Flavan-based phytoconstituents inhibit Mpro, a SARS-COV-2 molecular target, in silico

References

• Adianti, M., Aoki, C., Komoto, M., Deng, L., Shoji, I., Wahyuni, T. S., Lusida, M. I., Soetjipto, Fuchino, H., Kawahara, N., & Hotta, H. (2014). Antihepatitis C virus compounds obtained from Glycyrrhiza uralensis and other Glycyrrhiza species. Microbiol Immunol, 58(3), 180–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/1348-0421.12127
   Google Scholar
• Akerele, O. (1993). Nature's medicinal bounty: Don't throw it away. World Health Forum 1993, 14(4), 390–395.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allen, M. P., & Tildesley, D. J. (1989). Computer simulation of liquids. Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Alzaabi, M. M., Hamdy, R., Ashmawy, N. S., Hamoda, A. M., Alkhayat, F., Khademi, N. N., Al Joud S. M. A., El-Keblawy A. A., Soliman, S. S. M. (2021). Flavonoids are promising safe therapy against COVID-19. Phytochemistry Reviews: proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of Europe, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-021-09759-z
   Google Scholar
• Amblard, F., Govindarajan, B., Lefkove, B., Rapp, K. L., Detorio, M., Arbiser, J. L., & Schinazi, R. F. (2007). Synthesis, cytotoxicity, and antiviral activities of new neolignans related to honokiol and magnolol. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 17(16), 4428–4431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthikasree, A., Roslin Elsa, V., Saranya, S., & Gayathri, D. (2020). Anti Hepatitis C virus drugs show potential drug repositioning for SARS CoV-2 main protease: An in silico study. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-26489/v1
   Google Scholar
• Athanasiadis, E., Cournia, Z., & Spyrou, G. (2012). ChemBioServer: A web-based pipeline for filtering, clustering and visualization of chemical compounds used in drug discovery. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England), 28(22), 3002–3003. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bafna, K., Krug, R. M., & Montelione, G. T. (2020). Structural similarity of SARS-CoV2 M(pro) and HCV NS3/4A proteases suggests new approaches for identifying existing drugs useful as COVID-19 therapeutics. ChemRxiv: The Preprint Server for Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.12153615
   Google Scholar
• Bakan, A., Meireles, L. M., & Bahar, I. (2011). ProDy: Protein dynamics inferred from theory and experiments. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England), 27(11), 1575–1577. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btr168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berendsen, H. J. C., Postma, J. P. M., van Gunsteren, W. F., DiNola, A., & Haak, J. R. (1984). Molecular dynamics with coupling to an external bath. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 81(8), 3684–3690. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.448118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckwold, V., Wilson, R., Nalca, A., Beer, B., Voss, T., Turpin, J., Buckheit, R., Wei, J., Wenzelmathers, M., & Walton, E. (2004). Antiviral activity of hop constituents against a series of DNA and RNA viruses. Antiviral Research, 61(1), 57–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-3542(03)00155-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buonaguro, L., & Buonaguro, F. M. (2020). Knowledge-based repositioning of the anti-HCV direct antiviral agent Sofosbuvir as SARS-CoV-2 treatment. Infectious Agents and Cancer, 15, 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13027-020-00302-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Case, D. A., Cheatham, T. E., Darden, T., Gohlke, H., Luo, R., Merz, K. M., Onufriev, A., Simmerling, C., Wang, B., & Woods, R. J. (2005). The Amber biomolecular simulation programs. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 26(16), 1668–1688. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.20290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choy, Y. B., & Prausnitz, M. R. (2011). The rule of five for non-oral routes of drug delivery: Ophthalmic, inhalation and transdermal. Pharmaceutical Research, 28(5), 943–948. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-010-0292-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, C.-Y., Liu, C.-H., Burnouf, T., Wang, G.-H., Chang, S.-P., Jassey, A., Tai, C.-J., Tai, C.-J., Huang, C.-J., Richardson, C. D., Yen, M.-H., Lin, C.-C., & Lin, L.-T. (2016). Activity-based and fraction-guided analysis of Phyllanthus urinaria identifies loliolide as a potent inhibitor of hepatitis C virus entry. Antiviral Research, 130, 58–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.03.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, W. J. (1999). Health-promoting properties of common herbs. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70(3 Suppl), 491S–499S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/70.3.491s
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darden, T., York, D., & Pedersen, L. (1993). Particle mesh Ewald: An N⋅log(N) method for Ewald sums in large systems. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 98(12), 10089–10092. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.464397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeGoey, D. A., Chen, H. J., Cox, P. B., & Wendt, M. D. (2018). Beyond the rule of 5: Lessons learned from AbbVie's drugs and compound collection. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 61(7), 2636–2651. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djoumbou Feunang, Y., Eisner, R., Knox, C., Chepelev, L., Hastings, J., Owen, G., Fahy, E., Steinbeck, C., Subramanian, S., Bolton, E., Greiner, R., & Wishart, D. S. (2016). ClassyFire: Automated chemical classification with a comprehensive, computable taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 8, 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esimone, C. O., Eck, G., Nworu, C. S., Hoffmann, D., Überla, K., & Proksch, P. (2010). Dammarenolic acid, a secodammarane triterpenoid from Aglaia sp. shows potent anti-retroviral activity in vitro. Phytomedicine, 17(7), 540–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2009.10.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, Y., Yan, L., Huang, Y., Liu, F., Zhao, Y., Cao, L., Wang, T., Sun, Q., Ming, Z., Zhang, L., Ge, J., Zheng, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, H., Zhu, Y., Zhu, C., Hu, T., Hua, T., Zhang, B., … Rao, Z. (2020). Structure of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from COVID-19 virus. Science (New York, N.Y.), 368(6492), 779–782. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb7498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh, R., Chakraborty, A., Biswas, A., & Chowdhuri, S. (2020). Evaluation of green tea polyphenols as novel corona virus (SARS CoV-2) main protease (Mpro) inhibitors - An in silico docking and molecular dynamics simulation study. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 39(12), 4362–4313. https://doi.org/10.1080/071102.2020.1779818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grest, G. S., & Kremer, K. (1986). Molecular dynamics simulation for polymers in the presence of a heat bath. Physical Review. A, General Physics, 33(5), 3628–3631. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.33.3628
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gul, S., Ozcan, O., Asar, S., Okyar, A., Barıs, I., & Kavakli, I. H. (2020). In silico identification of widely used and well-tolerated drugs as potential SARS-CoV-2 3C-like protease and viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors for direct use in clinical trials. Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1802346
   Google Scholar
• Halgren, T. A. (1996). Merck molecular force field. I. Basis, form, scope, parameterization, and performance of MMFF94. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 17(5–6), 490–519. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-987X(199604)17:5/6 < 490::AID-JCC1 > 3.0.CO;2-P
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassandarvish, P., Rothan, H. A., Rezaei, S., Yusof, R., Abubakar, S., & Zandi, K. (2016). In silico study on baicalein and baicalin as inhibitors of dengue virus replication. RSC Advances, 6(37), 31235–31247. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA00817H
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haug, E. J., Arora, J. S., & Matsui, K. (1976). A steepest-descent method for optimization of mechanical systems. Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 19(3), 401–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00941484
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilgenfeld, R. (2014). From SARS to MERS: Crystallographic studies on coronaviral proteases enable antiviral drug design. The FEBS Journal, 281(18), 4085–4096. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.12936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphrey, W., Dalke, A., & Schulten, K. (1996). VMD: Visual molecular dynamics. Journal of Molecular Graphics, 14(1), 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0263-7855(96)00018-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ikeda, K., Tsujimoto, K., Uozaki, M., Nishide, M., Suzuki, Y., Koyama, A. H., & Yamasaki, H. (2011). Inhibition of multiplication of herpes simplex virus by caffeic acid. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 28(4), 595–598. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2011.739
   Google Scholar
• Israelow, B., Song, E., Mao, T., Lu, P., Meir, A., Liu, F., Alfajaro, M. M., Wei, J., Dong, H., Homer, R. J., Ring, A., Wilen, C. B., & Iwasaki, A. (2020). Mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 reveals inflammatory role of type I interferon signaling. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 217(12), e20201241. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20201241
   Google Scholar
• Jannat, K., Hasan, A., Mahamud, R., Jahan, R., Bondhon, T. A., & Farzana, B.-n. (2020). In silico screening of Vigna radiata and Vigna mungo phytochemicals for their binding affinity to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) main protease (3CLpro). Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 8(4), 89–95.
   Google Scholar
• Jin, Z., Du, X., Xu, Y., Deng, Y., Liu, M., Zhao, Y., Zhang, B., Li, X., Zhang, L., Peng, C., Duan, Y., Yu, J., Wang, L., Yang, K., Liu, F., Jiang, R., Yang, X., You, T., Liu, X., … Yang, H. (2020). Structure of Mpro from SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of its inhibitors . Nature, 582(7811), 289–293. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2223-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jo, S., Kim, S., Shin, D. H., & Kim, M. S. (2020). Inhibition of SARS-CoV 3CL protease by flavonoids. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 35(1), 145–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2019.1690480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorgensen, W. L., Chandrasekhar, J., Madura, J. D., Impey, R. W., & Klein, M. L. (1983). Comparison of simple potential functions for simulating liquid water. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 79(2), 926–935. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.445869
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaihatsu, K., Yamabe, M., & Ebara, Y. (2018). Antiviral mechanism of action of epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate and its fatty acid esters. Molecules, 23(10), 2475 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keum, Y.-S., Lee, J. M., Yu, M.-S., Chin, Y.-W., & Jeong, Y.-J., (2013). Inhibition of SARS coronavirus helicase by baicalein. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, 34(11), 3187–3188. J. B. o. t. K. C. S. https://doi.org/10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.11.3187
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. J., Yu, Y. G., Park, H., & Lee, Y. S. (2002). HIV gp41 binding phenolic components from Fraxinus sieboldiana var. angustata. Planta Medica, 68(11), 1034–1036. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-35665
   Google Scholar
• Kong, Y., Han, J., Wu, X., Zeng, H., Liu, J., & Zhang, H. (2020). VEGF-D: A novel biomarker for detection of COVID-19 progression. Critical Care (London, England), 24(1), 373. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03079-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laskar, M. A., & Choudhury, M. D. (2020). Search for therapeutics against COVID 19 targeting SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease: An in silico study. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-33294/v1
   Google Scholar
• Laskowski, R. A., & Swindells, M. B. (2011). LigPlot+: Multiple ligand-protein interaction diagrams for drug discovery. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 51(10), 2778–2786. https://doi.org/10.1021/ci200227u
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeCher, J. C., Diep, N., Krug, P. W., & Hilliard, J. K. (2019). Genistein has antiviral activity against Herpes B Virus and acts synergistically with antiviral treatments to reduce effective Dose. Viruses, 11(6), 499 https://doi.org/10.3390/v11060499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Likhitwitayawuid, K., Sritularak, B., Benchanak, K., Lipipun, V., Mathew, J., & Schinazi, R. F. (2005). Phenolics with antiviral activity from Millettia Erythrocalyx and Artocarpus Lakoocha. Natural Product Research, 19(2), 177–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410410001704813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipinski, C. A. (2016). Rule of five in 2015 and beyond: Target and ligand structural limitations, ligand chemistry structure and drug discovery project decisions. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 101, 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipinski, C. A., Lombardo, F., Dominy, B. W., & Feeney, P. J. (2001). Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 46(1–3), 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(00)00129-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maier, J. A., Martinez, C., Kasavajhala, K., Wickstrom, L., Hauser, K. E., & Simmerling, C. (2015). ff14SB: Improving the accuracy of protein side chain and backbone parameters from ff99SB. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, 11(8), 3696–3713. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariño, Z., Crespo, G., D’Amato, M., Brambilla, N., Giacovelli, G., Rovati, L., Costa, J., Navasa, M., & Forns, X. (2013). Intravenous silibinin monotherapy shows significant antiviral activity in HCV-infected patients in the peri-transplantation period. Journal of Hepatology, 58(3), 415–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2012.09.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, B. R., McGee, T. D., Swails, J. M., Homeyer, N., Gohlke, H., & Roitberg, A. E. (2012). MMPBSA.py: An efficient program for end-state free energy calculations. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, 8(9), 3314–3321. https://doi.org/10.1021/ct300418h
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitrocotsa, D., Mitaku, S., Axarlis, S., Harvala, C., & Malamas, M. (2000). Evaluation of the antiviral activity of kaempferol and its glycosides against human cytomegalovirus. Planta Medica, 66(4), 377–379. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-8550
   Google Scholar
• Morris, G. M., Huey, R., Lindstrom, W., Sanner, M. F., Belew, R. K., Goodsell, D. S., & Olson, A. J. (2009). AutoDock4 and AutoDockTools4: Automated docking with selective receptor flexibility. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 30(16), 2785–2791. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.21256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, G. M., Huey, R., & Olson, A. J. (2008). Using AutoDock for ligand-receptor docking. Current Protocols in Bioinformatics, Chapter 8, Unit 8.14. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471250953.bi0814s24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Müller, C., Schulte, F. W., Lange-Grünweller, K., Obermann, W., Madhugiri, R., Pleschka, S., Ziebuhr, J., Hartmann, R. K., & Grünweller, A. (2018). Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of the eIF4A inhibitor silvestrol against corona- and picornaviruses. Antiviral Research, 150, 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen, H., Swails, J., Roe, D. R. & Cody, (2017). Amber-MD/pytraj: V 2. Version, 0.0, v2.0.0. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.439134
   Google Scholar
• Özçelik, B., Kartal, M., & Orhan, I. (2011). Cytotoxicity, antiviral and antimicrobial activities of alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Pharmaceutical Biology, 49(4), 396–402. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2010.519390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearlman, D. A., Case, D. A., Caldwell, J. W., Ross, W. S., Cheatham, T. E., DeBolt, S., Ferguson, D., Seibel, G., & Kollman, P. (1995). AMBER, a package of computer programs for applying molecular mechanics, normal mode analysis, molecular dynamics and free energy calculations to simulate the structural and energetic properties of molecules. Computer Physics Communications, 91(1–3), 1–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-4655(95)00041-D
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian, S., Fan, W., Qian, P., Zhang, D., Wei, Y., Chen, H., & Li, X. (2015). Apigenin restricts FMDV infection and inhibits viral IRES driven translational activity. Viruses, 7(4), 1613–1626. https://doi.org/10.3390/v7041613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter, M., Boldescu, V., Graf, D., Streicher, F., Dimoglo, A., Bartenschlager, R., & Klein, C. D. (2019). Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking of combretastatin and colchicine derivatives and their hCE1‐activated prodrugs as antiviral agents. ChemMedChem., 14(4), 469–483. https://doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.201800641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roe, D. R., & Cheatham, T. E. (2013). PTRAJ and CPPTRAJ: Software for processing and analysis of molecular dynamics trajectory data. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, 9(7), 3084–3095. https://doi.org/10.1021/ct400341p
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo, M., Moccia, S., Spagnuolo, C., Tedesco, I., & Russo, G. L. (2020). Roles of flavonoids against coronavirus infection. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 328, 109211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryckaert, J.-P., Ciccotti, G., & Berendsen, H. J. C. (1977). Numerical integration of the Cartesian equations of motion of a system with constraints: Molecular dynamics of n-alkanes. Journal of Computational Physics, 23(3), 327–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(77)90098-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shultz, M. D. (2019). Two decades under the influence of the rule of five and the changing properties of approved oral drugs. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 62(4), 1701–1714. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, H.-X., Yao, S., Zhao, W.-F., Li, M.-J., Liu, J., Shang, W.-J., Xie, H., Ke, C.-Q., Hu, H.-C., Gao, M.-N., Yu, K.-Q., Liu, H., Shen, J.-S., Tang, W., Zhang, L.-K., Xiao, G.-F., Ni, L., Wang, D.-W., Zuo, J.-P., … Xu, Y.-C. (2020). Anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities in vitro of Shuanghuanglian preparations and bioactive ingredients. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 41(9), 1167–1177. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41401-020-0483-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tahir Ul Qamar, M., Alqahtani, S. M., Alamri, M. A., & Chen, L. L. (2020). Structural basis of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and anti-COVID-19 drug discovery from medicinal plants. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 10(4), 313–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2020.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trott, O., & Olson, A. J. (2010). AutoDock Vina: Improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 31(2), 455–461. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.21334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, G.-F., Shi, L.-P., Ren, Y.-D., Liu, Q.-F., Liu, H.-F., Zhang, R.-J., Li, Z., Zhu, F.-H., He, P.-L., Tang, W., Tao, P.-Z., Li, C., Zhao, W.-M., & Zuo, J.-P. (2009). Anti-hepatitis B virus activity of chlorogenic acid, quinic acid and caffeic acid in vivo and in vitro. Antiviral Research, 83(2), 186–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, P., Li, L.-F., Wang, Q.-Y., Shang, L.-Q., Shi, P.-Y., & Yin, Z. (2014). Anti-dengue-virus activity and structure-activity relationship studies of lycorine derivatives. ChemMedChem., 9(7), 1522–1533. https://doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.201300505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., Wang, W., Kollman, P. A., & Case, D. A. (2006). Automatic atom type and bond type perception in molecular mechanical calculations. Journal of Molecular Graphics & Modelling, 25(2), 247–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmgm.2005.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., Wolf, R. M., Caldwell, J. W., Kollman, P. A., & Case, D. A. (2004). Development and testing of a general amber force field. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 25(9), 1157–1174. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.20035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, W., Li, R., Li, X., He, J., Jiang, S., Liu, S., & Yang, J. (2015). Quercetin as an antiviral agent inhibits Influenza A Virus (IAV) Entry. Viruses, 8(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/v8010006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, M.-S., Lee, J., Lee, J. M., Kim, Y., Chin, Y.-W., Jee, J.-G., Keum, Y.-S., & Jeong, Y.-J. (2012). Identification of myricetin and scutellarein as novel chemical inhibitors of the SARS coronavirus helicase, nsP13. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 22(12), 4049–4054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zandi, K., Teoh, B.-T., Sam, S.-S., Wong, P.-F., Mustafa, M., & AbuBakar, S. (2011). Antiviral activity of four types of bioflavonoid against dengue virus type-2. Virology Journal, 8(1), 560. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-8-560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X.-J., Wang, R.-R., Chen, H., Luo, R.-H., Yang, L.-M., Liu, J.-P., Sun, H.-D., Zhang, H.-B., Xiao, W.-L., & Zheng, Y.-T. (2018). SJP-L-5 inhibits HIV-1 polypurine tract primed plus-strand DNA elongation, indicating viral DNA synthesis initiation at multiple sites under drug pressure. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 2574. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20954-5
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, Y., & Xie, D.-Y. (2020). Docking characterization and in vitro inhibitory activity of Flavan-3-ols and dimeric proanthocyanidins against the main protease activity of SARS-Cov-2. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 601316. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.601316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar