78
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

A network pharmacological approach for the identification of potential therapeutic targets of Brahmi Nei – a complex traditional Siddha formulation

, , &
Received 03 Dec 2023, Accepted 19 Feb 2024, Published online: 09 Mar 2024

References

  • Agüero-Chapín, G., Antunes, A., Ubeira, F. M., Chou, K. C., & González-Díaz, H. (2008). Comparative study of topological indices of macro/supramolecular RNA complex networks. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 48(11), 2265–2277. https://doi.org/10.1021/ci8001809
  • Ahlswede, R., Cai, N., & Yeung, R. W. (1998). Network information flow theory. In R.L. Cruz (Ed.), IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory – Proceedings (Vol. 46, p. 186). IEEE (Institue of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISIT.1998.708784
  • Ahmad, A., Riaz, S., Farooq, R., Ahmed, M., & Hussain, N. (2023). Alpinia officinarum (Galangal): A beneficial plant. Journal of Medicine and Public Health, 4(1), 11–17.
  • Ahmad, B., Hafeez, N., Rauf, A., Bashir, S., Linfang, H., Rehman, M. U., Mubarak, M. S., Uddin, M. S., Bawazeer, S., Shariati, M. A., Daglia, M., Wan, C., & Rengasamy, K. R. (2021). Phyllanthus emblica: A comprehensive review of its therapeutic benefits. South African Journal of Botany, 138, 278–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.12.028
  • Ahmadi, M., Bekeschus, S., Weltmann, K. D., von Woedtke, T., & Wende, K. (2022). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Recent advances in the use of synthetic COX-2 inhibitors. RSC Medicinal Chemistry, 13(5), 471–496. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1md00280e
  • Ahmed, S., Ansari, S. H., Ali, M., Bhatt, D., & Ansari, F. (2008). {Phytochemical and biological investigations on Curcuma aromatica: A review}. Pharmacognosy Review, 2(3), 151–156.
  • Aida Maryam Basri, H. T., & Ahmad, N. (2017). A review on the pharmacological activities and phytochemicals of Alpinia officinarum (Galangal) extracts derived from bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 11(2), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.4103/phrev.phrev
  • Al-Nahain, A., Jahan, R., & Rahmatullah, M. (2014). Zingiber officinale : A potential plant against rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis, 2014, 159089–159088. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/159089
  • Al-Sayed, E., Gad, H. A., & El-Kersh, D. M. (2021). Characterization of four piper essential oils (GC/MS and ATR-IR) coupled to chemometrics and their anti-Helicobacter pylori activity. ACS Omega, 6(39), 25652–25663. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c03777
  • Andrews, C. (2019). Algorithms for anoraks. Engineering & Technology, 14(6), 52–54. https://doi.org/10.1049/et.2019.0610
  • Anil Kumar, K. N., Shanmukha, M. C., Basavarajappa, N. S., Veena, C. M., & Shilpa, K. C. (2021). Cyclohexane based isomers discrimination using topological indices. Malaya Journal of Matematik, 9(1), 524–532. https://doi.org/10.26637/MJM0901/0088
  • Atalar, M. N., & Türkan, F. (2018). Identification of chemical components from the Rhizomes of Acorus calamus L. with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS\MS). Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(4), 181–187. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.433743
  • Bagul, V. B., Dhabekar, S., Sansarode, D., & Dandekar, S. (2019). Wood apple (Limonia acidissima L.) : A multipurpose herb in cosmetics. International Journal of Science & Engineering Development Research, 4(7), 172–181.
  • Balasubramanian, S., Ganesh, D., Panchal, P., Teimouri, M., & Surya Narayana, V. V. S. (2014). GC-MS analysis of phytocomponents in the methanolic extract of Emblica officinalis Gaertn (Indian Gooseberry). Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 6(6), 843–845.
  • Batagelj, V., & Mrvar, A. (2002). Pajek - Analysis and visualization of large networks. In Mutzel, P., Junger,M., Leipert, S., (Eds). Graph Drawing. GD 2001.  Lecture notes in computer science 2265 LNCS (pp. 477–478). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45848-4_54
  • Billones, L. T., & Billones, J. B. (2017). Randic shape and size indices account for the variability in xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of a family of fused pyrans. Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 33(5), 2217–2225. https://doi.org/10.13005/ojc/330509
  • Bowers, K. J., Chow, E., Xu, H., Dror, R. O., Eastwood, M. P., Gregersen, B. A., Klepeis, J. L., Kolossvary, I., Moraes, M. A., Sacerdoti, F. D., Salmon, J. K., Shan, Y., & Shaw, D. E. (2006). Scalable algorithms for molecular dynamics simulations on commodity clusters SC '06: Proceedings of the 2006 ACM/IEEE Conference on Supercomputing,. Tampa, Florida, USA, 2006, p. 43. https://doi.org/10.1145/1188455.1188544
  • Campeau, P. M., Rafei, M., Boivin, M. N., Sun, Y., Grabowski, G. A., & Galipeau, J. (2009). Characterization of Gaucher disease bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells reveals an altered inflammatory secretome. Blood, 114(15), 3181–3190. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-02-205708
  • Chol Seung, L., Da-Qing, J., Hyejung, M., Sang Jin, O., Jung Uk, L., Jae Kwan, H., Ilho, H., & Jung-Soo, H. (2005). Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities of xanthorrhizol in hippocampal neurons and primary cultured microglia. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 82, 831–838. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr
  • Clària, J. (2003). Cyclooxygenase-2 biology. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 9(27), 2177–2190. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612033454054
  • Contreras, J. A., Avena-Koenigsberger, A., Risacher, S. L., West, J. D., Tallman, E., McDonald, B. C., Farlow, M. R., Apostolova, L. G., Goñi, J., Dzemidzic, M., Wu, Y. C., Kessler, D., Jeub, L., Fortunato, S., Saykin, A. J., & Sporns, O. (2019). Resting state network modularity along the prodromal late onset Alzheimer’s disease continuum. NeuroImage. Clinical, 22, 101687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101687
  • Elshikh, M. S., Rani, E., Al Farraj, D. A., Al-Hemaid, F. M. A., Abdel Gawwad, M. R., Jeba Malar, T. R. J., Dyona, L., & Vijayaraghavan, P. (2022). Plant secondary metabolites extracted from Acorus calamus rhizome from Western Ghats, India and repellent activity on Sitophilus oryzae. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 117(2021), 101743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2021.101743
  • Estrada, E. (2010). Randič index, irregularity and complex biomolecular networks. Acta Chimica Slovenica, 57(3), 597–603.
  • Estrada, E., Patlewicz, G., & Uriarte, E. (2003). From molecular graphs to drugs. A review on the use of topological indices in drug design and discovery. Indian Journal of Chemistry - Section A Inorganic, Physical, Theoretical and Analytical Chemistry, 42(6), 1315–1329.
  • Faki, Y., & Er, A. (2021). Different chemical structures and physiological/pathological roles of cyclooxygenases. Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal, 12(1), e0003. https://doi.org/10.5041/RMMJ.10426
  • Fernandez-Lozano, C., Cuiñas, R. F., Seoane, J. A., Fernández-Blanco, E., Dorado, J., & Munteanu, C. R. (2019). Classification of signaling proteins based on molecular star graph descriptors using machine learning models. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 384, 50-58.
  • Finetti, F., Travelli, C., Ercoli, J., Colombo, G., Buoso, E., & Trabalzini, L. (2020). Progression and immunity. Biology, 9(12), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9120434
  • Fung, H. B., & Kirschenbaum, H. L. (1999). Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors for the treatment of arthritis. Clinical Therapeutics, 21(7), 1131–1157. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2918(00)80018-1
  • Ge, Y. J., Liu, J. B., Younas, M., Yousaf, M., & Nazeer, W. (2019). Analysis of Sc5C7 p, q and NpHx P, Q nanotubes via topological indices. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2019, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2072789
  • Geng, Y., Li, C., Liu, J., Xing, G., Zhou, L., Dong, M., Li, X., & Niu, Y. (2010). Beta-asarone improves cognitive function by suppressing neuronal apoptosis in the beta-amyloid hippocampus injection rats. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 33(5), 836–843. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.33.836
  • Genheden, S., & Ryde, U. (2015). The MM/PBSA and MM/GBSA methods to estimate ligand-binding affinities. Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 10(5), 449–461. https://doi.org/10.1517/17460441.2015.1032936
  • Gierse, J. K., McDonald, J. J., Hauser, S. D., Rangwala, S. H., Koboldt, C. M., & Seibert, K. (1996). A single amino acid difference between cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) reverses the selectivity of COX-2 specific inhibitors. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271(26), 15810–15814. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.26.15810
  • Gilson, M. K., Liu, T., Baitaluk, M., Nicola, G., Hwang, L., & Chong, J. (2016). BindingDB in 2015: A public database for medicinal chemistry, computational chemistry and systems pharmacology. Nucleic Acids Research, 44(D1), D1045–D1053. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv1072
  • Gugliandolo, A., Bramanti, P., & Mazzon, E. (2017). Role of vitamin e in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: Evidence from animal models. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(12), 2504. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18122504
  • Guimerà, R., & Nunes Amaral, L. A. (2005). Cartography of complex networks: Modules and universal roles Roger. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2005(02), P02001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/2005/02/P02001
  • Gupta, S., Singh, M., & Madan, A. K. (2002). Application of graph theory: Relationship of eccentric connectivity index and Wiener’s index with anti-inflammatory activity. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 266(2), 259–268. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmaa.2000.7243
  • Gupta Shweta, V. A. (2017, Jul-Dec). Operculina turpethum (Linn.) Silva Manso as a medicinal plant species: A review on bioactive components and pharmacological properties. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 11(22), 158-166. https://doi.org/10.4103/phrev.phrev
  • Harris, R. C. (2013). Physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of cyclooxygenase-2 in the kidney. Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association, 124, 139–151.
  • Hartwell, L. H., Hopfield, J. J., Leibler, S., & Murray, A. W. (1999). From molecular to modular cell biology. Nature, 402(6761 Suppl), C47–C52. https://doi.org/10.1038/35011540
  • Hasan, S., Danishuddin, M., Adil, M., Singh, K., Verma, P. K., & Khan, A. U. (2012). Efficacy of E. officinalis on the cariogenic properties of streptococcus mutans: A novel and alternative approach to suppress quorum-sensing mechanism. PLoS One, 7(7), e40319. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040319
  • Ho, L., Purohit, D., Haroutunian, V., Luterman, J. D., Willis, F., Naslund, J., Buxbaum, J. D., Mohs, R. C., Aisen, P. S., & Pasinetti, G. M. (2001). Neuronal cyclooxygenase 2 expression in the hippocampal formation as a function of the clinical progression of Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology, 58(3), 487–492. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.58.3.487
  • Hopkins, A. L. (2008). Network pharmacology: The next paradigm in drug discovery. Nature Chemical Biology, 4(11), 682–690. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.118
  • Imran, M., Ahmad, A., & Siddiqui, M. K. (2022). On degree-based topological descriptors of graphyne and graphdiyne nanoribbons. The European Physical Journal Plus, 137(1372), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-022-03514-9
  • Jain, P., Sharma, H. P., Basri, F., Priya, K., & Singh, P. (2017). Phytochemical analysis of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. and their anti-fungal activities. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 16(2), 310–318.
  • Jaiswal, Y., Liang, Z., Ho, A., Chen, H., & Zhao, Z. (2015). Metabolite profiling of tissues of Acorus calamus and Acorus tatarinowii rhizomes by using LMD, UHPLC-QTOF MS, and GC-MS. Planta Medica, 81(4), 333–341. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1545694
  • Jamdagni, P., Rana, J. S., & Sindhu, A. (2022). Evaluation of phytochemical constituents in the methanolic leaf extracts of Acorus calamus L. Journal of medicinally active plants, 11(4), 39–49.
  • Jiang, Q. (2014). Natural forms of vitamin E: Metabolism, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities and their role in disease prevention and therapy. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 72, 76–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.035
  • Jorgensen, W. L., Chandrasekhar, J., Madura, J. D., Impey, R. W., & Klein, M. L. (1983). Comparison of simple potential functions for simulating liquid water. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 79(2), 926–935. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.445869
  • Kamaliroosta, Z., Kamaliroosta, L., & Elhamirad, A. H. (2013). Isolation and identification of ginger essential oil Z. Journal of Food Biosciences and Technology, 3, 73–80.
  • Kela, E., Sogbesan, A. O., & Wakil, U. B. (2021). Evaluation of phytochemical composition of ginger extracts. Fisheries and aquaculture journal, 12(1000024), 1–5.
  • Khapre, M., Pathania, M., Saxena, V., Omar, B. J., Goyal, B., Sinha, S., Bahurupi, Y., & Dhamija, P. (2023). Effectiveness of Kabasura Kudineer tablets in the management of asymptomatic and mild cases of COVID-19: A pilot double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 14(4), 100777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2023.100777
  • Kim, H., Youn, K., Yun, E. Y., Hwang, J. S., Jeong, W. S., Ho, C. T., & Jun, M. (2015). Oleic acid ameliorates Aβ-induced inflammation by downregulation of COX-2 and iNOS via NFκB signaling pathway. Journal of Functional Foods, 14, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.027
  • Kim, S., Thiessen, P. A., Bolton, E. E., Chen, J., Fu, G., Gindulyte, A., Han, L., He, J., He, S., Shoemaker, B. A., Wang, J., Yu, B., Zhang, J., & Bryant, S. H. (2016). PubChem substance and compound databases. Nucleic Acids Research, 44(D1), D1202–D1213. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv951
  • Kong, F., Lee, B. H., & Wei, K. (2019). 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural mitigates lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammation via suppression of MAPK, NF-κB and mTOR activation in RAW 264.7 cells. Molecules, 24(2), 275. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020275
  • Koorse, K. G., Samraj, S., John, P., Narayanan, P. M., Ss, D., Pta, U., Sunilkumar, S., & Vl, G. (2018). Anthelmintic activity of fruit extract and fractions of Piper longum L. in vitro. Pharmacognosy Journal, 10(2), 333–340. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2018.2.57
  • Kou, F., Wu, L., Ren, X., & Yang, L. (2020). Chromosome abnormalities: New insights into their clinical significance in cancer. Molecular Therapy Oncolytics, 17(June), 562–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omto.2020.05.010
  • Krishnaveni, M., & Mirunalini, S. (2010). Therapeutic potential of Phyllanthus emblica (amla): The ayurvedic wonder. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 21(1), 93–105. https://doi.org/10.1515/JBCPP.2010.21.1.93
  • Kuhn, M., Szklarczyk, D., Pletscher-Frankild, S., Blicher, T. H., Von Mering, C., Jensen, L. J., & Bork, P. (2014). STITCH 4: Integration of protein-chemical interactions with user data. Nucleic Acids Research, 42(Database issue), D401–407. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt1207
  • Kumar, B., Aggarwal, R., Prakash, U., & Sahoo, P. K. (2023). Emerging therapeutic potential of curcumin in the management of dermatological diseases : An extensive review of drug and pharmacological activities. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-023-00493-1
  • Kumar, N., Abichandani, L. G., Thawani, V., Gharpure, K. J., Naidu, M. U. R., & Venkat Ramana, G. (2016). Efficacy of standardized extract of Bacopa monnieri (Bacognize®) on cognitive functions of medical students: A six-week, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: ECAM, 2016, 4103423–4103428. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4103423
  • Kumar, S., Kamboj, J., Suman, & Sharma, S. (2011). Overview for various aspects of the health benefits of Piper longum Linn. fruit. Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, 4(2), 134–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2005-2901(11)60020-4
  • Latapy, M., Magnien, C., & Vecchio, N. D. (2008). Basic notions for the analysis of large two-mode networks. Social Networks, 30(1), 31–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2007.04.006
  • Lekshmi, J. L., & Mary Kensa, V. (2020). Gc-Ms analysis of bioactive compounds in methanolic extract of Acorus calamus Linn. Cikitusi Journal for Multidisciplinary Research, 7(1), 6–10. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.122919
  • Li, S. (2011). Chemical composition and product quality control of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Pharmaceutical Crops, 5(1), 28–54. https://doi.org/10.2174/2210290601102010028
  • Lim, C. S., & Han, J. S. (2018). The antioxidant xanthorrhizol prevents amyloid-β-induced oxidative modification and inactivation of neprilysin. Bioscience Reports, 38(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20171611
  • Lim, H. W., Kumar, H., Kim, B. W., More, S. V., Kim, I. W., Park, J. I., Park, S. Y., Kim, S. K., & Choi, D. K. (2014). β-Asarone (cis-2,4,5-trimethoxy-1-allyl phenyl), attenuates pro-inflammatory mediators by inhibiting NF-κB signaling and the JNK pathway in LPS activated BV-2 microglia cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 72, 265–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2014.07.018
  • Lin, T. K., Zhong, L., & Santiago, J. L. (2018). Anti-inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19010070
  • Liu, A., Zhao, X., Li, H., Liu, Z., Liu, B., Mao, X., Guo, L., Bi, K., & Jia, Y. (2014). 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, an antioxidant agent from Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. improves cognitive impairment in Aβ1-42 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. International Immunopharmacology, 23(2), 719–725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2014.10.028
  • Liu, J., Mu, J., Zheng, C., Chen, X., Guo, Z., Huang, C., Fu, Y., Tian, G., Shang, H., & Wang, Y. (2016). Systems-pharmacology dissection of traditional Chinese medicine compound saffron formula reveals multi-scale treatment strategy for cardiovascular diseases. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 19809. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19809
  • Liu, S. J., Yang, C., Zhang, Y., Su, R. Y., Chen, J. L., Jiao, M. M., Chen, H. F., Zheng, N., Luo, S., Chen, Y. B., Quan, S. J., & Wang, Q. (2016). Neuroprotective effect of β-asarone against Alzheimer’s disease: Regulation of synaptic plasticity by increased expression of SYP and GLuR1. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 10, 1461–1469. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S93559
  • Liu, T., Lin, Y., Wen, X., Jorissen, R. N., & Gilson, M. K. (2007). BindingDB: A web-accessible database of experimentally determined protein-ligand binding affinities. Nucleic Acids Research, 35(Database issue), D198–D201. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkl999
  • Lu, C., Wu, C., Ghoreishi, D., Chen, W., Wang, L., Damm, W., Ross, G. A., Dahlgren, M. K., Russell, E., Von Bargen, C. D., Abel, R., Friesner, R. A., & Harder, E. D. (2021). OPLS4: Improving force field accuracy on challenging regimes of chemical space. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, 17(7), 4291–4300. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00302
  • Maideen, N. M. P. (2021). Therapeutic efficacy of Kabasura Kudineer (siddha formulation), in covid-19-a review of clinical and molecular docking studies. 9(4), 68-75.
  • Malini, S., & Eganathan, P. (2013). GC-MS analysis of chemical composition of in vivo plant, in vitro and elicited roots of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell. Analytical Chemistry Letters, 3(5-6), 380–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/22297928.2013.797636
  • Mao, Q. Q., Xu, X. Y., Cao, S. Y., Gan, R. Y., Corke, H., Beta, T., & Li, H. B. (2019). Bioactive compounds and bioactivities of ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe). Foods, 8(6), 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8060185
  • Meenakumari, R., Thangaraj, K., Sundaram, A., Sundaram, M. M., Shanmugapriya, P., Mariappan, A., George, M., Suba, V., Rajalakshmi, E., & Sendhilkumar, M. (2022). Clinical outcomes among COVID-19 patients managed with modern and traditional Siddha medicine – A retrospective cohort study. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 13(2), 100470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2021.06.010
  • Meng, X., Li, W., Peng, X., Li, Y., & Li, M. (2021). Protein interaction networks: Centrality, modularity, dynamics, and applications. Frontiers of Computer Science, 15(6), 0–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11704-020-8179-0
  • Mengle-Gaw, L. J., & Schwartz, B. D. (2002). Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors: Promise or peril? Mediators of Inflammation, 11(5), 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/09629350290000041
  • Minghetti, L. (2004). Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in inflammatory and degenerative brain diseases. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 63(9), 901–910. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnen/63.9.901
  • Muthuraman, A., & Singh, N. (2011). Attenuating effect of Acorus calamus extract in chronic constriction injury induced neuropathic pain in rats: An evidence of anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and calcium inhibitory effects. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 11(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-11-24
  • Na’imah, J. (2019). In silico study of COX-2 on indomethacin and diclofenac as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Farmasains : Jurnal Farmasi Dan Ilmu Kesehatan, 4(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.22219/farmasains.v4i1.7767
  • Natarajan, S., Anbarasi, C., Sathiyarajeswaran, P., Manickam, P., Geetha, S., Kathiravan, R., Prathiba, P., Pitchiahkumar, M., Parthiban, P., Kanakavalli, K., & Balaji, P. (2021). Kabasura Kudineer (KSK), a poly-herbal Siddha medicine, reduced SARS-CoV-2 viral load in asymptomatic COVID-19 individuals as compared to vitamin C and zinc supplementation: Findings from a prospective, exploratory, open-labeled, comparative, randomized controlled trial, Tamil Nadu, India. Trials, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05583-0
  • Newman, M. E. J., & Girvan, M. (2004). Finding and evaluating community structure in networks. Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics, 69(2 Pt 2), 026113. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.69.026113
  • Nikkhah Bodagh, M., Maleki, I., & Hekmatdoost, A. (2019). Ginger in gastrointestinal disorders: A systematic review of clinical trials. Food Science & Nutrition, 7(1), 96–108. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.807
  • Nishidono, Y., Saifudin, A., Deevanhxay, P., & Tanaka, K. (2020). Metabolite profiling of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) using GC-MS and multivariate statistical analysis. Journal of the Asia-Japan Research Institute of Ritsumeikan University, 2, 1–14.
  • Nisthar, S., Nehru, J., & Botanic, T. (2016). Identification of lead molecules with anti- hepatitis B activity in Bacopa monnieri (L) Wettst and Cassia fistula L. through in silicomethod. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 11(5), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.9790/3008-1105041621
  • Oforma, C. C., Udourioh, G. A., & Ojinnaka, C. M. (2020). Characterization of essential oils and fatty acids composition of stored ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 23(12), 2231. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v23i12.22
  • Oon, S. F., Nallappan, M., Tee, T. T., Shohaimi, S., Kassim, N. K., Sa’ariwijaya, M. S. F., & Cheah, Y. H. (2015). Xanthorrhizol: A review of its pharmacological activities and anticancer properties. Cancer Cell International, 15(1), 100. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-015-0255-4
  • Osman, H., Hoq, O., & Tamanna, T. (2019). Ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Piper longum (Linn). Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, ). 5(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v5i1.41038
  • Pandey, D. K. (2018). Piper longum: A concise review on Botany. Phytochemistry and Pharmacology, 5(12), 711–717.
  • Pandey, S., Satpathy, G., & Gupta, R. K. (2014). Evaluation of nutritional, phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of exotic fruit “Limonia acidissima”. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry JPP, 3(32), 81–8881.
  • Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal variation in essential oil compositions and antioxidant properties of Acorus calamus L. accessions. Medicines, 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081
  • Patel, S. K., Singh, S., & Singh, S. K. (2017). Standardized extract of Bacopa monnieri (CDRI-08): Effect on germ cell dynamics and possible mechanisms of its beneficial action on spermatogenesis and sperm quality in male mice. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 494(1-2), 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.089
  • Puravankara, D., & Gopal, G. (2014). GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract of Phyllantus emblica L. bark. British Biomedical Bulletin, 2(February), 285–292.
  • Rahamooz Haghighi, S., Asadi, M. H., Akrami, H., & Baghizadeh, A. (2017). Anti-carcinogenic and anti-angiogenic properties of the extracts of Acorus calamus on gastric cancer cells. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 7(2), 145–156.
  • Rajendran, K., Chellappan, D. R., Sankaranarayanan, S., Ramakrishnan, V., & Krishnan, U. M. (2020). Investigations on a polyherbal formulation for treatment of cognitive impairment in a cholinergic dysfunctional rodent model. Neurochemistry International, 141(May), 104890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104890
  • Rana, V. S., Verdeguer, M., & Blazquez, M. A. (2010). GC and GC/MS analysis of the volatile constituents of the oils of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd and A. officinarum Hance rhizomes. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 22(6), 521–524. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2010.9700388
  • Randic, M., Hall, L. H., & Murray, W. J. (1976). Molecular connectivity. Medicinal Chemistry, 64(12), 40–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-406560-4.50009-x
  • Ravasz, E., Somera, A. L., Mongru, D. A., Oltvai, Z. N., & Barabási, A. L. (2002). Hierarchical organization of modularity in metabolic networks. Science, 297(5586), 1551–1555. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1073374
  • Reddy, M. A., & Reddy, M. A. (2019). Chemo-profiling of Curcuma aromatica Salisbury rhizomes and leaves from South India. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 7(4), 260–262.
  • Release 2020-3-Schrodingerschrodinger.com. (n.d.). Retrived from https://www.schrodinger.com/releases/release-2020-3.
  • Revathi, S., & Malathy, N. S. (2013). Antibacterial activity of rhizome of Curcuma aromatica and partial purification of active compounds. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 75(6), 732–735.
  • Rich, J. B., Rasmusson, D. X., Folstein, M. F., Carson, K. A., Kawas, C., & Brandt, J. (1995). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 45(1), 51–55. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.45.1.51
  • Rizvi, S., Raza, S. T., Ahmed, F., Ahmad, A., Abbas, S., & Mahdi, F. (2014). The role of Vitamin E in human health and some diseases. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 14(2), 157–165.
  • Roopmani, P., & Krishnan, U. M. (2018). Harnessing the pleiotropic effects of atorvastatin-fenofibrate combination for cardiovascular stents. Materials Science & Engineering. C, Materials for Biological Applications, 92(October 2017), 875–891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.07.048
  • Rouzer, C. A., & Marnett, L. J. (2020). Structural and chemical biology of the interaction of cyclooxygenase with substrates and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Chemical Reviews, 120(15), 7592–7641. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00215
  • Russo, A., & Borrelli, F. (2005). Bacopa monniera, a reputed nootropic plant: An overview. Phytomedicine: International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology, 12(4), 305–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2003.12.008
  • Saki, G., Eidi, A., Mortazavi, P., Panahi, N., & Vahdati, A. (2020). Effect of β-asarone in normal and β-amyloid-induced Alzheimeric rats. Archives of Medical Science: AMS, 16(3), 699–706. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2020.94659
  • Sangeet, S., & Khan, A. (2021). In-silico studies of neurocognitive and neuropharmacological effect of Bacopa monnieri (L.). bioRxiv, 1–35.
  • Scott, H., Wood, D. K., & Higgins, J. M. (2020). 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural restores low-oxygen rheology of sickle trait blood in vitro. British Journal of Haematology, 188(6), 985–993. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.08.014.CagY
  • Selvakumar, D., & Vijaya, S. (2015). Solid phase extraction of Ayurvedic lipid based formulation, Ghritas and analysis of its contents by high performance thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 14(3), 365–369.
  • Shang, Q., Chen, G., Zhang, P., Zhao, W., Chen, H., Yu, D., Yu, F., Liu, H., Zhang, X., He, J., Yu, X., Zhang, Z., Tan, R., Wu, Z., Tang, J., Liang, D., Shen, G., Jiang, X., & Ren, H. (2022). Myristic acid alleviates hippocampal aging correlated with GABAergic signaling. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9(1), 907526. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.907526
  • Sheikh, U., Tahir, Q., Ul, A., Anjam, Y. N., & Pincak, R. (2022). Analysis of a productive topological index correlated to fullerenes’ physical properties. Symmetry, 15(1), 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15010058
  • Shukla, P. K., Khanna, V. K., Ali, M. M., Maurya, R., Khan, M. Y., & Srimal, R. C. (2006). Neuroprotective effect of Acorus calamus against middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ischaemia in rat. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 25(4), 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1191/0960327106ht613oa
  • Sikha, A., Harini, A., & Hedge, P. (2015). Pharmacological activities of wild turmeric (Curcuma aromatica Salisb): A review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 3(5), 1–4.
  • Singh, R., Kumar Sharma, P., & Malviya, R. (2011). Pharmacological properties and ayurvedic value of Indian Buch Plant (Acorus calamus): A short review. Advances in Biological Research, 5(3), 145–154.
  • Sorokin, A. (2011). Glomerulonephritis and cellular regulation of prostaglandin synthesis. An Update on Glomerulopathies, 8, 141–170.
  • Stewart, W. F., Kawas, C., Corrada, M., & Metter, E. J. (1997). Risk of Alzheimer’s disease and duration of NSAID use. Neurology, 48(3), 626–632. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.48.3.626
  • Stine, W. B., Jungbauer, L., Yu, C., & LaDu, M. J. (2011). Preparing synthetic Aβ in different aggregation states. Methods in Molecular Biology, 670(1), 13–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-744-0
  • Subashri, B., & Pillai, Y. J. K. (2014). A comparative study of antioxidant activity of Baccopa monnieri (L.) Pennell using various solvent extracts and its GC-MS analysis. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(2), 494–498.
  • Suo, T., Liu, J., Chen, X., Yu, H., Wang, T., Li, C., Wang, Y., Wang, C., & Li, Z. (2017). Combining chemical profiling and network analysis to investigate the pharmacology of complex prescriptions in traditional Chinese medicine. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 40529. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40529
  • Takato, T., Iwata, K., Murakami, C., Wada, Y., & Sakane, F. (2017). Chronic administration of myristic acid improves hyperglycaemia in the Nagoya–Shibata–Yasuda mouse model of congenital type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia, 60(10), 2076–2083. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-017-4366-4
  • Thomas, M. H., Pelleieux, S., Vitale, N., & Olivier, J. L. (2016). Arachidonic acid in Alzheimer’s disease, Journal of Neurology and Neuromedicine, 1(9), 1–6.
  • Thompson, S. L., & Compton, D. A. (2011). Chromosomes and cancer cells. Chromosome Research: An International Journal on the Molecular, Supramolecular and Evolutionary Aspects of Chromosome Biology, 19(3), 433–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10577-010-9179-y
  • Chinonye, I. I., Oze, R. N., Lynda, O. U., Nkwoada, A., & Ukaoma, A. A. . (2018). Phytochemical and Gc/Ms analysis of the rhizome of Zingiber. officinale plant grown in eastern part of Nigeria, 1(1), 42–54.
  • Ukkirapandian, K., E, K., Udaykumar, K. P., Kandhi, S., & R, M. (2022). The neuroprotective role of Acorus calamus in developmental and histopathological changes in autism-induced Wistar rats. Cureus, 14(9), e29717. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.29717
  • Umar, N. M., Parumasivam, T., Aminu, N., & Toh, S. M. (2020). Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Curcuma aromatica Salisb (wild turmeric). Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 10(10), 180–194. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2020.1010018
  • Wang, D., & Dubois, R. N. (2010). The role of COX-2 in intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer. Oncogene, 29(6), 781–788. https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2009.421
  • Wang, N., Wang, H., Li, L., Li, Y., & Zhang, R. (2019). β-asarone inhibits amyloid-b by promoting autophagy in a cell model of Alzheimer’s disease. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10(January), 1529. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.01529
  • Wang, Y., Chen, J., Zhang, K., Wu, W., Ge, L., Wan, H., Li, J., Tian, J., & Zeng, X. (2018). Chemical composition, proapoptotic and antiosteoporosis activities of the essential oil from the aerial part of Alpinia officinarum Hance. Chinese Medicine, 09(03), 144–164. https://doi.org/10.4236/cm.2018.93009
  • Wang, Z., & Zhang, J. (2007). In search of the biological significance of modular structures in protein networks. PLoS Computational Biology, 3(6), e107. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030107
  • Wang, Z. J., Li, G. M., Nie, B. M., Lu, Y., & Yin, M. (2006). Neuroprotective effect of the stearic acid against oxidative stress via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 160(1), 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2005.12.008
  • Wang, Z. J., Li, G. M., Tang, W. L., & Yin, M. (2006). Neuroprotective effects of stearic acid against toxicity of oxygen/glucose deprivation or glutamate on rat cortical or hippocampal slices. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 27(2), 145–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00259.x
  • Wilczewska, A. Z., Ulman, M., Chilmończyk, Z., Maj, J., Koprowicz, T., Tomczyk, M., & Tomczykowa, M. (2008). Comparison of volatile constituents of Acorus calamus and Asarum europaeum obtained by different techniques. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 20(5), 390–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2008.9700038
  • Wu, D., Mura, C., Beharka, A. A., Han, S. N., Paulson, K. E., Hwang, D., & Meydani, S. N. (1998). Age-associated increase in PGE2 synthesis and COX activity in murine macrophages is reversed by vitamin E. The American Journal of Physiology, 275(3), C661–C668. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1998.275.3.c661
  • Wu, J., Zhang, X. X., Sun, Q. M., Chen, M., Liu, S. L., Zhang, X., Zhou, J. Y., & Zou, X. (2015). B-asarone inhibits gastric cancer cell proliferation. Oncology Reports, 34(6), 3043–3050. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.4316
  • Yao, X., Ling, Y., Guo, S., Wu, W., He, S., Zhang, Q., Zou, M., Nandakumar, K. S., Chen, X., & Liu, S. (2018). Tatanan A from the Acorus calamus L. root inhibited dengue virus proliferation and infections. Phytomedicine: International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology, 42(August 2017), 258–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.018
  • You, J. S., Li, C. Y., Chen, W., Wu, X. L., Huang, L. J., Li, R. K., Gao, F., Zhang, M. Y., Liu, H. L., & Qu, W. L. (2020). A network pharmacology-based study on Alzheimer disease prevention and treatment of Qiong Yu Gao. BioData Mining, 13(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-020-00212-z
  • Zhang, J., Dou, J., Zhang, S., Liang, Q., & Meng, Q. (2010). Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of the essential oil and methanol extracts of rhizoma Alpinia officinarum from China in vitro. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(28), 4414–4421.
  • Zhang, X., Li, X., Li, H., Zhou, M., Zhang, Y., Lai, W., Zheng, X., Bai, F., & Zhang, J. (2023). Investigation of the potential mechanism of Alpinia officinarum hance in improving type 2 diabetes mellitus based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM, 2023, 4934711–4934718. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4934711
  • Zhao, R., Han, X., Zhang, H., Liu, J., Zhang, M., Zhao, W., Jiang, S., Li, R., Cai, H., & You, H. (2022). Association of vitamin E intake in diet and supplements with risk of dementia: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 14, 955878. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.955878
  • Zuo, H., Zhang, Q., Su, S., Chen, Q., Yang, F., & Hu, Y. (2018). A network pharmacology-based approach to analyse potential targets of traditional herbal formulas: An example of Yu Ping Feng decoction. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 11418. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29764-1
  • Zwaving, J. H., & Bos, R. (1992). Analysis of the essential oils of five curcuma species. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 7(1), 19–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.2730070105

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.