Evaluation of green tea polyphenols as novel corona virus (SARS CoV-2) main protease (Mpro) inhibitors – an in silico docking and molecular dynamics simulation study

References

• Aanouz, I., Belhassan, A., El-Khatabi, K., Lakhlifi, T., El-Ldrissi, M., & Bouachrine, M. (2020). Moroccan Medicinal plants as inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 main protease: Computational investigations. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1758790
   Google Scholar
• Abdelli, I., Hassani, F., Bekkel Brikci, S., & Ghalem, S. (2020). In silico study the inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor of COVID-19 by Ammoides verticillata components harvested from Western Algeria. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1763199
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham, M. J., Murtola, T., Schulz, R., Páll, S., Smith, J. C., Hess, B., & Lindahl, E. (2015). GROMACS: High performance molecular simulations through multi-level parallelism from laptops to supercomputers. SoftwareX, 1–2, 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2015.06.001
   Google Scholar
• Adeoye, A. O., Oso, B. J., Olaoye, I. F., Tijjani, H., & Adebayo, A. I. (2020). Repurposing of chloroquine and some clinically approved antiviral drugs as effective therapeutics to prevent cellular entry and replication of coronavirus. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1765876
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ai, Z., Liu, S., Qu, F., Zhang, H., Chen, Y., & Ni, D. (2019). Effect of stereochemical configuration on the transport and metabolism of catechins from green tea across Caco-2 monolayers. Molecules, 24(6), 1185. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand, K., Ziebuhr, J., Wadhwani, P., Mesters, J. R., & Hilgenfeld, R. (2003). Coronavirus main proteinase (3CLpro) structure: Basis for design of anti-SARS drugs. Science, 300(5626), 1763–1767. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1085658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babadaei, M. M. N., Hasan, A., Vahdani, Y., Bloukh, S. H., Sharifi, M., Kachooei, E., Haghighat, S., & Falahati, M. (2020). Development of remdesivir repositioning as a nucleotide analog against COVID-19 RNA dependent RNA polymerase. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1767210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basit, A., Ali, T., & Rehman, S. U. (2020). Truncated human angiotensin converting enzyme 2; A potential inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and potent COVID-19 therapeutic agent. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1768150
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhardwaj, V. K., Singh, R., Sharma, J., Rajendran, V., Purohit, R., & Kumar, S. (2020). Identification of bioactive molecules from tea plant as SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1766572
   Google Scholar
• Blanchard, J. E., Elowe, N. H., Huitema, C., Fortin, P. D., Cechetto, J. D., Eltis, L. D., & Brown, E. D. (2004). High-throughput screening identifies inhibitors of the SARS coronavirus main proteinase. Chemistry & Biology, 11(10), 1445–1453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.08.011
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boopathi, S., Poma, A. B., & Kolandaivel, P. (2020). Novel 2019 coronavirus structure, mechanism of action, antiviral drug promises and rule out against its treatment. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1758788
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calland, N., Albecka, A., Belouzard, S., Wychowski, C., Duverlie, G., Descamps, V., Hober, D., Dubuisson, J., Rouille, Y., & Seron, K. (2012). (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate is a new inhibitor of hepatitis C virus entry. Hepatology, 55(3), 720–729. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.24803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carneiro, B. M., Batista, M. N., Braga, A. C. S., Nogueira, M. L., & Rahal, P. (2016). The green tea molecule EGCG inhibits Zika virus entry. Virology, 496, 215–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2016.06.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, J. F., Yuan, S., Kok, K. H., To, K. K., Chu, H., Yang, J., Xing, F., Liu, J., Yip, C. C., Poon, R. W., Tsoi, H. W., Lo, S. K., Chan, K. H., Poon, V. K., Chan, W. M., Ip, J. D., Cai, J. P., Cheng, V. C., Chen, H., Hui, C. K., & Yuen, K. Y. (2020). A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: A study of a family cluster. The Lancet, 395(10223), 514–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, J. (2016). Drug resistance mechanisms of three mutations V32I, I47V and V82I in HIV-1 protease toward inhibitors probed by molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy predictions. RSC Advances, 6(63), 58573–58585. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA09201B
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, J., Wang, X., Zhu, T., Zhang, Q., & Zhang, J. Z. (2015). A comparative insight into amprenavir resistance of mutations V32I, G48V, I50V, I54V, and I84V in HIV-1 protease based on thermodynamic integration and MM-PBSA methods. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 55(9), 1903–1913. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., Qiu, Y., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Wei, Y., Xia, J., Yu, T., Zhang, X., & Zhang, L. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. The Lancet, 395(10223), 507–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cucinotta, D., & Vanelli, M. (2020). WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Bio-Medica : Atenei Parmensis, 91(1), 157–160. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i1.9397
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dai, W., Zhang, B., Su, H., Li, J., Zhao, Y., Xie, X., Jin, Z., Liu, F., Li, C., Li, Y., Bai, F., Wang, H., Cheng, X., Cen, X., Hu, S., Yang, X., Wang, J., Liu, X., Xiao, G., … Liu, H. (2020). Structure-based design of antiviral drug candidates targeting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb4489
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daina, A., Michielin, O., & Zoete, V. (2017). SwissADME: A free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness of small molecules. Scientific Reports, 7, 42717. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darden, T., York, D., & Pedersen, L. (1993). Particle mesh Ewald: An N⋅log(N) method for Ewald sums in large systems. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 98(12), 10089–10092. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JChPh.9810089D https://doi.org/10.1063/1.464397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, S., Sarmah, S., Lyndem, S., & Singha Roy, A. (2020). An investigation into the identification of potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease using molecular docking study. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1763201
   Google Scholar
• DeLano, W. L. (2002). The PyMOL Molecular Graphics System (2002). DeLano Scientific. http://www.pymol.org
   Google Scholar
• Drosten, C., Gunther, S., Preiser, W., van der Werf, S., Brodt, H. R., Becker, S., Rabenau, H., Panning, M., Kolesnikova, L., Fouchier, R. A., Berger, A., Burguiere, A. M., Cinatl, J., Eickmann, M., Escriou, N., Grywna, K., Kramme, S., Manuguerra, J. C., Muller, S., … Doerr, H. W. (2003). Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. The New England Journal of Medicine, 348(20), 1967–1976. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa030747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elfiky, A. A. (2020a). Natural products may interfere with SARS-CoV-2 attachment to the host cell. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1761881
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elfiky, A. A. (2020b). SARS-CoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) targeting: An in silico perspective. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1761882
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmezayen, A. D., Al-Obaidi, A., Sahin, A. T., & Yelekci, K. (2020). Drug repurposing for coronavirus (COVID-19): In silico screening of known drugs against coronavirus 3CL hydrolase and protease enzymes. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1758791
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enmozhi, S. K., Raja, K., Sebastine, I., & Joseph, J. (2020). Andrographolide as a potential inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 main protease: An in silico approach. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1760136
   Google Scholar
• Fassina, G., Buffa, A., Benelli, R., Varnier, O. E., Noonan, D. M., & Albini, A. (2002). Polyphenolic antioxidant (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate from green tea as a candidate anti-HIV agent. AIDS, 16(6), 939–941. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002030-200204120-00020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frisch, M., Clemente, F. Gaussian 09, Revision A. 01, MJ Frisch, GW Trucks, HB Schlegel, GE Scuseria, MA Robb, JR Cheeseman, G. Scalmani, V. Barone, B. Mennucci, GA Petersson, H. Nakatsuji, M. Caricato, X. Li, HP Hratchian, AF Izmaylov, J. Bloino, G. Zhe.
   Google Scholar
• Grum-Tokars, V., Ratia, K., Begaye, A., Baker, S. C., & Mesecar, A. D. (2008). Evaluating the 3C-like protease activity of SARS-coronavirus: Recommendations for standardized assays for drug discovery. Virus Research, 133(1), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2007.02.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyebi, G. A., Ogunro, O. B., Adegunloye, A. P., Ogunyemi, O. M., & Afolabi, S. O. (2020). Potential inhibitors of coronavirus 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CL(pro)): An in silico screening of alkaloids and terpenoids from African medicinal plants. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1764868
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harcourt, B. H., Jukneliene, D., Kanjanahaluethai, A., Bechill, J., Severson, K. M., Smith, C. M., Rota, P. A., & Baker, S. C. (2004). Identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus replicase products and characterization of papain-like protease activity. Journal of Virology, 78(24), 13600–13612. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.78.24.13600-13612.2004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasan, A., Paray, B. A., Hussain, A., Qadir, F. A., Attar, F., Aziz, F. M., Sharifi, M., Derakhshankhah, H., Rasti, B., Mehrabi, M., Shahpasand, K., Saboury, A. A., & Falahati, M. (2020). A review on the cleavage priming of the spike protein on coronavirus by angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 and furin. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1754293
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess, B., Bekker, H., Berendsen, H. J. C., & Fraaije, J. G. E. M. (1997). LINCS: A linear constraint solver for molecular simulations. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 18(12), 1463–1472. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-987X(199709)18:12<1463::AID-JCC4>3.0.CO;2-H
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou, T., Wang, J., Li, Y., & Wang, W. (2011). Assessing the performance of the MM/PBSA and MM/GBSA methods. 1. The accuracy of binding free energy calculations based on molecular dynamics simulations. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 51(1), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1021/ci100275a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huynh, T., Wang, H., & Luan, B. (2020). In silico exploration of molecular mechanism of clinically oriented drugs for possibly inhibiting SARS-CoV-2’s main protease. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters., 11(11), 4413–4420. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00994
   Google Scholar
• Ide, K., Kawasaki, Y., Kawakami, K., & Yamada, H. (2016). Anti-influenza virus effects of catechins: A molecular and clinical review. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 23(42), 4773–4783. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666161123091010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam, R., Parves, M. R., Paul, A. S., Uddin, N., Rahman, M. S., Mamun, A. A., Hossain, M. N., Ali, M. A., & Halim, M. A. (2020). A molecular modeling approach to identify effective antiviral phytochemicals against the main protease of SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1761883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail, N. A., & Jusoh, S. A. (2017). Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies to predict flavonoid binding on the surface of DENV2 E protein. Interdisciplinary Sciences, Computational Life Sciences, 9(4), 499–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12539-016-0157-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin, Z., Du, X., Xu, Y., Deng, Y., Liu, M., Zhao, Y., Zhang, B., Li, X., Zhang, L., Peng, C., Duan, Y., Yu, J., Wang, L., Yang, K., Liu, F., Jiang, R., Yang, X., You, T., Liu, X., … Yang, H. (2020). Structure of M(pro) from COVID-19 virus and discovery of its inhibitors. Nature. 582, 289–293. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2223-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi, R. S., Jagdale, S. S., Bansode, S. B., Shankar, S. S., Tellis, M. B., Pandya, V. K., Chugh, A., Giri, A. P., & Kulkarni, M. J. (2020). Discovery of potential multi-target-directed ligands by targeting host-specific SARS-CoV-2 structurally conserved main protease. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1760137
   Google Scholar
• Kaminski, G. A., Friesner, R. A., Tirado-Rives, J., & Jorgensen, W. L. (2001). Evaluation and reparametrization of the OPLS-AA force field for proteins via comparison with accurate quantum chemical calculations on peptides. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 105(28), 6474–6487. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp003919d
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, S. A., Zia, K., Ashraf, S., Uddin, R., & Ul-Haq, Z. (2020). Identification of chymotrypsin-like protease inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 via integrated computational approach. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1751298
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y., Liu, H., Galasiti Kankanamalage, A. C., Weerasekara, S., Hua, D. H., Groutas, W. C., Chang, K. O., & Pedersen, N. C. (2016). Reversal of the progression of fatal coronavirus infection in cats by a broad-spectrum coronavirus protease inhibitor. PLoS Pathogens, 12(3), e1005531. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyu, S. Y., Rhim, J. Y., & Park, W. B. (2005). Antiherpetic activities of flavonoids against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) in vitro. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 28(11), 1293–1301. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02978215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahajan, P., Tomar, S., Kumar, A., Yadav, N., Arya, A., & Dwivedi, V. D. (2020). A multi-target approach for discovery of antiviral compounds against dengue virus from green tea. Network Modeling Analysis in Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, 9(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13721-020-0222-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahanta, S., Chowdhury, P., Gogoi, N., Goswami, N., Borah, D., Kumar, R., Chetia, D., Borah, P., Buragohain, A. K., & Gogoi, B. (2020). Potential anti-viral activity of approved repurposed drug against main protease of SARS-CoV-2: An in silico based approach. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1768902
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahase, E. (2020). Coronavirus covid-19 has killed more people than SARS and MERS combined, despite lower case fatality rate. BMJ, 368, m641. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marra, M. A., Jones, S. J., Astell, C. R., Holt, R. A., Brooks-Wilson, A., Butterfield, Y. S., Khattra, J., Asano, J. K., Barber, S. A., Chan, S. Y., Cloutier, A., Coughlin, S. M., Freeman, D., Girn, N., Griffith, O. L., Leach, S. R., Mayo, M., McDonald, H., Montgomery, S. B., … Roper, R. L. (2003). The genome sequence of the SARS-associated coronavirus. Science, 300(5624), 1399–1404. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1085953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittal, L., Kumari, A., Srivastava, M., Singh, M., & Asthana, S. (2020). Identification of potential molecules against COVID-19 main protease through structure-guided virtual screening approach. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1768151
   Google Scholar
• Miyamoto, S., & Kollman, P. A. (1992). Settle: An analytical version of the SHAKE and RATTLE algorithm for rigid water models. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 13(8), 952–962. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540130805
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, G. M., Huey, R., Lindstrom, W., Sanner, M. F., Belew, R. K., Goodsell, D. S., & Olson, A. J. (2009). AutoDock4 and AutoDockTools4: Automated docking with selective receptor flexibility. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 30(16), 2785–2791. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.21256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, G. M., Huey, R., & Olson, A. J. (2008). Using AutoDock for ligand–receptor docking. Current Protocols in Bioinformatics, 24, 8.14.1–8.14.40. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471250953.bi0814s24
   Google Scholar
• Muralidharan, N., Sakthivel, R., Velmurugan, D., & Gromiha, M. M. (2020). Computational studies of drug repurposing and synergism of lopinavir, oseltamivir and ritonavir binding with SARS-CoV-2 protease against COVID-19. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1752802
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nejadi Babadaei, M. M., Hasan, A., Haj Bloukh, S., Edis, Z., Sharifi, M., Kachooei, E., & Falahati, M. (2020). The expression level of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 determine the severity of COVID-19: Lung and heart tissue as targets. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1767211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osman, E. E. A., Toogood, P. L., & Neamati, N. (2020). COVID-19: Living through another pandemic. ACS Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pires, D. E., Blundell, T. L., & Ascher, D. B. (2015). pkCSM: Predicting small-molecule pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties using graph-based signatures. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 58(9), 4066–4072. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purohit, R. (2014). Role of ELA region in auto-activation of mutant KIT receptor: A molecular dynamics simulation insight. Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, 32(7), 1033–1046. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2013.803264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajendran, V. (2016). Structural analysis of oncogenic mutation of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1. Molecular Biosystems, 12(7), 2276–2287. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6mb00182c
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rajendran, V., Gopalakrishnan, C., & Sethumadhavan, R. (2018). Pathological role of a point mutation (T315I) in BCR-ABL1 protein-A computational insight. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 119(1), 918–925. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.26257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren, L. L., Wang, Y. M., Wu, Z. Q., Xiang, Z. C., Guo, L., Xu, T., Jiang, Y. Z., Xiong, Y., Li, Y. J., Li, X. W., Li, H., Fan, G. H., Gu, X. Y., Xiao, Y., Gao, H., Xu, J. Y., Yang, F., Wang, X. M., Wu, C., … Wang, J. W. (2020). Identification of a novel coronavirus causing severe pneumonia in human: A descriptive study. Chinese Medical Journal, 133(9), 1015–1024. https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000000722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, J., Bhardwaj, V. K., Das, P., & Purohit, R. (2020). Identification of naturally originated molecules as gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonist. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1720818
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, R., Bhardwaj, V., & Purohit, R. (2020). Identification of a novel binding mechanism of Quinoline based molecules with lactate dehydrogenase of Plasmodium falciparum. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1711809
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha, S. K., Shakya, A., Prasad, S. K., Singh, S., Gurav, N. S., Prasad, R. S., & Gurav, S. S. (2020). An in-silico evaluation of different Saikosaponins for their potency against SARS-CoV-2 using NSP15 and fusion spike glycoprotein as targets. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1762741
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiel, V., Ivanov, K. A., Putics, Á., Hertzig, T., Schelle, B., Bayer, S., Weißbrich, B., Snijder, E. J., Rabenau, H., Doerr, H. W., Gorbalenya, A. E., & Ziebuhr, J. (2003). Mechanisms and enzymes involved in SARS coronavirus genome expression. The Journal of General Virology, 84(Pt 9), 2305–2315. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.19424-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umesh, K. D., Selvaraj, C., Singh, S. K., & Dubey, V. K. (2020). Identification of new anti-nCoV drug chemical compounds from Indian spices exploiting SARS-CoV-2 main protease as target. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1763202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venugopal, P. P., Das, B. K., Soorya, E., & Chakraborty, D. (2020). Effect of hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions on the potency of ss-alanine analogs of G-protein coupled glucagon receptor inhibitors. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics, 88(2), 327–344. https://doi.org/10.1002/prot.25807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahedi, H. M., Ahmad, S., & Abbasi, S. W. (2020). Stilbene-based natural compounds as promising drug candidates against COVID-19. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1762743
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, C., Sliva, K., von Rhein, C., Kummerer, B. M., & Schnierle, B. S. (2015). The green tea catechin, epigallocatechin gallate inhibits chikungunya virus infection. Antiviral Research, 113, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, F., Zhao, S., Yu, B., Chen, Y. M., Wang, W., Song, Z. G., Hu, Y., Tao, Z. W., Tian, J. H., Pei, Y. Y., Yuan, M. L., Zhang, Y. L., Dai, F. H., Liu, Y., Wang, Q. M., Zheng, J. J., Xu, L., Holmes, E. C., & Zhang, Y. Z. (2020). A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature, 579(7798), 265–269. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, J., Wang, J., Deng, F., Hu, Z., & Wang, H. (2008). Green tea extract and its major component epigallocatechin gallate inhibits hepatitis B virus in vitro. Antiviral Research, 78(3), 242–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.11.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, L., Velikanov, M., Flook, P., Zheng, W., Szalma, S., & Kahn, S. (2003). Assessment of putative protein targets derived from the SARS genome. FEBS Letters, 554(3), 257–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01115-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, H., Yang, M., Ding, Y., Liu, Y., Lou, Z., Zhou, Z., Sun, L., Mo, L., Ye, S., Pang, H., Gao, G. F., Anand, K., Bartlam, M., Hilgenfeld, R., & Rao, Z. (2003). The crystal structures of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus main protease and its complex with an inhibitor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100(23), 13190–13195. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1835675100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaki, A. M., van Boheemen, S., Bestebroer, T. M., Osterhaus, A. D., & Fouchier, R. A. (2012). Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. The New England Journal of Medicine, 367(19), 1814–1820. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1211721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, J. (2020). SARS-CoV-2: An emerging coronavirus that causes a global threat. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(10), 1678–1685. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., Lu, R., Niu, P., Zhan, F., Ma, X., Wang, D., Xu, W., Wu, G., Gao, G. F., & Tan, W. (2020). A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(8), 727–733. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar