic algorithms optimization of dielectric multilayer structures . IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 2007 , 55 ( 1 ), 85 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , H. ; Tang , J. ; Liu , F. Simulation model for moving food packages in microwave heating processes using conformal FDTD method . Journal of Food Engineering 2008 , 88 , 294 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arballo , J.R. ; Campañone , L.A. ; Mascheroni , R.H. Modeling of microwave drying of fruits . Drying Technology 2010 , 28 ( 10 ), 1178 – 1184 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geedipalli , S. ; Datta , A.K. ; Rakesh , V. Heat transfer in a combination microwave–jet impingement oven . Food and Bioproducts Processing 2008 , 86 , 53 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumnu , G. ; Turabi , E. ; Oztop , M. Drying of carrots in microwave and halogen lamp–microwave combination ovens . LWT – Food Science and Technology 2005 , 38 , 549 – 553 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , Z. ; Wang , N. ; Raghavan , G.S.V. ; Cheng , W. A microcontroller-based, feedback power control system for microwave drying processes . Applied Engineering in Agriculture 2006 , 22 ( 2 ), 309 – 314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonio , C. ; Deam , R.T. Comparison of linear and non-linear sweep rate regimes in variable frequency microwave technique for uniform heating in materials processing . Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2005 , 169 ( 2 ), 234 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finegan , T. ; Laibinis , P.E. ; Hatton , T.A. In-situ measurements of temperature distributions in a microwave-heated cavity . AIChE Journal 2006 , 52 ( 8 ), 2727 – 2735 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nott , K.P. ; Hall , L.D. ; Bows , J.R. ; Hale , M. ; Patrick , M.L. MRI phase mapping of temperature distributions induced in food by microwave heating . Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2000 , 18 , 69 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nott , K.P. ; Hall , L.D. Validation and cross-comparison of MRI temperature mapping against fibre optic thermometry for microwave heating of foods . International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2005 , 40 ( 7 ), 723 – 730 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knoerzer , K. ; Regier , M. ; Schubert , H. Microwave heating: A new approach of simulation and validation . Chemical Engineering & Technology 2006 , 29 ( 7 ), 796 – 801 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunakesaran , S. Grain drying using continuous and pulsed microwave energy . Drying Technology 1990 , 8 ( 5 ), 1039 – 1047 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupinska , A. ; Araszkiewicz , M. ; Koziol , A. ; Lupinski , M. Microwave drying of rapeseeds on a semi-industrial scale with inner emission of microwaves . Drying Technology 2009 , 27 ( 12 ), 1332 – 1337 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghavan , G.S.V. ; Li , Z. ; Wang , N. ; Gariepy , Y. Control of microwave drying process through aroma monitoring . Drying Technology 2010 , 28 ( 5 ), 591 – 599 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Kudra is an honorary professor at Tianjin University of Science and Technology. He is currently at CanmetENERGY in Varennes, Canada.
   Google Scholar