Drying-Induced Strain and Stress: A Review

REFERENCES

• Norton , F. H. and Johnson , A. L. 1944 . Fundamental Study of Clay: V. Nature of Water Film In Plastic Clay . J. American Ceramic Society . 27 ( 3 ) 77 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Kamei , S. and Toei , R. 1952 . Studies on Drying Shrinkage . Kogaku Kikai , 16 ( 11 ). 372 – 377 .
   Google Scholar
• Newitt , D. M. and Coleman , M. The Mechanism of hying of Solids part III The Drying Characteristics of China Clay. , Trans, Instn. Chem. Engrs. , 30 . 28 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Bird , R. B. , Stewart , W. E. and Lightfoot , E. N. 1960 . Transport Phenomena. , John Wiley & Sons. Inc. , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Furta , T. and Hayakawa , K. 1992 . Heat and Moisture Transfer with Thermodynamically interactive fluxes and volumetric Changes - 1. Mathemalical Model Development and Numerical Solution. , Trans. ASAE. 35 , 1537 – 1546 .
   Google Scholar
• Biot , M. A. 1941 . General Theory of Three-Dimensional Consolidation. , J. Applied Physics . 12 ( 2 ). 155 – 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Luikov , A. V. 1966 . Heat and Mass Transfer in Capillary-Porous Bodies. , Pergamon Press . London , 406 .
   Google Scholar
• Biot , M. A. 1954 . Theory of Stress-Strain Relations in Anisotropic Vicoelasticity and Relaxation Phenomena. , J. Applied Physics . 25 ( 11 ), 1385 – 1391 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biot , M. A. 1956 . Theory of Propagation of Elastic Waves in a Fluid-Saturated Porous Solid. I. Low-Frequency Range. , J. Acoustical Society of America 28 ( 2 ), 168 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biot , M. A. 1956 . Theory of Propagation of Elastic Waves in a Fluid-Saturated Porous Solid. 11. Higher Frequency Range. , J. Acoustical Sociery of America 28 ( 2 ), 179 – 191 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biot , M. A. 1962 . Generalized Theory of Acoustic Propagation in Porous Dissipative Media. , J. Acoustical Sociery of America , 34 ( 9 ). 1254 – 1264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biot , M. A. 1962 . Mechanics of Deformation and Acoustic Propagation in Porous Media. , J. Applied Physics , 33 ( 4 ). 1482 – 1498 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geertsma , J. 1957 . A Remark on the Analogy between Thermoelasticiry and the Elasticity of Samrated Porous Media. , J. Mechanics md Physics of Solids . 6 ( 1 ). 13 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Chandler , R. N. and Johnson , D. L. 1981 . The Equivalence of Quasistatic Flow in Fluid-Saturated Porous Media and Biot's Slow Wave in the Limit of Zero Frequency. , J. Applied Physics . 52 ( 5 ), 3391 – 3395 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , D. L. 1982 . Elasdynamics of Gels. , J. Applied Physics . 77 ( 3 ). 1531 – 1539 .
   Google Scholar
• Scherer , G. W. 1989 . Drying Gels. VIII. Revision and Review. , J. Non-Crysralline Solids . 109 , 171 – 182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onoda , G. Y. , Liniger , E. G. , and Janney , M. A. , 1988 . Dilatancy and Plasticity in Ceramic Paniculate Bodies. , Ceram. Trans. J (Ceramic Powder Sci. 11). eds. G.L. , Messing , E. R. Fuller, Jr. and H. Hausner , pp. 611 – 623 .
   Google Scholar
• Findley , W. N. , Lai , J. S. and Oneran , K. 1976 . Creep and Relaxation of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Materials . With an Introduction to Linear Viscoelasticity. , Dover Publications , Mineora . pp. 50 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Irudayaraj , J. and Haghighi , K. 1993 . Stress Analysis of Viscoelastic Materials during Drying. I – Theory and Finite Element Formulation. , Drying Technology , 11 ( 5 ). 901 – 927 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton , F. H. 1939 . Precise Measurement of Drying Shrinkage. , Ceramic Age . 33 , 7 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Macey , H. H. 1942 . Clay-Water Relationships and Internal Mechanism of Drying. , Trans. Brit. Cermic Society . 41 ( 4 ). 73 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Kamei , S. and Toei , R. 1952 . Studies on Drying Shrinkage. , Kagaku Kikai 16 ( 11 ). 372 – 377 .
   Google Scholar
• Hasatani , M. , ItaYa , Y. , Muroie , K. and S. Taniguchi . 1993 . Contraction Characteristics of Molded Ceramics during Drying. , Drying Technology , 11 ( 4 ). 15 – 830 .
   Google Scholar
• Ohtani , S. , Suzuki , M. and Maeda , S. 1963 . On the Suction Potential of Granular Material. , Kugaku Kogaku . 27 ( 9 ). 638 – 645 .
   Google Scholar
• Shishido , I. , Maruyama , T. , Funaki , M. and Ohtani , S. 1987 . On the Drying bMechanism of Shrinkage Material. , Kagoku Kogaku Ronbunshu . 13 ( 1 ). 78 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shishido , I. , Iida K. , Muramatsu , T. and Ohtani , S. 1987 . Measurement of Mechanical and Transport Properties in Drying Shrinkage Materials. , Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu . 13 ( 4 ), 522 – 525 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shishido , I. , Muramatsu , T. and Ohtani , S. 1988 . Local Moisture Content and Stress Distributions within Clay during Drying Shrinkage. , Kagagu Kogaku Ronbunshu . 14 ( 1 ). 87 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasatani , M. , Itaya , Y. and Hayakawa , K. 1992 . Fundamental Study on Shrinkage of Formed Clay during Drying -Viscoelaslic Strain-Stress and Heat/Moisture Transfer. , Drying Technology . 10 ( 4 ). 1013 – 1036 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itaya , Y. , Mabuchi , S. and Hasatani , M. 1995 . Deformation Behavior of Ceramic Slabs by Nonuniform Drying. , Drying Technology , 13 ( 3 ). 801 – 819 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasatani , M. and Itaya , Y. 1994 . Effect of Three-Dimensional Heal and Moisture Transfer on Deformation and Stress Behaviors of Molded Ceramics during Drying. , Proc. 10th Int. Heat Trans. Conf. , vol. 5 , Brighton , 297 – 302 .
   Google Scholar
• Scherer , G. W. 1988 . Drying Gels: VI. Viscoclaslic Plate. , J. Non-Crystalline Solids . 99 , 324 – 358 .
   Google Scholar
• Scherer , G. W. 1989 . Drying Gels: VII. Diffusion during Drying. , J. Non- Crystalline Solids , 107 , 135 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer , G. W. 1988 . Aging and Drying of Gels. , J. Non-Crystalline Solids . 100 , 77 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer , G. W. 1989 . Mechanics of Syneresis. , J. Non-Crystalline Solids . 108 , 18 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Scherer , G. W. 1992 . Crack-Tipstress in Gels. , J. Non-Crystalline Solids . 144 , 210 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka , T. , Hocker , L. O. and Benedek , G. B. 1973 . Spectrum of Light Scattered from a Viscoelastic Gel. , J, Chem. Phys. 59 ( 9 ). 5151 – 5159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer , G. W. 1994 . Effect of Drying on Viscoelasticity and Permeabiity of Gel. Mat, Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. , vol.346 , 209 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Scherer , G. W. 1992 . Stress Development during Supercritical Drying. , J. Non- Crystalline Solids . 145 , 33 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer , G. W. 1994 . Stress in Aerogel during Depressurization of Autoclave: I. Theory. , J. Sol-Gel Science and Technology . 3 , 127 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer , G. W. 1994 . Stress in Aerogel during Depressurization of Autoclave: II. Silica Gels. , J. Sol-Gel Science ond Technology . 3 , 141 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• Scherer , G. W. 1993 . Freezing Gels. , J. Non-Crysralline Solids . 155 , 1 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Towner , G. D. 1987 . The Mechanics of Cracking of Drying Clay. , J. Agric, Engng. Res. , 36 , 115 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Towner , G. D. 1987 . The Tensile Stress Genented in Clay through Drying. , J. Agric. Engng. Res. 37 , 279 – 289 .
   Google Scholar
• Simpkins , P. G. , Johnson , D. W. Jr. and Fleming , D. A. 1989 . Drying Behavior of Colloidal Silica Gels. , J, Am. Ceram. Soc. 72 ( 10 ). 1816 – 1821 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyne , C. , Kechaou , N. , Sobral , P. J. D. A. , Roques , M. , Cairault , A. , and Bizot , H. 1994 . Mechanism of Waler Transport in drying of Gels. , Int, Chem. Eng. , 34 ( 3 ). 360 – 369 .
   Google Scholar
• Tokumoto , M. 1989 . Casehardening and Drying Set in the Kiln-Drying of Wood. I. Creep and Set of Wood during Kiln-Drying. , Mokuzai Gakkaishi , 35 ( 3 ), 175 – 184 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , C. 1989 . Careful Drying Lowers Costs in the Planing Mill. , Forest Industries , July , 21 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Perré , P. and Martin , M. 1994 . Drying at High Temperature of Sapwood and Heartwood: Theory, Experiment and Proactical Consequence on Kiln Control . Drying Technology , 12 ( 8 ), 1915 – 1941 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perré , P. and Passard , J. 1995 . A Control-Volume Procedure Compared with the Finite-Element Method for Calculating Stress and Strain during Wood Drying. , Drying Technology . 13 ( 3 ). 635 – 660 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman , P. U. A. 1976 . Requirements for a Model That Exhibits Mechano-Sorptive Behavior. , Wood Sci. Technol. , 10 , 163 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behnke , C. and Militzer , K. E. 1994 . A Simulation Model for Timber Drying Checked by Measurement at Technical Kilns. , Drying Technology , 12 ( 8 ), 1841 – 1862 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson , R. 1994 . The effect of Drying Temperature on the Mechano-Sorptive Behavior of Red Oak Limber. , Drying Technology . 12 ( 8 ). 1943 – 1961 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stöhr , H. -P. 1988 . Shrinkage Differencial as a Measure for Drying Stress Dtermination. , Wood Sci. Technol. , 22 , 121 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taniguchi , Y. and Nishio , S. 1990 . Drying of Box-Hearted Square Timber. , Zairyo , 39 ( 9 ). 1192 – 1196 .
   Google Scholar
• Alexiou , P. N. , Marchant , J. F. and Groves , K. W. 1990 . Effect of Pre-Steaming on Moisture Gradients. Drying Stresses and Sets, and Face Checking in Regrowth Eucalyptus Pilularis Sm. , Wood Sci Technol , 24 , 210 – 209 .
   Google Scholar
• Kawahe , J. , Sakamoto , K. , Fujimoto , N. and Mataki , Y. 1993 . Vacuum-Drying with High-Frequency Heating of Sugi Logs. Variations of Internal Stresses in Drying for Red-Heart and Black-Heart Logs. , Mokuzai Gakkaishi , 39 ( 3 ). 284 – 292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taniguchi , Y. and Nishio , S. 1993 . High-Frequency Electric-Power Vacuum-Drying of Wood V. Change of Pressure in Wood during Drying. , Mokuzai Gakkaishi , 39 ( 3 ). 357 – 362 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avramidis , S. and Liu , F. 1994 . Drying Characteristics of Thick Lumber in a Laboratory Radio-Frequency/Vacuum Dryer . Drying Technology , 12 ( 8 ), 1963 – 1981 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , F. , Avramidis , S. and Zwick , R. L. 1994 . Drying Thick Western Hemlock in a bboratory Radio-Frequency/Vacuum Dryer with Constant and Variable Electrode Voltage. , Forest Products Journal . 44 ( 6 ), 71 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafson , R. J. , Thompson , D. R. and Sokhansany , S. 1979 . Temperature and Stress Analysis of Corn Kernel Finite Element Analysis. , Trans. ASAE. 22 , 955 – 960 .
   Google Scholar
• Misra , R. N. and Young , J. H. 1980 . Numerical Solution of Simultaneous Moisture Diffusion and Shrinkage during Soybean Drying . Trans. ASAE. 23 , 1277 – 1282 .
   Google Scholar
• Tsukada , T. , Sakai , N. and Hayakawa , K. 1991 . Development of Computerized Model for Strain-Stress Analysis of Food undergoing a Simulmeous Heal and Mass Transfer Process. , J. Food Sci. , 56 , 1438 – 1445 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayakawa , K. , Sakai , N. and Itaya , Y. 1992 . Strain-Stress Formation in Food undergoing a Heat and Moisture Transfer Process . Advances in Food Engineering. Ed. R.P. Singh and M. A. , Wiratkartakusumah CRC Press , pp. 463 – 474 .
   Google Scholar
• Zoerb , G. C. and Hall , C. W. 1958 . Some Mechanical and Rheological Properties of Grains. , J, Agric. Engng. Res. , 5 , 83 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , P. and Fridley , R. B. 1972 . Analylical Methods for Determining Viscoelatic constants of Agricultural Material . Trans. ASAE . 15 , 1103 – 1106 .
   Google Scholar
• Herum , F. L. , Mensah , J.K. , Barre , H.J. and Majidzadeh , K. 1979 . Vicoelastic Behavior of Soybean due to Temperature and Moisture Content . Trans. ASAE . 22 , 1219 – 1224 .
   Google Scholar
• Hammerle , J. R. 1972 . Theoretical Analysis of Failure in Viscoelastic Slab Subjected to Temperature and Moisture Gradients. , Trans. ASAE . 15 , 960 – 965 .
   Google Scholar
• Rao , V. N. M. 1975 . Stresses in a Maxwell Viscoelastic Cylinder due to Transient Temperature and Moisture Gradients. , Trans. ASAE . 18 , 1165 – 1169 .
   Google Scholar
• Rao , V.N.M. , Hamann , D. D. and Hammerle , I.R. 1975 . Stress Analysis of a Viscoelastic Sphere Subjected to temperature and moisture gradient. , J. Agric.Engng. Res. , 20 , 283 – 293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litchfield , J. B. and Okos , M. R. 1988 . Prediction of Corn Kernel Stress and Breakage Induced by Drying. Tempering and Cooking . Trans. ASAE . 31 , 585 – 594 .
   Google Scholar
• Haghighi , K. and Segerlind , L.J. 1988 . Failure of Biomaterials Subjected to Temperature and Moisture Gradients Using the Finite Element Method: 1 – Thermo- Hydro Viscoelasticity . Trans. ASAE . 31 ( 3 ), 930 – 937 .
   Google Scholar
• Haghighi , K. and Segerlind , L. J. 1988 . Failure of Biomaterials Subjected to Temperature and Moisture Gradients Using the Finite Element Method: 11 - Stress Analysis of an Isotropic Sphere during Drying. , Trans. ASAE , 3l ( 3 ). 938 – 946 .
   Google Scholar
• Irudayaraj , J. and Haghighi , K. 1993 . Stress Analysis of Viscoelastic Materials during Drying 1 – Keoh and Finite Element Formulation. , Drying Technology . 11 ( 5 ), 901 – 927 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irudayaraj , J. , Haghighi , K. and Stoshine , R. 1993 . Stress Analysis of Viscoelastic Materials during Drying: II – Application to Grain Kernels. , Drying Technology . 11 ( 5 ). 929 – 959 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itaya , Y. , Kobayarshi , T. and Hayskawa , K. 1995 . Three-Dimensional Heat and Moisture Transfer with Viscoelatic Stain-Stress Formation in Composite Food during Drying. , Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer . 38 ( 7 ). 1173 – 1185 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mrani , I. , Fras , G. and Benet , J. C. 1995 . Numerical Study of Drying Stresses in Agar Gel . Drying Technology . 13 ( 3 ). 551 – 570 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar