References
- Agranoff , R. 1976 . The management of election campaigns , Boston : Holbrook Press .
- Anderson , K. V. 2002 . From spouses to candidates: Hillary Rodham Clinton, Elizabeth Dole, and the gendered office of U.S. President . Rhetoric & Public Affairs , 5 : 105 – 132 .
- Bagdikian , B. H. 2004 . The new media monopoly , Boston : Beacon Press .
- Bederman , G. 1995 . Manliness and civilization: a cultural history of gender and race in the United States, 1880–1917 , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Bennett , W. L. 2003 . News: The politics of illusion , New York : Longman .
- Bennett , W. L. 2005 . News as Reality TV: Election coverage and the democratization of truth . Critical Studies in Media Communication , 22 ( 2 ) : 171
- Blankenship , J. , Robson , D. C. and Williams , M. S. 1997 . Conventionalizing gender: Talk by and about women at the 1996 national political conventions . The American Behavioral Scientist , 40 : 1020 – 1047 .
- Brookes , R. 1999 . Newspapers and national identity: The BSE/CJD crisis and the British press. Media . Culture & Society , 21 : 247 – 263 .
- Brown , W. 1988 . Manhood and politics: A feminist reading in political theory , Totowa, NJ : Rowman & Littlefield .
- Brown , W. 1992 . Finding the man in the state . Feminist Studies , 18 : 7 – 34 .
- Bumiller , E. ( 2003 , April 24 ). Aftereffects: Retaliation: U.S., angry at French stance on war, considers punishment . The New York Times , p. 20 .
- Campbell , K. K. 1998 . The discursive performance of femininity: Hating Hillary . Rhetoric & Public Affairs , 1 : 1 – 19 .
- Cappella , J. N. and Jamieson , K. H. 1997 . Spiral of cynicism: The press and the public good , New York : Oxford University Press .
- Carr , H. ( 2004 , October 1 ). The presidential debates; Meet Kerry, true jock. well, make that ‘jacque.’ Boston Herald , p. 6 .
- Cohen , R. 2004 . J'accuse. The New York Times . Section , 4 : 3
- Connell , R. 1987 . Gender and Power , Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
- Connell , R. 1990 . “ An iron man: The body and some contradictions of hegemonic masculinity ” . In Sport, men and the gender order: Critical feminist perspectives , Edited by: Messner , M. A. and Sabo , D. F. 83 – 95 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
- Connell , R. 2000 . “ Masculinities and globalization ” . In Gender through the prism of difference , 2nd ed , Edited by: Zinn , M. B. , Hondagneu-Sotelo , P. and Messner , M. A. 49 – 62 . Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
- Croteau , D. and Hoynes , W. 2001 . The business of media: Corporate media and the public interest , Thousand Oaks, CA : Pine Forge Press .
- Dolan , J. 1988 . The feminist spectator as critic , Ann Arbor, MI : UMI Research Press .
- Domke , D. S. 2004 . God willing? Political fundamentalism in the White House, the “War on Terror”, and the echoing press , Ann Arbor, MI : Pluto Press .
- Dowd , M. ( 2004 , September 2 ). Cutups and cutthroats: Republicans display toothy grins—and fangs . The New York Times , p. 23 .
- Drinkard , J. ( 2004 , November 8 ). Rove speaks out on Bush's win . USA Today , p. 11A .
- Duffy , J. 2002 . National stereotypes in perspective: Americans in France, Frenchmen in America . Modern Language Review , 97 : 987
- Enloe , C. 1990 . Bananas, beaches, and bases: Making feminist sense of international politics , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
- Enloe , C. 1993 . The morning after: Sexual politics at the end of the Cold War , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
- Foucault , M. 1981 . “ The order of discourse ” . In Untying the text: A poststructuralist reader , Edited by: Young , R. London : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
- Gamson , W. A. and Modigliani , A. 1989 . Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power: A constructionist approach . The American Journal of Sociology , 95 ( 1 ) : 1 – 37 .
- Gans , H. J. ( 1979 ). The messages behind the news . Columbia Journalism Review , 40 – 45 .
- Gecker , J. ( 2004 , March 29 ). John Kerry too French? Mais non! says his Gallic clan . Associated Press .
- Gulati , G. J. , Just , M. R. and Crigler , A. N. 2004 . “ News coverage of political campaigns ” . In Handbook of political communication research , Edited by: Kaid , L. L. Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
- Hack , R. ( 2003 ). France-bashing is just a fool's game . Times Union , p. E.1 .
- Hacker , K. L. ( 2004 ). The continued importance of the candidate image construct . In K. L. Hacker Presidential candidate images (p. vi , 249 p. ). Lanham, MD : Rowman & Littlefield .
- Hanke , R. 1990 . Hegemonic masculinity in thirtysomething . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 7 : 231 – 248 .
- Hoffmann , S. 1995 . Battling clichés . French Historical Studies , 19 ( 2 ) : 321
- Hogan , J. 2003 . Staging the nation: Gendered and ethnicized discourses of national identity in Olympic opening ceremonies . Journal of Sport and Social Issues , 27 ( 2 ) : 100 – 124 .
- Hutcheson , J. , Domke , D. , Billeaudeaux , A. and Garland , P. 2004 . U.S. national identity, political elites, and patriotic press following September 11 . Political Communication , 21 ( 1 ) : 27
- Iverson , C. ( 2004a ). Kerry cousin calls RNC to support Bush (Happy April Fools Day). Retrieved November 11, 2005, from http://releases.usnewswire.com/GetRelease.asp?id=28286
- Iverson , C. ( 2004b ). RNC introduces John Kerry International Man of Mystery Web video. Retrieved June 6, 2005, from http://releases.usnewswire.com/GetRelease.asp?id=27699
- Jeffords , S. 1989 . The remasculinization of America: gender and the Vietnam War , Indianapolis : Indiana University Press .
- Jeffords , S. 1994 . Hard bodies: Hollywood masculinity in the Reagan era , New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press .
- Kellner , D. 2005a . The media and election 2004 . Critical Studies in Media Communication , 22 ( 2 ) : 178
- Kellner , D. 2005b . Media spectacle and the crisis of democracy: terrorism, war, and election battles , Boulder, CO : Paradigm .
- Knowlton , B. ( 2003 ). France says it was victim of lies fed by White House . The New York Times , May 16 , p. A. 17 .
- Knox , E. C. 2002 . The New York Times looks at France . The French Review , 75 ( 6 ) : 1172 – 1180 .
- Kurlantzick , J. ( 2004 , April 19 ). Pardon? New Yorker .
- Lakoff , R. 1996 . “ The rise (and fall) of Hillary Rodham Clinton. Unpublished manuscript cited in Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (1999). Constructing masculinities in U.S. presidential campaigns: The case of 1992 ” . In Gender, politics, and communication , Edited by: Sreberny , A. and v. Zoonen , L. 53 – 79 . Cresskill, NJ : Hampton Press .
- Laxer , J. 2000 . Stalking the elephant: My discovery of America , Toronto : Viking .
- Lebovich , J. ( 2004 , September 1 ). Barney the dog a big hit in convention video . Associated Press .
- Loughlin , S. ( 2003 , March 12 ). House cafeterias change names for ‘French’ fries and ‘French’ toast . CNN.com/Inside Politics. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/03/11/sprj.irq.fries/index.html . Accessed 5 June 2005 .
- Maler , S. ( 2004 , October 27 ). “French” becomes campaign slur . Seattle Times , p. A5 .
- Manheim , J. B. 1991 . All of the people, all of the time: Strategic communication and American politics , Armonk, NY : M.E. Sharpe .
- Manheim , J. B. 1994 . “ Strategic public diplomacy ” . In Taken by storm: The media, public opinion, and U.S. foreign policy in the Gulf War , Edited by: Bennett , W. L. and Paletz , D. L. 131 – 148 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Mannies , J. ( 2003 ). Republicans poke fun at France, not Democrats . St. Louis Post—Dispatch , p. A.10 .
- McChesney , R. 2000 . Rich media, poor democracy: Communication politics in dubious times , New York : The New Press .
- McChesney , R. 2004 . The problem of the media: US communication politics in the 21st century , New York : Monthly Review Press .
- Methot , R. ( 2004 , October 18 ). Bush, Kerry courting orange voters . The Lebanon Daily News .
- Milbank , D. ( 2004 , March 23 ,). GOP exposé: Kerry, closet Frenchman . The Washington Post , p. A17 .
- Miller , J. J. ( 2005 , February 14 ). High Caliber Advocacy—How the NRA won the fight over gun rights . National Review .
- Miller , J. J. and Molesky , M. 2004 . Our oldest enemy: A history of America's disastrous relationship with France , New York : Doubleday .
- Mills , D. ( Feb. 11 , 2006 ). Angry Americans saying ‘non’ to French wine hurt sales by 26%, economists estimate . National Post , p. A.19 .
- Mosse , G. L. 1996 . The image of man: The creation of modern masculinity , New York : Oxford University Press .
- Moy , P. , Xenos , M. A. and Hess , V. K. 2006 . Priming effects of late-night comedy . International Journal of Public Opinion Research , 18 ( 2 ) : 198
- Nagel , J. 1998 . Masculinity and nationalism: Gender and sexuality in the making of nations . Ethnic and Racial Studies , 21 ( 2 ) : 242
- Nichols , J. and McChesney , R. 2005 . Tragedy and farce: How the American media sell wars, spin elections, and destroy democracy , New York : The New Press .
- Oehlkers , P. W. 2000 . “ Mediating news: The “international media echo” and symbolic international relations ” . In The global dynamics of news: Studies in international news coverage and news agendas , Edited by: Malek , A. and Kavoori , A. P. 31 – 53 . Stamford, CT : Ablex .
- Parry-Giles , S. J. and Parry-Giles , T. 1996 . Gendered politics and presidential image construction: A reassessment of the “feminine style” . Communication Monographs , 63 ( 4 ) : 337 – 353 .
- Patterson , T. E. 1994 . Out of order , New York : Vintage .
- Popkin , S. L. 1991 . The reasoning voter: Communication and persuasion in presidential elections , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Reese , S. D. 2004 . “ Militarized journalism: Framing dissent in the Persian Gulf wars ” . In Reporting war: Journalism in wartime , Edited by: Allan , S. and Zelizer , B. London : Routledge .
- Rich , F. ( 2004 , September 5 ). How Kerry became a girlie-man . The New York Times , p. 1 .
- Said , E. W. 1994 . Orientalism , New York : Vintage Books .
- Saturday Night Live ( 2003 , April 19 ).
- Sensibility over sensitivity . ( 2004 , September 2 ). Boston Herald , p. 46 .
- Serfaty , S. 2005 . Terms of estrangement: French–American relations in perspective . Survival , 47 ( 3 ) : 73 – 92 .
- Silberman , E. J. ( 2004 , March 30 ). French disconnection; Cousin: John's all U.S . Boston Herald .
- Skoloff , B. ( 2003 , March 24 ). Anti-French incidents sporadic, but rising . Associated Press .
- Snow , D. A. and Benford , R. D. 1988 . “ Ideology, frame resonance, and participant mobilization ” . In From structure to action: Social movement participation across cultures , Edited by: Klandermans , B. , Kriesi , H. and Tarrow , S. 197 – 217 . Greenwich, CT : JAL .
- Sreberny-Mohammadi , A. 1990 . “ U.S. media covers the world ” . In Questioning the media , Edited by: Downing , J. , Mohammadi , A. and Sreberny-Mohammadi , A. New Delhi : Sage .
- Stanley , A. ( 2004 , October 25 ). East Wing: Married, with White House . The New York Times , p. 5 .
- Toner , R. ( 2004 ). Money, politics, and four rich men . The New York Times , July 11 , p. 4.1 .
- Trujillo , N. 1991 . Hegemonic masculinity on the mound: Media representations of Nolan Ryan and American sports culture . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 8 ( 3 ) : 290 – 308 .
- Wahl-Jorgensen , K. 1999 . “ Constructing masculinities in U.S. presidential campaigns: The case of 1992 ” . In Gender, politics, and communication , Edited by: Sreberny , A. and Zoonen , L. V. 53 – 79 . Cresskill, NJ : Hampton Press .
- Walton , W. 2005 . American girls and French jeunes filles: Negotiating national identities in interwar France . Gender & History , 17 ( 2 ) : 325
- Weber , E. 1990 . Of stereotypes and of the French . Journal of Contemporary History , 25 ( 2–3 ) : 169
- Will , G. ( 2004 , October 14 ). Bringing out the big guns . Washington Post , p. A31 .
- Woodward , G. C. ( 1997 ). The media, their owners, advertisers, and intercorporate structure and news in the television age: Patterns of organization and news selection . Perspectives on American Political Media , 25 – 91 .
- Young , D. G. 2004 . Late-night comedy in election 2000: Its influence on candidate trait ratings and the moderating effects of political knowledge and partisanship . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 48 ( 1 ) : 1
- Younge , G. , & Henley , J. ( 2003 , February 11 ). Wimps, weasels, and monkeys—the US media view of “perfidious France”: Dissenters in Europe become the first victims—of a war of words . The Guardian .
- Zaller , J. and Chiu , D. 1996 . Government's little helper: U.S. press coverage of foreign policy crises, 1945–1991 . Political Communication , 13 ( 4 ) : 385 – 405 .
- Zinn , H. 2003 . A people's history of the United States , New York : HarperCollins .