Update on Hormones, Menopause, and Heart Disease: Evaluating Professional Responses to the Women's Health Initiative

REFERENCES

• American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) Menopause Guidelines Revision Task Force . 2006 . Medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and treatment of menopause . Endocrinology Practice , 12 : 315 – 337 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) . 2008 . Position statement on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and cardiovascular risk Retrieved January 8, 2008, from http://www.aace.com/pub/guidelines/ HRTRiskposition_statement.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Barrett-Connor , E. and Grady , D. 1998 . Hormone replacement therapy, heart disease, and other considerations . Annual Review of Public Health , 19 : 55 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett-Connor , E. and Stuenkel , C. 1999 . Hormones and heart disease in women . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism , 84 : 1848 – 1853 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody , J. August 28 1997 . “ Personal Health column ” . In N.Y. Times Health Section August 28 ,
   Google Scholar
• Burgermeister , J. 2003 . Head of German medicines body likens HRT to thalidomide . British Medical Journal , 327 : 767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chlebowski , R. , Hendrix , S. , Langer , R. , Stefanick , M. , Gass , M. Lane , D. 2003 . Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women . Journal of the American Medical Association , 289 : 3243 – 3253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarkson , T. . Paper presented at the Women's Health Research Symposium, University of Maryland . Baltimore, MD. Estrogens, phytoestrogens, SERMS, and postmenopausal coronary artery atherosclerosis , November ,
   Google Scholar
• Clarkson , T. 2007 . Estrogen effects on arteries vary with stage of reproductive life and exent of subclinical atherosclerosis progression . Menopause , 14 : 373 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Col , N. , Eckman , M. , Karas , R. , Pauker , S. , Goldberg , R. Ross , E. 1997 . Patient-specific decisions about hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women . Journal of the American Medical Association , 277 : 1140 – 1147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coney , S. 1994 . The menopause industry , Alameda, CA : Hunter House .
   Google Scholar
• Derry , P. 2003 . Why do professionals disagree? The case of hormone replacement therapy and coronary heart disease prevention . Women and Health , 38 : 3 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derry , P. 2004 . Hormones, menopause and heart disease: Making sense of the Women's Health Initiative . Women's Health Issues , 14 : 212 – 219 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federal Register . 2002 . Food and Drug Administration draft guidance for clinical evaluation of combination estrogen/progestin–containing drug products Vol. 68 , January 31, 2002, Retrieved July 3, 2008 from http://www.gpoaccess.gov
   Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration (FDA) . 2003 . Menopause and hormones Retrieved September 10, 2003. from http://www.fda.gov/womens/menopause/mht-FS.html
   Google Scholar
• Glass , A. , Lacey , J. , Carreon , J. and Hoover , R. 2007 . Breast cancer incidence, 1980–2006: Combined roles of menopausal hormone therapy, screening mammography, and estrogen receptor status . Journal of the National Cancer Institute , 99 : 1152 – 1161 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grady , D. and Barrett-Connor , E. 2007 . Postmenopausal hormone therapy . British Medical Journal , 334 : 860 – 861 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grodstein , F. , Manson , J. and Stampfer , M. 2006 . Hormone therapy and coronary heart disease: The role of time since menopause and age at hormone initiation . Journal of Women's Health , 15 : 35 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grodstein , F. , Manson , J. and Stampfer , M. 2001 . Postmenopausal hormone use and secondary prevention of coronary events in the Nurses’ Health Study . Annals of Internal Medicine , 135 : 1 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harman , S. , Brinton , M. , Cedars , M. , Lobo , R. , Manson , J. Merriam , V. 2005 . KEEPS: The Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study . Climacteric , 8 : 3 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harman , S. , Brinton , E. , Clarkson , T. , Heward , C. Hecht , H. 2004 . Is the WHI relevant to HRT started at the perimenopause? . Endocrine , 24 : 295 – 202 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrington , D. 1997 . “ Sex, hormones, and normal cardiovascular physiology in women ” . In Women and heart disease , Edited by: Julian , D. and Wenger , N. 243 – 264 . London : Martin Dunitz .
   Google Scholar
• Hersh , A. , Stefanick , M. and Stafford , R. 2004 . National use of postmenopausal hormone therapy: Annual trends and response to recent evidence . Journal of the American Medical Association , 291 : 47 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsia , J. , Langer , R. , Manson , J. , Kuller , L. , Johnson , K. Hendrix , S. 2006 . Conjugated equine estrogens and coronary heart disease . Archives of Internal Medicine , 166 : 357 – 365 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu , F. , Stampfer , M. , Manson , J. , Grodstein , F. , Colditz , G. Speizer , F. 2000 . Trends in the incidence of coronary heart disease and changes in diet and lifestyle in women . New England Journal of Medicine , 343 : 530 – 537 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolata , G. and Petersen , M. July 10 2002 . “ Hormone replacement study a shock to the medical system ” . In New York Times July 10 , Health Section. Retrieved July 14, 2002, from http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/10/health/10HORM.html
   Google Scholar
• Manson , J. , Allison , M. , Rossouw , J. , Carr , J. , Langer , R. Hsia , J. 2007 . Estrogen therapy and coronary-artery calcification . New England Journal of Medicine , 356 : 2591 – 2602 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manson , J. , Hsia , J. , Johnson , K. , Rossouw , J. , Assaf , A. Lasser , N. 2003 . Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease . New England Journal of Medicine , 349 : 523 – 534 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikkola , T. and Clarkson , T. 2006 . Coronary heart disease and postmenopausal hormone therapy: Conundrum explained by timing? . Journal of Womens Health , 15 : 51 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosca , L. 2001 . In reply [to Watts] . Archives of Internal Medicine , 161 : 774
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mosca , L. , Banka , C. , Benjamin , E. , Berra , K. , Bushnell , C. Dolor , R. 2007 . Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women: 2007 update . Circulation , 115 : 1481 – 1501 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Committee for Quality Assurance . 2001 . HEDIS 2001: Specifications for survey measures , Vol. 3 , Washington, DC : National Committee for Quality Assurance .
   Google Scholar
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute . March 2002 . Women's health and menopause: A comprehensive approach , March , Bethesda, MD : Author .
   Google Scholar
• National Institutes of Health (NIH) . October 23–24 2002 . Scientific workshop on menopausal hormone therapy October 23–24 , Bethesda, MD
   Google Scholar
• North American Menopause Society (NAMS) . 2004 . Recommendations for estrogen and progestogen use in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: October 2004 position statement . Menopause , 11 : 589 – 600 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North American Menopause Society (NAMS) . 2007 . Estrogen and progestogen use in peri- and postmenopausal women: March 2007 position statement of The North American Menopause Society . Menopause , 14 : 168 – 182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Notelovitz , M. 2002 . Why individualizing hormone therapy is crucial . Medscape Women's Health eJournal , 7 Retrieved July 14, 2002, from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/438356
   Google Scholar
• Ouyang , P. , Michos , E. and Karas , R. 2006 . Hoarmone replacement therapy and the cardiovascular system . Journal of the American College of Cardiology , 47 : 1741 – 1753 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , L. and Langer , R. 2005 . Postmenopausal hormone therapy: Critical reappraisal and a unified hypothesis . Fertility and Sterility , 83 : 556 – 558 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravdin , P. , Cronin , K. , Howlader , N. , Berg , C. , Chlebowski , R. Feuer , E. 2007 . The decrease in breast-cancer incidence in 2003 in the United States . New England Journal of Medicine , 356 : 1670 – 1674 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , H. 2007 . Hormone replacement therapy comes full circle . British Medical Journal , 335 : 219 – 220 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rossouw , J. , Prentice , R. , Manson , J. , Wu , L. , Barad , D. Baarnabei , V. 2007 . Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause . Journal of the American Medical Association , 297 : 1465 – 1477 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salpeter , S. , Walsh , J. , Greyber , E. and Salpeter , E. 2006 . Coronary heart disease events associated with hormone therapy in younger and older women . Journal of General Internal Medicine , 21 : 363 – 366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shojania , K. , Mariani , S. and Lundberg , G. 2002 . MedGenMed's selection of the top 10 medical/health stores of 2002 Retrieved December 24, 2002, from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/446310
   Google Scholar
• Snyder , U. 2002 . September 2002: Harvesting controversies for women and society Retrieved September 16, 2002, from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/441028
   Google Scholar
• Sturdee , D. and MacLennan , A . 2006 . The pendulum swings back: Estrogen is now beneficial if started at the right time . Climacteric , 9 : 73 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utian , W. 2003 . “ Foreward ” . In Textbook of perimenopausal gynecology , Edited by: Santoro , N. and Goldstein , S. New York : Parthenon .
   Google Scholar
• Vickers , M. , MacLennan , A. , Lawton , B. , Ford , D. , Martin , J. Meredith , S. 2007 . Main morbidities recorded in the women's international study of long duration oestrogen after menopause (WISDOM): A randomised controlled trial of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women . British Medical Journal , 335 : 239 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voda , A. 1997 . Menopause, me and you , Binghamton, NY : Haworth Press .
   Google Scholar
• Weiner , M. , Barnhart , K. , Xie , D. and Tannen , R. 2007 . Hormone therapy and heart disease in young women . Menopause , 15 : 1 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Steering Committee . 2004 . Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: The Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial . Journal of the American Medical Association , 291 : 1701 – 1712 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Investigators . 2002 . Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial . Journal of the American Medical Association , 288 : 321 – 333 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar