Microbial alchemy: upcycling of brewery spent grains into high-value products through fermentation

References

• Agrawal D, Gopaliya D, Willoughby N, et al. Recycling potential of brewer’s spent grains for circular biorefineries. Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem. 2023;40:100748. doi: 10.1016/j.cogsc.2022.100748.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allegretti C, Bellinetto E, D’arrigo P, et al. Towards a complete exploitation of brewers’ spent grain from a circular economy perspective. Fermentation. 2022;8:151. doi: 10.3390/FERMENTATION8040151/S1.
   Google Scholar
• Bianco A, Budroni M, Zara S, et al. The role of microorganisms on biotransformation of brewers’ spent grain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2020;104:8661–8678. doi: 10.1007/S00253-020-10843-1/TABLES/4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeko-Pivač A, Tišma M, Žnidaršič-Plazl P, et al. The potential of brewer’s spent grain in the circular bioeconomy: state of the art and future perspectives. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10:870744. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.870744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abhinav Reddy. (2022) Brewing up new opportunities from spent grains. Brew. World. [cited 2023 Apr 18]. https://www.brewer-world.com/brewing-up-new-opportunities-from-spent-grains/.
   Google Scholar
• Mitri S, Salameh S-J, Khelfa A, et al. Valorization of Brewers’ spent grains: pretreatments and fermentation, a review. Fermentation. 2022;8:50. doi: 10.3390/fermentation8020050.
   Google Scholar
• Pandey LN, Shrestha R, K.c S, et al. Effects of brewery spent grain (BSG) included poultry diet on growth performance and meat quality of New Hampshire chicken. Arch Agric Environ Sci. 2023;8:14–19. doi: 10.26832/24566632.2023.080103.
   Google Scholar
• Jaeger A, Sahin AW, Nyhan L, et al. Functional properties of brewer’s spent grain protein isolate: the missing piece in the plant protein portfolio. Foods. 2023;12:798. doi: 10.3390/FOODS12040798.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Junttila MH. Extraction of brewers’ spent grain in near subcritical conditions: a method to obtain high protein contents extracts. J Agric Food Res. 2022;10:100378. doi: 10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100378.
   Google Scholar
• Shroti GK, Saini CS. Development of edible films from protein of brewer’s spent grain: effect of pH and protein concentration on physical, mechanical and barrier properties of films. Appl Food Res. 2022;2:100043. doi: 10.1016/j.afres.2022.100043.
   Google Scholar
• Bhatia SK, Palai AK, Kumar A, et al. Trends in renewable energy production employing biomass-based biochar. Bioresour Technol. 2021;340:125644. doi: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2021.125644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo JH, Luyima D, Lee JH, et al. Effects of brewer’s spent grain biochar on the growth and quality of leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. crispa.). Appl Biol Chem. 2021;64:10. doi: 10.1186/s13765-020-00577-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhavan A, Arun KB, Sindhu R, et al. Design and genome engineering of microbial cell factories for efficient conversion of lignocellulose to fuel. Bioresour Technol. 2023;370:128555. doi: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2022.128555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta VK, Pandey A, Koffas M, et al. Biobased biorefineries: sustainable bioprocesses and bioproducts from biomass/bioresources special issue. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2022;167:112683. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112683.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Errico M, Coelho JAP, Stateva RP, et al. Brewer’s spent grain, coffee grounds, burdock, and willow – four examples of biowaste and biomass valorization through advanced green extraction technologies. Foods. 2023;12:1295. doi: 10.3390/FOODS12061295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia SK, Ahuja V, Chandel N, et al. Advances in algal biomass pretreatment and its valorisation into biochemical and bioenergy by the microbial processes. Bioresour Technol. 2022;358:127437. doi: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2022.127437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matebie BY, Tizazu BZ, Kadhem AA, et al. Synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from brewer’s spent grain using acid hydrolysis: characterization and optimization. J Nanomater. 2021;2021:1–10. doi: 10.1155/2021/7133154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner E, Pería ME, Ortiz GE, et al. Valorization of brewer’s spent grain by different strategies of structural destabilization and enzymatic saccharification. Ind Crops Prod. 2021;163:113329. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Outeiriño D, Costa-Trigo I, Pinheiro de Souza Oliveira R, et al. Biorefinery of brewery spent grain by solid-state fermentation and ionic liquids. Foods. 2022;11:3711. doi: 10.3390/FOODS11223711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia SK, Rajesh Banu J, Singh V, et al. Algal biomass to biohydrogen: pretreatment, influencing factors, and conversion strategies. Bioresour Technol. 2023;368:128332. doi: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2022.128332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anoopkumar AN, Reshmy R, Aneesh EM, et al. Progress and challenges of microwave-assisted pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass from circular bioeconomy perspectives. Bioresour Technol. 2023;369:128459. doi: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2022.128459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia SK, Jagtap SS, Bedekar AA, et al. Renewable biohydrogen production from lignocellulosic biomass using fermentation and integration of systems with other energy generation technologies. Sci Total Environ. 2021;765:144429. doi: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2020.144429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia SK, Jagtap SS, Bedekar AA, et al. Recent developments in pretreatment technologies on lignocellulosic biomass: effect of key parameters, technological improvements, and challenges. Bioresour Technol. 2020;300:122724. doi: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2019.122724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng B, Yu S, Chen Z, et al. A consolidated review of commercial-scale high-value products from lignocellulosic biomass. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:933882. doi: 10.3389/FMICB.2022.933882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia SK, Hwang JH, Oh SJ, et al. Macroalgae as a source of sugar and detoxifier biochar for polyhydroxyalkanoates production by Halomonas sp. YLGW01 under the unsterile condition. Bioresour Technol. 2023;384:129290. doi: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2023.129290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahuja V, Dasgupta D, Kshirsagar S, et al. Crystalline xylitol production from corncob biomass with oral toxicity analysis. Ind Crops Prod. 2022;187:115407. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahuja V, Bhatt AK, Mehta S, et al. Xylitol production by Pseudomonas gessardii VXlt-16 from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate and cost analysis. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. 2022;45:1019–1031. doi: 10.1007/S00449-022-02721-Z/METRICS.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lins LP, Martinez DG, Furtado AC, et al. Biomethane generation and CO2 recovery through biogas production using brewers’ spent Grains. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. 2023;48:102579. doi: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102579.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner E, Sierra-Ibarra E, Rojas NL, et al. One-pot bioethanol production from brewery spent grain using the ethanologenic Escherichia coli MS04. Renew Energy. 2022;189:717–725. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2022.03.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corchado-Lopo C, Martínez-Avila O, Marti E, et al. Brewer’s spent grain as a no-cost substrate for polyhydroxyalkanoates production: assessment of pretreatment strategies and different bacterial strains. N Biotechnol. 2021;62:60–67. doi: 10.1016/J.NBT.2021.01.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• dos Remedios Araújo Vieira Neta M, Azevedo MA, Camargo FP, et al. Potential of acid-hydrolysated brewer’s spent grain as substrate for biosurfactant production by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa LBP5 oleaginous yeast. Biomass Conv Bioref. 2023. doi: 10.1007/s13399-023-03837-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casas-Godoy L, González-Escobar JL, Mathis AG, et al. Revalorization of untreated brewer’s spent grain: novel and versatile feedstock to produce cellulases, lipases, and yeast biomass in a biorefinery approach. Biomass Conv Bioref. 2020;13:1659–1670. doi: 10.1007/S13399-020-01157-3/METRICS.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penagos-Tabares F, Sulyok M, Nagl V, et al. Mixtures of mycotoxins, phytoestrogens and pesticides co-occurring in wet spent brewery grains (BSG) intended for dairy cattle feeding in Austria. Food Addit Contam A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2022;39:1855–1877. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2121430.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grasso S. Extruded snacks from industrial by-products: a review. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2020;99:284–294. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.03.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verni M, Rizzello CG, Coda R. Fermentation biotechnology applied to cereal industry by-products: nutritional and functional insights. Front Nutr. 2019;6:42. doi: 10.3389/FNUT.2019.00042/BIBTEX.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilal M, Wang Z, Cui J, et al. Environmental impact of lignocellulosic wastes and their effective exploitation as smart carriers – a drive towards greener and eco-friendlier biocatalytic systems. Sci Total Environ. 2020;722:137903. doi: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2020.137903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pires EJ, Ruiz HA, Teixeira JA, et al. A new approach on brewer’s spent grains treatment and potential use as lignocellulosic yeast cells carriers. J Agric Food Chem. 2012;60:5994–5999. doi: 10.1021/JF300299M/ASSET/IMAGES/MEDIUM/JF-2012-00299M_0005.GIF.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pospiskova K, Safarik I. Magnetically modified spent grain as a low-cost, biocompatible and smart carrier for enzyme immobilisation. J Sci Food Agric. 2013;93:1598–1602. doi: 10.1002/JSFA.5930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch KM, Steffen EJ, Arendt EK. Brewers’ spent grain: a review with an emphasis on food and health. J Inst Brew. 2016;122:553–568. doi: 10.1002/jib.363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abeynayake R, Zhang S, Yang W, et al. Development of antioxidant peptides from brewers’ spent grain proteins. LWT. 2022;158:113162. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chetrariu A, Dabija A. Spent grain: a functional ingredient for food applications. Foods. 2023;12:1533. doi: 10.3390/FOODS12071533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arce C, Kratky L. Mechanical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass toward enzymatic/fermentative valorization. iScience. 2022;25:104610. doi: 10.1016/J.ISCI.2022.104610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mankar AR, Pandey A, Modak A, et al. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass: a review on recent advances. Bioresour Technol. 2021;334:125235. doi: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2021.125235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• José ÁHM, Moura EAB, Rodrigues D, et al. A residue-free and effective corncob extrusion pretreatment for the enhancement of high solids loading enzymatic hydrolysis to produce sugars. Ind Crops Prod. 2022;188:115655. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115655.
   Google Scholar
• Lee KM, Quek JD, Tey WY, et al. Biomass valorization by integrating ultrasonication and deep eutectic solvents: delignification, cellulose digestibility and solvent reuse. Biochem Eng J. 2022;187:108587. doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108587.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan SS, Ravindran R, Jaiswal S, et al. An evaluation of sonication pretreatment for enhancing saccharification of brewers’ spent grain. Waste Manag. 2020;105:240–247. doi: 10.1016/J.WASMAN.2020.02.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikulski D, Kłosowski G. High-pressure microwave-assisted pretreatment of softwood, hardwood and non-wood biomass using different solvents in the production of cellulosic ethanol. Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod. 2023;16:19. doi: 10.1186/s13068-023-02272-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macheiner D, Adamitsch BF, Karner F, et al. Pretreatment and hydrolysis of brewer’s spent grains. Eng Life Sci. 2003;3:401–405. doi: 10.1002/elsc.200301831.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen H, Liu J, Chang X, et al. A review on the pretreatment of lignocellulose for high-value chemicals. Fuel Process Technol. 2017;160:196–206. doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.12.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paz A, Outeiriño D, Pérez Guerra N, et al. Enzymatic hydrolysis of brewer’s spent grain to obtain fermentable sugars. Bioresour Technol. 2019;275:402–409. doi: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2018.12.082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia SK, Gurav R, Kim B, et al. Coproduction of exopolysaccharide and polyhydroxyalkanoates from Sphingobium yanoikuyae BBL01 using biochar pretreated plant biomass hydrolysate. Bioresour Technol. 2022;361:127753. doi: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2022.127753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhai R, Hu J, Jin M. Towards efficient enzymatic saccharification of pretreated lignocellulose: enzyme inhibition by lignin-derived phenolics and recent trends in mitigation strategies. Biotechnol Adv. 2022;61:108044. doi: 10.1016/J.BIOTECHADV.2022.108044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alzagameem A, Klein SE, Bergs M, et al. Antimicrobial activity of lignin and lignin-derived cellulose and chitosan composites against selected pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. Polymers. 2019;11:670. doi: 10.3390/POLYM11040670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagbemi KO, Aina DA, Adeoye-Isijola MO, et al. Bioactive compounds, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of methanol extract of Tamarindus indica Linn. Sci Rep. 2022;12:9432. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-13716-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasić K, Knez Ž, Leitgeb M. Bioethanol production by enzymatic hydrolysis from different lignocellulosic sources. Molecules. 2021;26:753. doi: 10.3390/MOLECULES26030753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llimós J, Martínez-Avila O, Marti E, et al. Brewer’s spent grain biotransformation to produce lignocellulolytic enzymes and polyhydroxyalkanoates in a two-stage valorization scheme. Biomass Conv Bioref. 2022;12:3921–3932. doi: 10.1007/S13399-020-00918-4/METRICS.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortunati E, Luzi F, Puglia D, et al. Extraction of lignocellulosic materials from waste products. Multifunct Polym Nanocomposites Based Cellul Reinf. 2016:1–38. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-44248-0.00001-8.
   Google Scholar
• Spinelli S, Conte A, Lecce L, et al. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of brewer’s spent grain. J Supercrit Fluids. 2016;107:69–74. doi: 10.1016/j.supflu.2015.08.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso-Riaño P, Sanz MT, Benito-Román O, et al. Subcritical water as hydrolytic medium to recover and fractionate the protein fraction and phenolic compounds from craft brewer’s spent grain. Food Chem. 2021;351:129264. doi: 10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2021.129264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehman MU, Abdullah Khan F, Niaz K, et al. Introduction to natural products analysis. Recent Adv Nat Prod Anal. 2020:3–15. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-816455-6.00001-9.
   Google Scholar
• Lei Z, Chen B, Koo YM, et al. Introduction: ionic liquids. Chem Rev. 2017;117:6633–6635. doi: 10.1021/ACS.CHEMREV.7B00246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang FL, Li S, Sun YX, et al. Ionic liquids as efficient pretreatment solvents for lignocellulosic biomass. RSC Adv. 2017;7:47990–47998. doi: 10.1039/C7RA08110C.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso-Riaño P, Melgosa R, Trigueros E, et al. Valorization of brewer’s spent grain by consecutive supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis. Food Chem. 2022;396:133493. doi: 10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2022.133493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin FR, Khalid H, Zhang H, et al. Pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic biomass for anaerobic digestion. AMB Expr. 2017;7:72. doi: 10.1186/s13568-017-0375-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haykir NI, Nizan Shikh Zahari SMS, Harirchi S, et al. Applications of ionic liquids for the biochemical transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels and biochemicals: a critical review. Biochem Eng J. 2023;193:108850. doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2023.108850.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Shi Y, Kong W, et al. Improving enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass by bio-coordinated physicochemical pretreatment—a review. Energy Rep. 2022;8:696–709. doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2021.12.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovács E, Szűcs C, Farkas A, et al. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biogas substrates by filamentous fungi. J Biotechnol. 2022;360:160–170. doi: 10.1016/J.JBIOTEC.2022.10.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas CM, Scheel RA, Nomura CT, et al. Production of polyhydroxybutyrate and polyhydroxybutyrate-co-MCL copolymers from brewer’s spent grains by recombinant Escherichia coli LSBJ. Biomass Convers Biorefinery. 2021:1–12. doi: 10.1007/S13399-021-01738-W/METRICS.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hejna A. Poly(ε-caprolactone)/brewers’ spent grain composites—the impact of filler treatment on the mechanical performance. J Compos Sci. 2020;4:167. doi: 10.3390/jcs4040167.
   Google Scholar
• Mendez DA, Marti E, Puyuelo B, et al. Evaluation of pre-treatments of brewery’s spent grain for growing bacteria in the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Chem Eng Trans. 2018;65:403–408. doi: 10.3303/CET1865068.
   Google Scholar
• Panjičko M, Zupančič GD, Fanedl L, et al. Biogas production from brewery spent grain as a mono-substrate in a two-stage process composed of solid-state anaerobic digestion and granular biomass reactors. J Clean Prod. 2017;166:519–529. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szaja A, Montusiewicz A, Lebiocka M, et al. The effect of brewery spent grain application on biogas yields and kinetics in co-digestion with sewage sludge. PeerJ. 2020;8:e10590. doi: 10.7717/PEERJ.10590/SUPP-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogidi CO, George OH, Aladejana OM, et al. Fruit preservation with bioethanol obtained from the fermentation of brewer’s spent grain with Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. Rev Fac Nac Agron Medellín. 2020;73:9321–9331. doi: 10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.85316.
   Google Scholar
• Amorim C, Silvério SC, Rodrigues LR. One-step process for producing prebiotic arabino-xylooligosaccharides from brewer’s spent grain employing Trichoderma species. Food Chem. 2019;270:86–94. doi: 10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2018.07.080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araújo D, Costa T, Freitas F. Biovalorization of lignocellulosic materials for xylitol production by the yeast komagataella pastoris. Appl Sci. 2021;11:5516. doi: 10.3390/APP11125516/S1.
   Google Scholar
• Akermann A, Weiermüller J, Christmann J, et al. Brewers’ spent grain liquor as a feedstock for lactate production with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis. Eng Life Sci. 2020;20:168–180. doi: 10.1002/ELSC.201900143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tišma M, Jurić A, Bucić-Kojić A, et al. Biovalorization of brewers’ spent grain for the production of laccase and polyphenols. J Inst Brew. 2018;124:182–186. doi: 10.1002/jib.479.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faria NT, Marques S, Ferreira FC, et al. Production of xylanolytic enzymes by Moesziomyces spp. using xylose, xylan and brewery’s spent grain as substrates. N Biotechnol. 2019;49:137–143. doi: 10.1016/J.NBT.2018.11.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farcas AC, Socaci SA, Chiș MS, et al. Reintegration of brewers spent grains in the food chain: nutritional, functional and sensorial aspects. Plants. 2021;10:2504. doi: 10.3390/PLANTS10112504.
   Google Scholar
• Eliopoulos C, Arapoglou D, Chorianopoulos N, et al. Conversion of brewers’ spent grain into proteinaceous animal feed using solid state fermentation. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022;29:29562–29569. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-15495-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan YX, Mok WK, Chen WN. Potential novel nutritional beverage using submerged fermentation with Bacillus subtilis WX-17 on brewers’ spent grains. Heliyon. 2020;6:e04155. doi: 10.1016/J.HELIYON.2020.E04155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalić A, Karlović A, Marić M. Use of brewers’ spent grains as a potential functional ingredient for the production of traditional herzegovinian product Ćupter. Ferment. 2023;9:123. doi: 10.3390/fermentation9020123.
   Google Scholar
• Gmoser R, Fristedt R, Larsson K, et al. From stale bread and brewers spent grain to a new food source using edible filamentous fungi. Bioengineered. 2020;11:582–598. doi: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1768694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia SK, Otari SV, Jeon JM, et al. Biowaste-to-bioplastic (polyhydroxyalkanoates): conversion technologies, strategies, challenges, and perspective. Bioresour Technol. 2021;326:124733. doi: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2021.124733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SM, Cho DH, Jung HJ, et al. Finding of novel polyhydroxybutyrate producer Loktanella sp. SM43 capable of balanced utilization of glucose and xylose from lignocellulosic biomass. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022;208:809–818. doi: 10.1016/J.IJBIOMAC.2022.03.155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung HJ, Kim SH, Shin N, et al. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production from sugar cane molasses and tap water without sterilization using novel strain, Priestia sp. YH4. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;250:126152. doi: 10.1016/J.IJBIOMAC.2023.126152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia SK, Gurav R, Choi TR, et al. Bioconversion of plant biomass hydrolysate into bioplastic (polyhydroxyalkanoates) using Ralstonia eutropha 5119. Bioresour Technol. 2019;271:306–315. doi: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2018.09.122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khatami K, Perez-Zabaleta M, Owusu-Agyeman I, et al. Waste to bioplastics: how close are we to sustainable polyhydroxyalkanoates production? Waste Manag. 2021;119:374–388. doi: 10.1016/J.WASMAN.2020.10.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Avila O, Llimós J, Ponsá S. Integrated solid-state enzymatic hydrolysis and solid-state fermentation for producing sustainable polyhydroxyalkanoates from low-cost agro-industrial residues. Food Bioprod Process. 2021;126:334–344. doi: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.01.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalheira M, Amorim CL, Oliveira AC, et al. Valorization of brewery waste through polyhydroxyalkanoates production supported by a metabolic specialized microbiome. Life. 2022;12:1347. doi: 10.3390/LIFE12091347.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riaz S, Fatima N, Rasheed A, et al. Metabolic engineered biocatalyst: a solution for PLA based problems. Int J Biomater. 2018;2018:1963024–1963029. doi: 10.1155/2018/1963024.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saini  , Hemansi JK. Enhanced cellulosic ethanol production via fed-batch simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of sequential dilute acid-alkali pretreated sugarcane bagasse. Bioresour Technol. 2023;372:128671. doi: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2023.128671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandri JP, Ordeñana J, Milessi TS, et al. Solid feeding and co-culture strategies for an efficient enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse. Environ Technol Innov. 2023;30:103082. doi: 10.1016/j.eti.2023.103082.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu J, Xu Z, He H, et al. Integration of corn ethanol and corn stover ethanol processes for improving xylose fermentation performance. Biomass Conv Bioref. 2023;13:6989–6999. doi: 10.1007/S13399-021-01642-3/METRICS.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang N, Wang F, Nwamba MC, et al. Enhancing tolerance of Kluyveromyces marxianus to lignocellulose-derived inhibitors and its ethanol production from corn cob via overexpression of a nitroreductase gene. Ind Crops Prod. 2023;203:117136. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.117136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poomani MS, Mariappan I, Muthan K, et al. A thermotolerant yeast from cow’s rumen utilize lignocellulosic biomass from wheat straw for xylanase production and fermentation to ethanol. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. 2023;50:102741. doi: 10.1016/j.bcab.2023.102741.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devi MH, Munjam S. Bioethanol production from rice straw and cellulose degradation using Aspergillus terreus and Trichoderma harzanium. Biosci, Biotech Res Asia. 2022;19:699–711. doi: 10.13005/bbra/3022.
   Google Scholar
• Verma D, Jadhav SK, Tiwari S. Bioconversion of rice husk for bioethanol production from a novel bacteria Enterobacter cloacae Nc231221. SSRN Electron J. 2023; doi: 10.2139/SSRN.4378129.
   Google Scholar
• Persson M, Galbe M, Wallberg O. Mitigation of pretreatment-derived inhibitors during lignocellulosic ethanol fermentation using spent grain as a nitrogen source. Biomass Conv Bioref. 2021;13:3349–3360. doi: 10.1007/S13399-021-01454-5/FIGURES/4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amraoui Y, Prabhu AA, Narisetty V, et al. Enhanced 2,3-Butanediol production by mutant Enterobacter ludwigii using brewers’ spent grain hydrolysate: process optimization for a pragmatic biorefinery loom. Chem Eng J. 2022;427:130851. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.130851.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Didak Ljubas B, Novak M, Trontel A, et al. Production of different biochemicals by Paenibacillus polymyxa DSM 742 from pretreated brewers’ spent grains. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:812457. doi: 10.3389/FMICB.2022.812457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mailaram S, Narisetty V, Ranade VV, et al. Techno-economic analysis for the production of 2,3-butanediol from brewers’ spent grain using pinch technology. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2022;61:2195–2205. doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zupančič GD, Panjičko M, Zelić B. Biogas production from brewer’s yeast using an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor. Food Technol Biotechnol. 2017;55:187–196. doi: 10.17113/FTB.55.02.17.5080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sganzerla WG, Costa JM, Tena-Villares M, et al. Dry anaerobic digestion of brewer’s spent grains toward a more sustainable brewery: operational performance, kinetic analysis, and bioenergy potential. Ferment. 2022;9:2. doi: 10.3390/fermentation9010002.
   Google Scholar
• Buller LS, Sganzerla WG, Lima MN, et al. Ultrasonic pretreatment of brewers’ spent grains for anaerobic digestion: biogas production for a sustainable industrial development. J Clean Prod. 2022;355:131802. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131802.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajesh Banu J, Ginni G, Kavitha S, et al. Integrated biorefinery routes of biohydrogen: possible utilization of acidogenic fermentative effluent. Bioresour Technol. 2021;319:124241. doi: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2020.124241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Zang L. Enhancement of biohydrogen production from brewers’ spent grain by calcined-red mud pretreatment. Bioresour Technol. 2016;209:73–79. doi: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2016.02.110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dange P, Pandit S, Jadhav D, et al. Recent Developments in microbial electrolysis cell-based biohydrogen production utilizing wastewater as a feedstock. Sustain. 2021;13:8796. doi: 10.3390/su13168796.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brar KK, Cortez AA, Pellegrini VOA, et al. An overview on progress, advances, and future outlook for biohydrogen production technology. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2022;47:37264–37281. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.01.156.
   Google Scholar
• Androga DD, Özgür E, Eroglu I, et al. Photofermentative hydrogen production in outdoor conditions. Hydrog Energy - Challenges Perspect. 2012. doi: 10.5772/50390.
   Google Scholar
• Kamran M. Bioenergy. Renew Energy Convers Syst. 2021;243–264. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-823538-6.00002-6.
   Google Scholar
• Sarkar O, Rova U, Christakopoulos P, et al. Influence of initial uncontrolled pH on acidogenic fermentation of brewery spent grains to biohydrogen and volatile fatty acids production: optimization and scale-up. Bioresour Technol. 2021;319:124233. doi: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2020.124233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar O, Rova U, Christakopoulos P, et al. Effect of metals on the regulation of acidogenic metabolism enhancing biohydrogen and carboxylic acids production from brewery spent grains: microbial dynamics and biochemical analysis. Eng Life Sci. 2022;22:650–661. doi: 10.1002/ELSC.202200030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirzoyan S, Toleugazykyzy A, Bekbayev K, et al. Enhanced hydrogen gas production from mixture of beer spent grains (BSG) and distiller’s grains (DG) with glycerol by Escherichia coli. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2020;45:17233–17240. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.04.207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narisetty V, Cox R, Bommareddy R, et al. Valorisation of xylose to renewable fuels and chemicals, an essential step in augmenting the commercial viability of lignocellulosic biorefineries. Sustain Energy Fuels. 2021;6:29–65. doi: 10.1039/D1SE00927C.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahuja V, Bhatt AK, Sharma V, et al. Advances in glucosamine production from waste biomass and microbial fermentation technology and its applications. Biomass Convers Biorefinery. 2021:1–23. doi: 10.1007/S13399-021-01968-Y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan SS, Tiwari BK, Williams GA, et al. Bioprocessing of brewers’ spent grain for production of xylanopectinolytic enzymes by Mucor sp. Bioresour Technol Reports. 2020;9:100371. doi: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100371.
   Google Scholar
• Pejin J, Radosavljević M, Kocić-Tanackov S, et al. Lactic acid fermentation of brewer’s spent grain hydrolysate by Lactobacillus rhamnosus with yeast extract addition and pH control. J Inst Brew. 2017;123:98–104. doi: 10.1002/jib.403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards C, McNerney CC, Lawton LA, et al. Recoverable resources from pot ale & spent wash from Scotch Whisky production. Resour Conserv Recycl. 2022;179:106114. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.106114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia SK, Gurav R, Choi TR, et al. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) production from engineered Ralstonia eutropha using synthetic and anaerobically digested food waste derived volatile fatty acids. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019;133:1–10. doi: 10.1016/J.IJBIOMAC.2019.04.083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribau Teixeira M, Guarda EC, Freitas EB, et al. Valorization of raw brewers’ spent grain through the production of volatile fatty acids. N Biotechnol. 2020;57:4–10. doi: 10.1016/J.NBT.2020.01.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castilla-Archilla J, Heiberger J, Mills S, et al. Continuous volatile fatty acid production from acid brewery spent grain leachate in expanded granular sludge bed reactors. Front Sustain Food Syst. 2021;5 doi: 10.3389/FSUFS.2021.664944/BIBTEX.
   Google Scholar
• Tan YX, Mok WK, Lee J, et al. Solid State fermentation of brewers’ spent grains for improved nutritional profile using Bacillus subtilis WX-17. Fermentation. 2019;5:52. doi: 10.3390/fermentation5030052.
   Google Scholar
• Merten D, Erman L, Marabelli GP, et al. Potential health effects of brewers’ spent grain as a functional food ingredient assessed by markers of oxidative stress and inflammation following gastro-intestinal digestion and in a cell model of the small intestine. Food Funct. 2022;13:5327–5342. doi: 10.1039/D1FO03090F.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koirala P, Costantini A, Maina HN, et al. Fermented brewers’ spent grain containing dextran and oligosaccharides as ingredient for composite wheat bread and its impact on gut metabolome in vitro. Fermentation. 2022;8:487. doi: 10.3390/FERMENTATION8100487/S1.
   Google Scholar
• Colpo I, Rabenschlag DR, de Lima MS, et al. Economic and financial feasibility of a biorefinery for conversion of brewers’ spent grain into a special flour. J Open Innov Technol Mark Complex. 2022;8:79. doi: 10.3390/joitmc8020079.
   Google Scholar
• Sganzerla WG, da Silva MF, Zabot GL, et al. Techno-economic assessment of subcritical water hydrolysis of brewer’s spent grains to recover xylo-oligosaccharides. J Supercrit Fluids. 2023;196:105895. doi: 10.1016/j.supflu.2023.105895.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voogt J, Humblet-Hua N-P, Geerdink P, et al. Valorisation of multiple components from residual biomass for food and biofuel applications: a virtual biorefinery evaluation. Food Bioprod Process. 2023;139:1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.fbp.2023.02.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faccenda A, Zambom MA, Castagnara DD, et al. Use of dried brewers’ grains instead of soybean meal to feed lactating cows. R Bras Zootec. 2017;46:39–46. doi: 10.1590/s1806-92902017000100007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Hack MEA, Alagawany M, Patra A, et al. Use of brewers dried grains as an unconventional feed ingredient in the diets of broiler chickens: a review. Adv Anim Vet Sci. 2019;7:218–224. doi: 10.17582/journal.aavs/2019/7.3.218.224.
   Google Scholar
• Radzik-Rant A, Rant W, Niznikowski R, et al. The effect of the addition of wet brewers grain to the diet of lambs on body weight gain, slaughter value and meat quality. Arch Anim Breed. 2018;61:245–251. doi: 10.5194/aab-61-245-2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neylon E, Arendt EK, Zannini E, et al. Fermentation as a tool to revitalise brewers’ spent grain and elevate techno-functional properties and nutritional value in high fibre bread. Foods. 2021;10:1639. doi: 10.3390/FOODS10071639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combest S, Warren C, Patterson M. Upcycling brewers’ spent grain: the development of muffins and biomarker response after consuming muffins for 8-weeks in healthy adults from randomized-controlled trial. Curr Dev Nutr. 2020;4:nzaa052_014. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa052_014.
   Google Scholar
• Schettino R, Verni M, Acin-albiac M, et al. Bioprocessed brewers’ spent grain improves nutritional and antioxidant properties of pasta. Antioxidants. 2021;10:742. doi: 10.3390/ANTIOX10050742/S1.
   Google Scholar
• Stelick A, Sogari G, Rodolfi M, et al. Impact of sustainability and nutritional messaging on Italian consumers’ purchase intent of cereal bars made with brewery spent grains. J Food Sci. 2021;86:531–539. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.15601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naibaho J, Butula N, Jonuzi E, et al. Potential of brewers’ spent grain in yogurt fermentation and evaluation of its impact in rheological behaviour, consistency, microstructural properties and acidity profile during the refrigerated storage. Food Hydrocoll. 2022;125:107412. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107412.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lao EJ. Scrutinizing the opportunities, challenges and sustainability of brewers’ spent grain as a feed source for dairy cattle. BigdataAgr. 2021;3:56–64. doi: 10.26480/bda.02.2021.56.64.
   Google Scholar
• Lim S, Hoong S, Chuetor S, et al. From waste biomass to cellulosic ethanol by separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) with Trichoderma viride. Sustain. 2022;15:168. doi: 10.3390/SU15010168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso-Riaño P, Illera AE, Amândio MST, et al. Valorization of brewer’s spent grain by furfural recovery/removal from subcritical water hydrolysates by pervaporation. Sep Purif Technol. 2023;309:123008. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.123008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin T, Xing X, Xie Y, et al. Evaluation of preparation and detoxification of hemicellulose hydrolysate for improved xylitol production from quinoa straw. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;24:516. doi: 10.3390/IJMS24010516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia SK, Gurav R, Cho DH, et al. Algal biochar mediated detoxification of plant biomass hydrolysate: mechanism study and valorization into polyhydroxyalkanoates. Bioresour Technol. 2023;370:128571. doi: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2022.128571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dasgupta D, Ahuja V, Singh R, et al. Food-grade xylitol production from corncob biomass with acute oral toxicity studies. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2023;39:102. doi: 10.1007/S11274-023-03542-2/METRICS.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthuminal RM, Priya R. Experimental investigation on utilization of brewers waste as fine aggregate in concrete. Mater Today Proc. 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2023.05.136.
   Google Scholar
• Ferraz E, Coroado J, Gamelas J, et al. Spent brewery grains for improvement of thermal insulation of ceramic bricks. J Mater Civ Eng. 2012;25:1638–1646. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000729.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhasmana H, Sanchez X, Romero L. An exploratory study on the use of biobinder derived from brewer’s spent grains as an asphalt modifier. J Mater Civ Eng. 2023;35:4023070. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004732.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar