An integrated network pharmacology approach to discover therapeutic mechanisms of Commiphora wightii for the treatment of Bell’s palsy

References

• Abbas, F. A., Al-Massarany, S. M., Khan, S., Al-Howiriny, T. A., Mossa, J. S., & Abourashed, E. A. (2007). Phytochemical and biological studies on Saudi Commiphora opobalsamum L. Natural Product Research, 21(5), 383–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410600942025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel-Aziz, M., Azab, N. A., Khalifa, B., Rashed, M., & Naguib, N. (2015). The association of varicella zoster virus reactivation with Bell’s palsy in children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 79(3), 328–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alves, R., & Rosa, I. M. (2007). Biodiversity, traditional medicine and public health: Where do they meet? Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 3(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-3-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand, U., Jacobo-Herrera, N., Altemimi, A., & Lakhssassi, N. (2019). A comprehensive review on medicinal plants as antimicrobial therapeutics: Potential avenues of biocompatible drug discovery. Metabolites, 9(11), 258. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo9110258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anurekha, J., & Gupta, V. B. (2006). Chemistry and pharmacological profile of guggul-A review. National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources, 5, 478–483.
   Google Scholar
• Apweiler, R., Bairoch, A., Wu, C. H., Barker, W. C., Boeckmann, B., Ferro, S., Gasteiger, E., Huang, H., Lopez, R., Magrane, M., Martin, M. J., Natale, D. A., O'Donovan, C., Redaschi, N., & Yeh, L.-S L. (2004). UniProt: The universal protein knowledgebase. Nucleic Acids Research, 32(Database issue), D115–D119. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashraf, S. A., Elkhalifa, A. E. O., Siddiqui, A. J., Patel, M., Awadelkareem, A. M., Snoussi, M., Ashraf, M. S., Adnan, M., & Hadi, S. (2020). Cordycepin for health and wellbeing: A potent bioactive metabolite of an entomopathogenic medicinal fungus Cordyceps with its nutraceutical and therapeutic potential. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 25(12), 2735. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atan, D., İkincioğulları, A., Köseoğlu, S., Özcan, K. M., Çetin, M. A., Ensari, S., & Dere, H. (2015). New predictive parameters of Bell’s Palsy: Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and platelet to lymphocyte ratio. Balkan Medical Journal, 32(2), 167–170. https://doi.org/10.5152/balkanmedj.2015.15456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balakrishnan, A. (2015). Bell’s palsy: Causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 7, 1004.
   Google Scholar
• Baluni, P., Kuriyal, S. K., & Dobriyal, K. (2021). Folk Culture of Garhwal Himalaya: Ethnic Food and its medicinal value–A brief analysis. J. Mt. Res, 16, 251–263.
   Google Scholar
• Bardou, P., Mariette, J., Escudié, F., Djemiel, C., & Klopp, C. (2014). jvenn: An interactive Venn diagram viewer. BMC Bioinformatics, 15(1), 293. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-15-293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhardwaj, M., Kumar, A., Tripathi, S., & Kumar, S. (2013). Commiphora wightii down regulates HMG CoA reductase in hyperlipidemic rats. Int. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci., 4, 441–447.
   Google Scholar
• Bhatia, A., Bharti, S. K., Tripathi, T., Mishra, A., Sidhu, O. P., Roy, R., & Nautiyal, C. S. (2015). Metabolic profiling of Commiphora wightii (guggul) reveals a potential source for pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Phytochemistry, 110, 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.12.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittrich, S., Rose, Y., Segura, J., Lowe, R., Westbrook, J. D., Duarte, J. M., & Burley, S. K. (2022). RCSB Protein Data Bank: Improved annotation, search and visualization of membrane protein structures archived in the PDB. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England), 38(5), 1452–1454. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btab813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandran, U., Mehendale, N., Patil, S., Chaguturu, R., & Patwardhan, B. (2017). Network pharmacology. Innovative Approaches in Drug Discovery, 127, 127–164.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, G., Huang, C., Shi, P., Xu, H., Gao, S., Luo, D., Chen, T., Xie, Y., Huang, R., Song, H., Xu, H., & Xu, F. (2021). Mechanism of Chinese yam for the treatment of aging-related diseases based on network pharmacology. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 41, 101254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2020.101254
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien, S.-Y., Wu, Y.-C., Chung, J.-G., Yang, J.-S., Lu, H.-F., Tsou, M.-F., Wood, W., Kuo, S.-J., & Chen, D.-R. (2009). Quercetin-induced apoptosis acts through mitochondrial-and caspase-3-dependent pathways in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 28(8), 493–503. https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327109107002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemmons, D. R. (2007). Modifying IGF1 activity: An approach to treat endocrine disorders, atherosclerosis and cancer. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery, 6(10), 821–833. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd2359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado, L., Fernandes, I., González-Manzano, S., DE Freitas, V., Mateus, N., & Santos-Buelga, C. (2014). Anti-proliferative effects of quercetin and catechin metabolites. Food & Function, 5(4), 797–803. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3fo60441a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhillon, S. S., & Kaur, B. (2022). Potential benefits of plant-derived immunomodulators. SSRN 4095552.
   Google Scholar
• Du, H.-X., Zhu, J.-Q., Chen, J., Zhou, H.-F., Yang, J.-H., & Wan, H.-T. (2021). Revealing the therapeutic targets and molecular mechanisms of emodin-treated coronavirus disease 2019 via a systematic study of network pharmacology. Aging, 13(11), 14571–14589. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.203098
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eberhardt, J., Santos-Martins, D., Tillack, A. F., & Forli, S. (2021). AutoDock Vina 1.2. 0: New docking methods, expanded force field, and python bindings. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 61(8), 3891–3898. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eviston, T. J., Croxson, G. R., Kennedy, P. G., Hadlock, T., & Krishnan, A. V. (2015). Bell’s palsy: Aetiology, clinical features and multidisciplinary care. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 86(12), 1356–1361. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2014-309563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fei, J., Zheng, H., Yu, L., & Li, L. (2020). Involvement of GDNF/PI3K/AKT pathway in promoting facial nerve regeneration using electroacupuncture in a rabbit model of facial nerve crush injury. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 24, 1094.
   Google Scholar
• Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Dikshit, R., Eser, S., Mathers, C., Rebelo, M., Parkin, D. M., Forman, D., & Bray, F. (2015). Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. International Journal of Cancer, 136(5), E359–E386. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrara, G., Petrillo, M. G., Giani, T., Marrani, E., Filippeschi, C., Oranges, T., Simonini, G., & Cimaz, R. (2019). Clinical use and molecular action of corticosteroids in the pediatric age. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(2), 444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20020444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis, J. A., Raja, S. N., & Nair, M. G. (2004). Bioactive terpenoids and guggulusteroids from Commiphora mukul gum resin of potential anti‐inflammatory interest. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 1(11), 1842–1853. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200490138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagyor, I., Madhok, V. B., Daly, F., & Sullivan, F. (2019). Antiviral treatment for Bell’s palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9(9), CD001869. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001869.pub9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goh, Y., Beh, D. L., Makmur, A., Somani, J., & Chan, A. C. (2020). Pearls and oysters: Facial nerve palsy as a neurological manifestation of Covid-19 infection. Neurology, 95(8), 364–367. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes, R. R. (2022). Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome: A mysterious path to recurrent facial palsy. Journal of Clinical Images & Reports, 1(2), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.47363/JCIR/2022(1)103
   Google Scholar
• Gronseth, G. S., & Paduga, R. (2012). Evidence-based guideline update: Steroids and antivirals for Bell palsy: Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology, 79(22), 2209–2213. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e318275978c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu, J., Gui, Y., Chen, L., Yuan, G., Lu, H.-Z., & Xu, X. (2013). Use of natural products as chemical library for drug discovery and network pharmacology. PloS One, 8(4), e62839. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, Y., Zhang, D., Cao, Y., Feng, X., Shen, C., Li, W., Gong, S., Hou, F., Yang, Z., & Yi, J. (2021). Network pharmacology-based prediction of the active ingredients and potential targets of Chinese herbal Danyu Gukang Pills for application to osteonecrosis of the femoral head disease. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-143355/v1
   Google Scholar
• Hanus, L. O., Rezanka, T., Dembitsky, V. M., & Moussaieff, A. (2005). Myrrh-commiphora chemistry. Biomedical Papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia, 149(1), 3–27. https://doi.org/10.5507/bp.2005.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heckmann, J. G., Urban, P. P., Pitz, S., Guntinas-Lichius, O., & Gágyor, I. (2019). The diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic facial paresis (Bell’s palsy). Deutsches Arzteblatt International, 116(41), 692–702. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2019.0692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiebl, V., Ladurner, A., Latkolik, S., & Dirsch, V. M. (2018). Natural products as modulators of the nuclear receptors and metabolic sensors LXR, FXR and RXR. Biotechnology Advances, 36(6), 1657–1698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins, A. L. (2008). Network pharmacology: The next paradigm in drug discovery. Nature Chemical Biology, 4(11), 682–690. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, J., Cheung, F., Tan, H. Y., Hong, M., Wang, N., Yang, J., Feng, Y., & Zheng, Q. (2017). Identification of the active compounds and significant pathways of yinchenhao decoction based on network pharmacology. Molecular Medicine Reports, 16(4), 4583–4592. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islamoglu, Y., Celik, B., & Kiris, M. (2021). Facial paralysis as the only symptom of COVID-19: A prospective study. American Journal of Otolaryngology, 42(4), 102956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2021.102956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, Y., Zhong, M., Long, F., & Yang, R. (2020). Deciphering the active ingredients and molecular mechanisms of Tripterygium hypoglaucum (Levl.) hutch against rheumatoid arthritis based on network pharmacology. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2020, 9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2361865.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiao, X., Jin, X., Ma, Y., Yang, Y., Li, J., Liang, L., Liu, R., & Li, Z. (2021). A comprehensive application: Molecular docking and network pharmacology for the prediction of bioactive constituents and elucidation of mechanisms of action in component-based Chinese medicine. Computational Biology and Chemistry, 90, 107402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2020.107402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kibble, M., Saarinen, N., Tang, J., Wennerberg, K., Mäkelä, S., & Aittokallio, T. (2015). Network pharmacology applications to map the unexplored target space and therapeutic potential of natural products. Natural Product Reports, 32(8), 1249–1266. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5np00005j
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S., Chen, J., Cheng, T., Gindulyte, A., He, J., He, S., Li, Q., Shoemaker, B. A., Thiessen, P. A., Yu, B., Zaslavsky, L., Zhang, J., & Bolton, E. E. (2019). PubChem 2019 update: Improved access to chemical data. Nucleic Acids Research, 47(D1), D1102–D1109. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky1033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. Y., Oh, D. J., Park, B., & Choi, H. G. (2020). Bell’s palsy and obesity, alcohol consumption and smoking: A nested case-control study using a national health screening cohort. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 4248. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61240-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kum, R. O., Yurtsever Kum, N., Ozcan, M., Yilmaz, Y. F., Gungor, V., Unal, A., & Ciliz, D. S. (2015). Elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in Bell’s palsy and its correlation with facial nerve enhancement on MRI. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery: Official Journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 152(1), 130–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599814555841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, A. P. (2001). Screening for human ADME/Tox drug properties in drug discovery. Drug Discovery Today, 6(7), 357–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6446(01)01712-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, H., Hung, A., & Yang, A. W. H. (2021). Herb-target virtual screening and network pharmacology for prediction of molecular mechanism of Danggui Beimu Kushen Wan for prostate cancer. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 6656. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86141-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., Gong, S.-H., He, Y.-L., Cao, Y., Chen, Y., Huang, G.-H., Wang, Y.-F., Zhao, M., Cheng, X., Zhou, Y.-Z., Zhao, T., Zhao, Y.-Q., Fan, M., Wu, H.-T., Zhu, L.-L., & Wu, L.-Y. (2022). Autophagy is essential for neural stem cell proliferation promoted by hypoxia. Stem Cells (Dayton, Ohio), 41(1), 77–92. https://doi.org/10.1093/stmcls/sxac076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., Huang, Y., Zhao, S., Guo, Q., Zhou, J., Han, W., & Xu, Y. (2019). Based on network pharmacology to explore the molecular mechanisms of astragalus membranaceus for treating T2 diabetes mellitus. Annals of Translational Medicine, 7(22), 633–633. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2019.10.118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, S., Fan, T.-P., Jia, W., Lu, A., & Zhang, W. (2014). Network pharmacology in traditional Chinese medicine. Hindawi, 2014, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/138460
   Google Scholar
• Liang, G., Cline, G. W., & Macica, C. M. (2007). IGF‐1 stimulates de novo fatty acid biosynthesis by Schwann cells during myelination. Glia, 55(6), 632–641. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.20496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, J.-W., Wang, M.-Y., Olounfeh, K. M., Zhao, N., Wang, S., & Meng, F.-H. (2019). Network pharmacology-based identification of potential targets of the flower of Trollius chinensis Bunge acting on anti-inflammatory effects. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 8109. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44538-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu, Z., Cai, H., Zhang, P., Li, H., Liu, H., & Li, Z. (2012). Activation of ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt by IGF-1 on GAP-43 expression in DRG neurons with excitotoxicity induced by glutamate in vitro. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 32(2), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-011-9746-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockhart, P., Daly, F., Pitkethly, M., Comerford, N., & Sullivan, F. (2009). Antiviral treatment for Bell’s palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (online), (4).
   Google Scholar
• Lu, X., Zheng, Y., Wen, F., Huang, W., Chen, X., Ruan, S., Gu, S., Hu, Y., Teng, Y., & Shu, P. (2021). Study of the active ingredients and mechanism of Sparganii rhizoma in gastric cancer based on HPLC-Q-TOF–MS/MS and network pharmacology. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1905. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81485-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, S., Attarwala, I. Y., & Xie, X.-Q. (2019). SQSTM1/p62: A potential target for neurodegenerative disease. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 10(5), 2094–2114. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra, O. P., Ashraf, Q. M., & Delivoria-Papadopoulos, M. (2010). Mechanism of increased tyrosine (Tyr99) phosphorylation of calmodulin during hypoxia in the cerebral cortex of newborn piglets: The role of nNOS-derived nitric oxide. Neurochemical Research, 35(1), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-009-0031-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, M., Moffat, M., Ritchie, L., Collacott, I., & Brown, T. (1995). Is Bell’s palsy a reactivation of varicella zoster virus? The Journal of Infection, 30(1), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0163-4453(95)92769-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair, A., Chattopadhyay, D., & Saha, B. (2019). Plant-derived immunomodulators. In New look to phytomedicine. Advancements in herbal products as novel drug leads. Elsevier, 435–499.
   Google Scholar
• Prud’hon, S., & Kubis, N. (2018). Bell’s palsy. La Revue de Medecine Interne, 40(1), 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revmed.2018.03.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahmani, A. H., & Aly, S. M. (2015). Nigella sativa and its active constituents thymoquinone shows pivotal role in the diseases prevention and treatment. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 8, 48–53.
   Google Scholar
• Rogalska, E., Skowronek-Bała, B., Świerczyńska, A., & Kaciński, M. (2016). Bell’s palsy in malopolska’s children in 2010-2014 years. Przeglad Lekarski, 73(3), 170–173.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sakle, N. S., More, S. A., & Mokale, S. N. (2020). A network pharmacology-based approach to explore potential targets of Caesalpinia pulcherrima: An updated prototype in drug discovery. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 17217. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74251-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarup, P., Bala, S., & Kamboj, S. (2015). Pharmacology and phytochemistry of oleo-gum resin of Commiphora wightii (Guggulu). Scientifica, 2015, 138014–138039. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/138039
   Google Scholar
• Shannon, P., Markiel, A., Ozier, O., Baliga, N. S., Wang, J. T., Ramage, D., Amin, N., Schwikowski, B., & Ideker, T. (2003). Cytoscape: A software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks. Genome Research, 13(11), 2498–2504. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.1239303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shawky, E. (2019). Prediction of potential cancer-related molecular targets of North African plants constituents using network pharmacology-based analysis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 238, 111826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.111826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, D., Dhyani, S., & Kaur, G. (2015). A critical review on guggulu [Commiphora wightii (arn.) bhand.] & its miraculous medicinal uses. International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research, 3, 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Somasundara, D., & Sullivan, F. (2017). Management of Bell’s palsy. Australian Prescriber, 40(3), 94–97. https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2017.030
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soni, V., Swarnkar, P., Tyagi, V., & Pareek, L. (2010). Variation in E-and Z-guggulsterones of Commiphora wightii. South African Journal of Botany, 76(3), 421–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2009.10.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spira, A., Carroll, J. D., Liu, G., Aziz, Z., Shah, V., Kornfeld, H., & Keane, J. (2003). Apoptosis genes in human alveolar macrophages infected with virulent or attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A pivotal role for tumor necrosis factor. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 29(5), 545–551. https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2002-0310OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szklarczyk, D., Gable, A. L., Lyon, D., Junge, A., Wyder, S., Huerta-Cepas, J., Simonovic, M., Doncheva, N. T., Morris, J. H., Bork, P., Jensen, L. J., & Mering, C. V (2019). STRING v11: Protein–protein association networks with increased coverage, supporting functional discovery in genome-wide experimental datasets. Nucleic Acids Research, 47(D1), D607–D613. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky1131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tao, W., Xu, X., Wang, X., Li, B., Wang, Y., Li, Y., & Yang, L. (2013). Network pharmacology-based prediction of the active ingredients and potential targets of Chinese herbal Radix Curcumae formula for application to cardiovascular disease. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 145(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.09.051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, T. R., & Akerele, O. (2015). Medicinal plants: Their role in health and biodiversity. University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Urizar, N. L., & Moore, D. D. (2003). GUGULIPID: A natural cholesterol-lowering agent. Annual Review of Nutrition, 23(1), 303–313. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073102
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vani, P., Sreekanth, D., Manjula, P., Keerthi, B., Kistamma, S., Mohan, B., Reddy, A. N., & Mohan, C. (2016). Phytochemical investigation, antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity of the endangered tree Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 5, 21.
   Google Scholar
• Voss, V., Mattox, A., & Guo, M. (2017). Concurrent pityriasis rosea and Bell’s palsy. BMJ Case Reports, bcr2016218069. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2-16-218069
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, S.-J., Wang, X.-H., Dai, Y.-Y., Ma, M.-H., Rahman, K., Nian, H., & Zhang, H. (2019). Prunella vulgaris: A comprehensive review of chemical constituents, pharmacological effects and clinical applications. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 25(3), 359–369. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190313121608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, W., Wu, Z., Dai, Z., Yang, Y., Wang, J., & Wu, G. (2013). Glycine metabolism in animals and humans: Implications for nutrition and health. Amino Acids, 45(3), 463–477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-013-1493-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijaya, S. H., Tanaka, Y., Altaf-Ul-Amin, M., Morita, A. H., Afendi, F. M., Batubara, I., Ono, N., Darusman, L. K., & Kanaya, S. (2016). Utilization of KNApSAcK family databases for developing herbal medicine systems. Journal of Computer Aided Chemistry, 17(0), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.2751/jcac.17.1
   Google Scholar
• Wong, A. Y., Karppinen, J., & Samartzis, D. (2017). Low back pain in older adults: Risk factors, management options and future directions. Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders, 12(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13013-017-0121-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yue, S.-J., Liu, J., Feng, W.-W., Zhang, F.-L., Chen, J.-X., Xin, L.-T., Peng, C., Guan, H.-S., Wang, C.-Y., & Yan, D. (2017). System pharmacology-based dissection of the synergistic mechanism of Huangqi and Huanglian for diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 8, 694. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zandian, A., Osiro, S., Hudson, R., Ali, I. M., Matusz, P., Tubbs, S. R., & Loukas, M. (2014). The neurologist’s dilemma: A comprehensive clinical review of Bell’s palsy, with emphasis on current management trends. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 20, 83–90. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.889876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, L., Sun, S., Zhou, J., Liu, J., Lv, J.-H., Yu, X.-Q., Li, C., Gong, L., Yan, Q., Deng, M., Xiao, L., Ma, H., Liu, J.-P., Peng, Y.-L., Wang, D., Liao, G.-P., Zou, L.-J., Liu, W.-B., Xiao, Y.-M., & Li, D. W.-C. (2011). Knockdown of Akt1 promotes Akt2 upregulation and resistance to oxidative-stress-induced apoptosis through control of multiple signaling pathways. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 15(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2010.3560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, M.-M., Wang, D., Lu, F., Zhao, R., Ye, X., He, L., Ai, L., & Wu, C.-J. (2021). Identification of the active substances and mechanisms of ginger for the treatment of colon cancer based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. BioData Mining, 14(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-020-00232-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, R.-Z., Yu, S.-J., Bai, H., & Ning, K. (2017). TCM-Mesh: The database and analytical system for network pharmacology analysis for TCM preparations. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 2821. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03039-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang, W., Xu, L., Luo, T., Wu, F., Zhao, B., & Li, X. (2020). The etiology of Bell’s palsy: A review. Journal of Neurology, 267(7), 1896–1905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-019-09282-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, W., Xu, L., Luo, T., Zhao, B., Wu, F., & Li, X. (2019). Immune‐related gene expression profiles of hypothermia adipocytes: Implications for Bell’s palsy. Oral Diseases, 25(6), 1652–1663. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar