REFERENCES
- Adams , M. J. 1990 . Beginning to read: Thinking and learning about print , Cambridge, MA : Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) .
- Adams , M. J. , Foorman , B. R. , Lundberg , I. and Beeler , T. 1998 . The elusive phoneme: Why phonemic awareness is so important and how to help children develop it . American Educator , 22 ( 1 ) : 18 – 29 .
- Alessi , S. M. and Trollip , S. R. 1991 . Computer-based instruction: Methods and development , 2nd ed. , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
- Ary , D. , Jacobs , L. C. and Razavieh , A. 2002 . Introduction to research in education , 6th ed. , Stamford, CT : Wadsworth/Thomson Learning .
- Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development . 2000 . Only the best: The annual guide to the highest-rated educational software and multimedia. ASCD 1990–2000 , Alexandria, VA : Author. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED437897) .
- Ball , E. W. and Blachman , B. A. 1991 . Does phoneme awareness trainings in kindergarten make a difference in early word recognition and developmental spelling? . Reading Research Quarterly , 26 ( 1 ) : 49 – 66 .
- Berelson , B. 1952 . Content analysis in communication research , Glencoe, IL : Free Press .
- Bishop , M. J. and Cates , W. M. 1996 . A door is a big wooden thing with a knob: Getting a handle on metaphorical interface design . Proceedings of selected research and development presentations at the national convention of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology , 18 : 80 – 88 .
- Blachman , B. A. , Ball , E. W. , Black , R. S. and Tangel , D. M. 1994 . Kindergarten teachers develop phoneme awareness in low-income, inner-city classrooms: Does it make a difference? . Reading and Writing , 6 : 1 – 18 .
- Blok , H. , Oostdam , R. , Otter , M. E. and Overmaat , M. 2002 . Computer-assisted instruction in support of beginning reading instruction: A Review . Review of Educational Research , 72 ( 1 ) : 101 – 130 .
- Borg , W. R. and Gall , M. D. 1983 . Educational research: An introduction , 4th ed. , New York : Longman .
- Brown , C. M. 1988 . Human-computer interface design guidelines , Norwood, NJ : Ablex .
- Burton-Radzely , L. 1998 . A national perspective on special educators’ use of technology to promote literacy: Technical report , Washington, DC : MACRO International and the Council for Exceptional Children .
- Burton , J. K. , Moore , D. M. and Magliaro , S. G. 1996 . “ Behaviorism and instructional technology ” . In Handbook of research for educational communications and technology , Edited by: Jonassen , D. H. 46 – 73 . New York : Simon & Schuster Macmillan .
- Byrne , B. and Fielding-Barnsley , R. 1991 . Evaluation of a program to teach phonemic awareness to young children . Journal of Educational Psychology , 83 : 451 – 455 .
- Byrne , B. and Fielding-Barnsley , R. 1993 . Evaluation of a program to teach phonemic awareness to young children: A 1-year follow-up . Journal of Educational Psychology , 85 : 104 – 111 .
- Byrne , B. and Fielding-Barnsley , R. 1995 . Evaluation of a program to teach phonemic awareness to young children: A 2- and 3-year follow-up and a new preschool trail . Journal of Educational Psychology , 87 : 488 – 503 .
- Carnine , D. W. 1980 . Relationships between stimulus variation and the formation of misconceptions . Journal of Educational Research , 74 : 106 – 110 .
- Carnine , D. W. , Silbert , J. and Kame’enui , E. J. 1997 . Direct instruction reading , 3rd ed. , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
- Cates , W. M. and Bishop , M. J. 2003 . Learner as bobsled operator: The physics of learner engagement . Journal of Educational Technology Systems , 31 : 291 – 305 .
- Cates , W. M. and Bruce , R. R. 2000 . Conceptualizing learner support space . Educational Technology Research and Development , 48 ( 1 ) : 85 – 98 .
- Coley , R. , Cradler , J. and Engel , P. K. 1997 . Computers and classrooms: The status of technology in U. S. schools , Princeton, NJ : Educational Testing Service, Policy Information Center .
- Cunningham , A. E. 1990 . Explicit versus implicit instruction in phonemic awareness . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 50 : 429 – 444 .
- Crowder , R. G. and Wagner , R. K. 1992 . The psychology of reading: An introduction , New York : Oxford University Press .
- Dick , W. , Carey , L. and Carey , O. 2001 . The systematic design of instruction , 5th ed. , New York : Longman .
- Ehri , L. C. 1991 . “ Development of the ability to read words ” . In Handbook of reading research , Edited by: Barr , R. , Kamil , M. L. , Mosenthal , P. B. and Pearson , P. D. Vol. 2 , 383 – 417 . New York : Longman .
- Ehri , L. C. and McCormick , S. 1998 . Phases of word learning: Implications for instruction with delayed and disabled readers . Reading and Writing Quarterly , 14 ( 2 ) : 135 – 163 .
- Engelmann , S. 1997 . “ Theory of mastery and acceleration ” . In Issues in educating students with disabilities , Edited by: Lloyd , J. W. , Kame’enui , E. J. and Chard , D. 177 – 195 . Los Angeles : Erlbaum .
- Engelmann , S. and Carnine , D. W. 1991 . Theory of instruction: Principles and applications , Eugene, OR : Association for Direct Instruction .
- Felton , R. H. and Pepper , P. P. 1995 . Early identification and intervention of phonological deficits in kindergarten and early elementary children at risk of reading disability . School Psychology Review , 24 : 405 – 414 .
- Fleming , M. L. 1987 . “ Displays and communication ” . In Instructional technology: Foundations , Edited by: Gagné , R. 233 – 260 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
- Foorman , B. R. , Francis , D. J. , Shaywitz , S. E. , Shaywitz , B. and Fletcher , J. M. 1997 . “ The case for early reading intervention ” . In Foundations of reading acquisition: Implications for intervention and dyslexia , Edited by: Blachman , B. 103 – 115 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
- Foorman , B. R. , Francis , D. J. , Fletcher , J. M. , Schatschedier , C. and Mehta , P. 1998 . The role of instruction in learning to read: Preventing reading failure in at-risk children . Journal of Educational Psychology , 90 : 37 – 55 .
- Foorman , B. R. and Torgesen , J. 2001 . Critical elements of classroom and small-group instruction promote reading success in all children . Learning Disabilities Research and Practice , 16 ( 4 ) : 203 – 212 .
- Gagné , R. M. 1985 . The conditions of learning and theory of instruction , 4th ed. , New York : Holt, Rinehart, & Winston .
- Garrett , N. 1991 . Technology in the service of language learning: Trends and issues . Modern Language Journal , 75 ( 1 ) : 74 – 101 .
- Haag , B. B. and Snetsigner , W. 1993 . Aesthetics and screen design: An integration of principles . Visual literacy in the digital age: Selected readings from the annual conference of the International Visual Literacy Association , 25 : 75 – 82 .
- Hall , T. , Hughes , C. and Filbert , M. 2000 . Computer assisted instruction in reading for students with learning disabilities: A research synthesis . Education and the treatment of children , 23 ( 2 ) : 173 – 193 .
- Hannafin , M. J. and Rieber , L. P. 1989a . Psychological foundations of instructional design for emerging computer-based instructional technologies: Part I . Educational Technology Research and Development , 37 ( 2 ) : 91 – 101 .
- Hannafin , M. J. and Rieber , L. P. 1989b . Psychological foundations of instructional design for emerging computer-based instructional technologies: Part II . Educational Technology Research and Development , 37 ( 2 ) : 102 – 114 .
- Jitendra , A. , Nolet , V. , Gomez , O. and Xin , Y. P. 1999 . An analysis of four middle school geography textbooks: Meeting the needs of students with learning problems (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED433271)
- Juel , C. 1991 . “ Beginning reading ” . In Handbook of reading research , Edited by: Barr , R. , Kamil , M. L. , Mosenthal , P. B. and Pearson , P. D. Vol. 2 , 759 – 788 . New York : Longman .
- Kame’enui , E. J. and Carnine , D. W. 1998 . Effective teaching strategies that accommodate diverse learners , Columbus, OH : Merrill, Prentice Hall .
- Kame’enui , E. J. and Simmons , D. C. 1990 . Designing instructional strategies: The prevention of academic learning problems , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Merrill .
- Kame’enui , E. J. and Simmons , D. C. 1998 . Effective teaching strategies that accommodate diverse learners , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall .
- Lang , M. , McCarty , C. , Norman , L. and Upchurch , N. 1999 . Improving reading strategies through the use of technology (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED433500)
- Laurel , B. and Mountford , J. 1990 . “ Introduction ” . In The art of human-computer interface design , Edited by: Laurel , B. xi – xvi . Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley .
- Lee , S. and Boling , E. 1996 . Motivational screen design guidelines for effective computer-mediated instruction . Proceedings of selected research and development presentations at the national convention of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology , 18 : 100 – 106 .
- Liberman , I. Y. and Shankweiler , D. 1985 . Phonology and the problems of learning to read and write . Remedial and Special Education , 6 ( 6 ) : 8 – 17 .
- Lyon , G. R. 1997 . Children's literacy , Washington, DC : U. S. House of Representatives . Testimony before the Committee on Education and the Workforce
- Lyon , G. R. 2001, October 19 . White House Early Childhood Cognitive Development Summit: Summary comments Retrieved November 11, 2001, from http://www.educationnews.org/white_house_early_childhood_cogn.htm
- MacArthur , C. A. , Ferretti , R. P. , Okolo , C. M. and Cavalier , A. R. 2001 . Technology applications for students with literacy problems: A critical review . Elementary School Journal , 101 ( 3 ) : 273 – 301 .
- Martin , B. L. 1986 . Aesthetics and media: Implications for the design of instruction . Educational Teechnology , 26 ( 6 ) : 15 – 21 .
- Martindale , T. , Cates , W. M. and Qian , Y. 2003 . Educational Web sites: A classification system for educators and learners . Educational Technology , 43 ( 6 ) : 47 – 50 .
- Mann , V. A. 1993 . Phoneme awareness and future reading ability . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 26 ( 4 ) : 259 – 269 .
- McCullough , C. S. 1995 . Using computer technology to monitor student progress and remediate reading problems . School Psychology Review , 24 ( 3 ) : 426 – 449 .
- Moats , L. C. 1999 . Teaching reading is rocket science: What expert teachers of reading should know about and be able to do , Washington, DC : American Federation of Teachers .
- Mory , E. H. 1996 . “ Feedback research ” . In Handbook of research for educational communications and technology , Edited by: Jonassen , D. H. 919 – 956 . New York : Simon & Schuster Macmillan .
- National Center for Education Statistics . 2001 . The Nation's report card: Fourth-grade reading 2000 , Washington, DC : Author .
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development . 2000 . Report of the National Reading Panel. Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction: Reports of the subgroups (NIH Publication No. 00-4754) , Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/nrp/report.htm
- Norman , D. A. 1988 . The design of everyday things , New York : Currency .
- O’Connor , R. E. 1995 . Transfer among phonological tasks in kindergarten: Essential instructional content . Journal of Educational Psychology , 87 : 202 – 217 .
- Perfetti , C. A. 1985 . Reading ability , New York : Oxford University Press .
- Reigeluth , C. M. 1983 . “ Instructional design: What is it and why is it? ” . In Instructional design theories and models: An overview of their current status , Edited by: Reigeluth , C. M. 3 – 16 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
- Shiratuddin , N. and Landoni , M. 2002 . Evaluation of content activities in children's educational software . Evaluation and Program Planning , 25 : 175 – 182 .
- Shneiderman , B. 1998 . Designing the user interface: Strategies for effective human-computer interaction , 3rd ed. , Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley .
- Smith , S. , Simmons , D. C. , Gleason , M. M. , Kame’enui , E. J. , Baker , S. K. Sprick , M. 2001 . An analysis of phonological awareness instruction in four kindergarten basal reading programs . Reading and Writing Quarterly , 17 : 25 – 51 .
- Smith , S. , Simmons , D. C. and Kame’enui , E. J. 1998 . “ Phonological awareness: Research bases ” . In What reading research teaches us about children with diverse learning needs: Bases and basics , Edited by: Simmons , D. C. and Kame’enui , E. J. 61 – 127 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
- Stanovich , K. E. 1986 . Matthew effects in reading: Some consequences of individual differences in the acquisition of literacy . Reading Research Quarterly , 21 ( 4 ) : 360 – 406 .
- Tamir , P. 1985 . Content analysis focusing on inquiry . Journal of Curriculum Studies , 17 : 87 – 94 .
- Torgesen , J. K. 1998 . Catch them before they fall . American Educator , 22 ( 1 ) : 32 – 39 .
- Vellutino , F. R. 1991 . Introduction to three studies on reading acquisition: Convergent findings on theoretical foundations of code-orientated versus whole-language approaches to reading instruction . Journal of Educational Psychology , 83 : 437 – 443 .