Thin-Layer Drying of Mate Leaves (Ilex paraguariensis) in a Conveyor-Belt Dryer: A Semi-Automatic Control Strategy Based on a Dynamic Model

REFERENCES

• Halloy , S.R.P. ; Reid , J.B. Growing yerba mate . In Use of Climate, Soil and Crop Information for Identifying Potential Land Use Change in the Hokianga and Western Kaipara Region ; Wratt , D. Ed.; NIWA : Wellington , 2003 ; 88 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Clifford , M.N. ; Ramirez-Martinez , J.R. Chlorogenic acids and purine alkaloids contents of maté (Ilex paraguariensis) leaf and beverage . Food Chemistry 1990 , 35 , 13 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawakami , M. ; Kobayashi , A. Volatile constituents of green mate and roasted mate . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1991 , 39 , 1275 – 1279 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzafera , P. Maté drinking: Caffeine and phenolic acid intake . Food Chemistry 1997 , 60 , 67 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastos , D.H.M. ; Ishimoto , E.Y. ; Marques , M.O.M. ; Ferri , A.F. ; Torre , E.A.F.S. Essential oil and antioxidant activity of green mate and mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) infusions . Journal of Food Composition Analysis 2006 , 19 , 538 – 543 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardozo , E.L. Jr. ; Ferrarese-Filho , O. ; Cardozo-Filho , L. ; Zanoelo , E.F. Selective liquid CO2 extraction of purine alkaloids in different Ilex paraguariensis progenies grown under environmental influences . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2007 , 55 , 6835 – 6841 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanoelo , E.F. ; Benincá , C. Chemical kinetics of 5-o-caffeoylquinic acid in superheated steam: Effect of isomerization on mate (Ilex paraguariensis) manufacturing . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2009 , 57 , 11564 – 11569 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazuchowski , J.Z. ; Rücker , N.P. Diagnóstico e Alternativas para a Erva-Mate ; SEAB/PR, EMATER/PR : Curitiba , 1993 .
   Google Scholar
• Kotovicz , V. ; Zanoelo , E.F. Hydrostatic pressure cycling extraction of soluble matter from mate leaves . Journal of Food Engineering 2013 , 116 , 656 – 665 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanoelo , E.F. ; Benincá , C. ; Ribeiro , E. Thermophysical properties of mate leaves: Experimental determination and theoretical effect of moisture content . Journal of Food Process Engineering 2011 , 34 , 2124 – 2136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen , S. ; Meleiro , L.A.C. ; Zanoelo , E.F. Soft-sensor model design for control of a virtual conveyor-belt dryer of mate leaves (Ilex paraguariensis) . Biosystems Engineering 2011 , 108 , 75 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• dos Santos , T.B. ; Mitchell , D.A. ; Krieger , N. ; Moure , V.R. ; Zanoelo , E.F. Experimental and modeling study of enzymatic oxidation of 5-o-cafeoylquinic acid by polyphenol oxidades . Food Technology and Biotechnology 2010 , 48 , 548 – 553 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanoelo , E.F. ; Cardozo-Filho , L. ; Cardozo-Júnior , E.L. Superheated steam-drying of mate leaves and effect of drying conditions on the phenol content . Journal of Food Process Engineering 2006 , 29 ( 3 ), 253 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmalko , M.E. ; Peralta , J.M. ; Alzamora , S.M. Modeling the drying of a deep bed of Ilex paraguariensis in an industrial belt conveyor dryer . Drying Technology 2007 , 25 , 1967 – 1975 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanoelo , E.F. A theoretical and experimental study of simultaneous heat and mass transport resistances in a shallow fluidized bed dryer of mate leaves . Chemical Engineering and Processing 2007 , 46 , 1365 – 1375 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanoelo , E.F. ; Di Celso , G.M. ; Kaskantzis , G. Drying kinetics of mate leaves in a packed bed dryer . Biosystems Engineering 2007 , 96 , 487 – 494 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanoelo , E.F. ; Abitante , A. ; Meleiro , L.A. Dynamic modeling and feedback control for conveyors-belt dryers of mate leaves . Journal of Food Engineering 2008 , 84 , 458 – 468 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holowaty , S.A. ; Ramallo , L.A. ; Schmalko , M.E. Intermittent drying simulation in a deep bed dryer of yerba maté . Journal of Food Engineering 2012 , 111 , 110 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiranoudis , C.T. ; Maroulis , Z.B. ; Marinos-Kouris , D. Dynamic simulation and control of conveyor-belt dryers . Drying Technology 1994 , 12 , 1575 – 1603 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanoelo , E.F. Equilibrium moisture isotherms for mate leaves . Biosystems Engineering 2005 , 92 , 445 – 452 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmalko , M.E. ; Scipioni , P.G. ; Ferreyra , D.J. Effect of water activity and temperature in color and chlorophylls changes in yerba mate leaves . International Journal of Food Properties 2005 , 8 , 313 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dufour , P. Control engineering in drying technology: Review and trends . Drying Technology 2006 , 24 , 889 – 904 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mujumdar , A.S. Handbook of Industrial Drying ; Taylor & Francis Group : London , 2006 .
   Google Scholar
• van't Land , C.M. Industrial Drying Equipment ; Marcel Dekker : New York , 1991 .
   Google Scholar
• Kiranoudis , C.T. ; Bafas , G.V. ; Maroulis , Z.B. ; Marinos-Kouris , D. MIMO control of conveyor-belt drying chambers . Drying Technology 1995 , 13 , 73 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temple , S.J. ; van Boxtel , A.J.B. Control of fluid bed tea dryers: Controller design and tuning . Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2000 , 26 , 159 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zagorzycki , P.E. Automatic control of conveyor dryers . Chemical Engineering Progress 1979 , 75 , 50 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zagorzycki , P.E. Automatic humidity control of dryers . Chemical Engineering Progress 1983 , 79 , 66 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Standards Organization . Tea: Determination of Loss in Mass at 103°C ; ISO Standard 1573 : Geneva , 1980 .
   Google Scholar
• Hofmann , A.M.S. ; Benincá , C. ; Kotovicz , V. ; Zanoelo , E.F. Experiments, modeling and control of a dryer-cooler of expanded raw soybean flakes in a hexane extraction plant . Journal of the American Oil Chemist's Society 2012 , 89 , 1929 – 1938 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temple , S.J. ; van Boxtel , A.J.B. Thin layer drying of black tea . Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 1999 , 74 , 167 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panchariya , P.C. ; Popovic , D. ; Sharma , A.L. Thin-layer modelling of black tea drying process . Journal of Food Engineering 2002 , 52 , 349 – 357 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce , D.M. ; Sykes , R.A. Apparatus for determining mass transfer coefficients at high temperatures for exposed particulate crops, with initial results for wheat and hops . Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 1983 , 28 , 385 – 400 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayas , D.S. ; Cenkowski , S. ; Pabis , S. ; Muir , W.E. Review of thin-layer drying and wetting equations . Drying Technology 1991 , 9 , 551 – 558 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freire , F.B. ; Barrozo , M.A.S. ; Sartori , D.J.M. ; Freire , J.T. Study of the drying kinetics in thin layer: Fixed and moving bed . Drying Technology 2005 , 23 , 1451 – 1464 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xanthopoulos , G. ; Lambrinos , G. ; Manolopoulou , H. Evaluation of thin-layer models for mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) drying. Drying Technology 2007, 25, 1467–1477.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , D.C. ; Fon , D.S. ; Fang , W. ; Sokhansanj , S. Development of a visual method to test the range of applicability of thin layer drying equations using MATLAB tools . Drying Technology 2004 , 22 , 1921 – 1948 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardeshi , I.L. ; Arora , S. ; Borker , P.A. Thin-layer drying of green peas and selection of a suitable thin-layer drying model . Drying Technology 2009 , 27 , 288 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemis , M. ; Betta Har , A. ; Singh , C.B. ; Bruneau , D. ; Jayas , D.S. An experimental study of wheat drying in thin layer and mathematical simulation of a fixed-bed convective dryer . Drying Technology 2009 , 27 , 1142 – 1151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghazanfari , A. ; Emami , S. ; Tabil , L.G. ; Panigrahi , S. Thin-layer drying of flax fiber: II. Modeling drying process using semi-theoretical and empirical models . Drying Technology 2006 , 24 , 1637 – 1642 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St. George , S.D. ; Cenkowski , S. Modeling of thin-layer drying on an inert sphere . Drying Technology 2009 , 27 , 770 – 781 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stawczyk , J. ; Muñoz , I. ; Collell , C. ; Comaposada , J. Control system for sausage drying based on on-line NIW AW determination . Drying Technology 2009 , 27 , 1338 – 1343 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghavan , G.S.V. ; Li , Z. ; Wang , N. ; Gariépy , Y. Control of microwave drying process through aroma monitoring . Drying Technology 2010 , 28 , 591 – 599 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr-Brion , K. Moisture Sensors in Process Control ; Elsevier Science : London , 1986 .
   Google Scholar
• Amazouz , M. ; Pantea , R. Use of multivariate data analysis for lumber drying process monitoring and fault detection. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Mining, Las Vegas, USA, June 26–29, 2006; 329–332.
   Google Scholar
• Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/ldrt.
   Google Scholar