References
- Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance (ACSFA). (2012). Pathways to success: Integrating life and work to increase national college completion: Report to the Congress and the Secretary of Education. Washington, DC: Author.
- Baum, S., Bailey, T., Bettinger, E., Dynarski, S., Hauptman, A., Holzer, H., . . . Rosenbaum, J. (2013). Rethinking Pell grants. New York, NY: The College Board.
- Byun, S.-Y., Meece, J. L., & Irvin, M. J. (2012). Rural-nonrural disparities in postsecondary educational attainment revisited. American Educational Research Journal, 49(3), 412–437.
- Center for Rural Pennsylvania (CRP). (2012). Rural snapshot: Adults without a high school diploma. Retrieved from http://www.rural.palegislature.us/publications_newsletter_0512.html#4
- Center for Rural Pennsylvania (CRP). (2014). Rural Pennsylvania counties. Retrieved from http://www.rural.palegislature.us/ruralcounties.html
- Center for the Study of Education Policy (CSEP). (2015). Grapevine Table 4: State fiscal support for higher education per $1,000 in personal income and per capita, FY14 and FY15. Retrieved from http://education.illinoisstate.edu/grapevine/tables/Table4_GPV15.pdf
- Donaldson, J. F., & Townsend, B. K. (2007). Higher education journals’ discourse about adult undergraduate students. The Journal of Higher Education, 78(1), 27–50.
- Dougherty, B. C., & Woodland, R. (2009). Understanding sources of financial support for adult learners. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 57(3), 181–186.
- Education Commission of the States (ECS). (2004). The adult learning gap: Why states need to change their policies toward adult learners. Denver, CO: Author.
- Education Policy Leadership Center (EPLC). (2006). A rising tide: The current state of higher education in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA: The Learning Alliance for Higher Education.
- Greene, J. C., Caracelli, V. J., & Graham, W. F. (1989). Toward a conceptual framework for mixed-method evaluation designs. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 11(3), 255–274.
- Guidos, M., & Dooris, M. J. (2008). Research to practice: Correlates of adult learner degree completion in a research university. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 56(2), 45–51.
- Herzenberg, S., & Price, M. (2008). The state of rural Pennsylvania. Harrisburg, PA: The Keystone Research Center.
- Johnson, R. B., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Turner, L. A. (2007). Toward a definition of mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 112–133.
- Kasworm, C. E. (2003). Setting the stage: Adults in higher education. New Directions for Student Services, 102, 3–10.
- Kasworm, C. (2010). Adult workers as undergraduate students: Significant challenges for higher education policy and practice. In L. W. Perna (Ed.), Understanding the working college student: New research and its implications for policy and practice (pp. 23–42). Sterling, VA: Stylus.
- Kasworm, C. E. (2012). Adult higher education and lifelong learning in the USA: Perplexing contradictions. In M. Slowey & H. G. Schuetze (Eds.), Global perspectives on higher education and lifelong learners (pp. 173–192). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Kasworm, C. E. (2014). Paradoxical understandings regarding adult undergraduate persistence. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 62(2), 67–77.
- Kimmel, S. B., Gaylor, K. P., Grubbs, M. R., & Hayes, J. B. (2012). Good times to hard times: An examination of adult learners’ enrollment from 2004–2010. Institute of Behavioral and Applied Management, 14(1), 18–38.
- Merisotis, J. P. (2013, April 18). The changing higher education agenda . . . and the trustee's role as change agent. Retrieved from http://www.luminafoundation.org/news-and-events/the-changing-higher-education-agenda-and-the-trustee-s-role-as-change-agent
- Milheim, K. L., & Bichsel, J. (2007). Accommodating low-income adult students: Recommendations for practice. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 55(1), 38–46.
- National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). (2012). Digest of education statistics, Table 224: Total fall enrollment in degree-granting institutions, by attendance status, sex, and age: Selected years, 1970 through 2021. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d12/tables/dt12_224.asp
- National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). (2014). Fast facts: Enrollment. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=98
- National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education (NCPPHE). (2008). Measuring up 2008: The state report card on higher education: Pennsylvania. San Jose, CA: Author. Retrieved from http://measuringup2008.highereducation.org/print/state_reports/long/PA.pdf
- Office of Career, Technical, and Adult Education (OCTAE). (2011). Transitions to postsecondary education. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ovae/pi/AdultEd/transition.html
- Ott, L. (1984). An introduction to statistical methods and data analysis (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Duxbury Press.
- Pathways PA. (2009). Ready to compete? Pennsylvania's community colleges (Part I: Affordability). Holmes, PA: Author.
- Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Paulson, K., & Boeke, M. (2006). Adult learners in the United States: A national profile. Washington, DC: Center for Policy Analysis: American Council on Education.
- Pennsylvania Business Council Education Foundation (PBCEF). (2014). Education/Workforce – Adult postsecondary enrollment. Retrieved from http://www.pascorecard.com/files/Edu_2postenroll.pdf
- Pennsylvania Higher Education Assistance Agency (PHEAA). (2014a). About PHEAA. Retrieved from https://www.pheaa.org/about/index.shtml
- Pennsylvania Higher Education Assistance Agency (PHEAA). (2014b). 2012–13 annual report. Harrisburg, PA: Author. Retrieved from https://www.pheaa.org/about/pdf/Annual_Report.pdf
- Pennsylvania Higher Education Assistance Agency (PHEAA). (2014c). Distance education pilot program: 2014–15 program guidelines. Retrieved from http://www.pheaa.org/sgdepp/docs/school-guidelines.pdf
- Radwin, D., Wine, J., Siegel, P., & Bryan, M. (2013). 2011–12 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS: 12): Student financial aid estimates for 2011–12 (NCES 2013-165). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
- Reder, S. (2007). Adult education and postsecondary success. Policy brief prepared for the National Commission on Adult Literacy. New York, NY: Council for Advancement of Adult Literacy.
- Sandman, L. R. (2010). Adults in four-year colleges and universities: Moving from the margins to the mainstream? In C. E. Kasworm, A. D. Rose, & J. M. Ross-Gordon (Eds.), Handbook of adult and continuing education (pp. 221–230). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Seftor, N. S., & Turner, S. E. (2002). Back to school: Federal student aid policy and adult college enrollment. The Journal of Human Resources, 37(2), 336–352.
- United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service (USDA ERS). (2014). Rural education. Retrieved from http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/rural-economy-population/employment-education/rural-education.aspx#.VBM1rxDQCF8
- Wei, C. C., Nevill, S., & Berkner, L. (2005). Independent undergraduates: 1999–2000 (NCES 2005-151). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
- Yan, W. (2002). Postsecondary enrollment and persistence of students from rural Pennsylvania. Harrisburg, PA: Center for Rural Pennslyvania.