Reframing Menstruation in India: Metamorphosis of the Menstrual Taboo With the Changing Media Coverage

REFERENCES

• Albert, E. (1986). Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: The victim and the press. Studies in Communication, 3, 135–158.
   Google Scholar
• Alwood, E. (1996). Straight news: Gays, lesbians, and the news media. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bardhan, N. (2001). Transnational AIDS–HIV news narratives: A critical exploration of overarching frames. Mass Communication & Society, 4, 283–309.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, J.S.C. (2006). Framing the AIDS epidemic: From “Homo”genous deviance to widespread panic. In L. Castaneda & S. Campbell (Eds.), News and sexuality: Media portraits of diversity (pp. 95–109). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Berinsky, A.J., & Kinder, D.R. (2006). Making sense of issues through media frames: Understanding the Kosovo crisis. The Journal of Politics, 68, 640–656.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley, T., & Gottlieb, A. (1988). A critical appraisal of theories of menstrual symbolism. In T. Buckley & A. Gottlieb (Eds.), Blood magic: The anthropology of menstruation (pp. 3–49). Berkeley, CA; University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Callaghan, K., & Schnell, F. (2001). Assessing the democratic debate: How the news media frame elite policy discourse. Political Communication, 18, 183–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camaj, L. (2010). Media framing through stages of a political discourse: International news agencies’ coverage of Kosovo's status negotiations. International Communication Gazette, 72, 635–653. doi:10.1177/1748048510378147
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, J.N. (1992). Cancer, heart disease, and AIDS: What do the media tell us about these diseases? Health Communication, 4, 105–120.
   Google Scholar
• Dasgupta, A. & Sarkar, M. (2008). Menstrual hygiene: How hygienic is the adolescent girl?. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 33(2), 77–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Douglas, M. (2004). Purity and danger: An analysis of concept of pollution and taboo. London, England: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Druckman, J.N. (2001). On the limits of framing effects: Who can frame? Journal of Politics, 63, 1041–1066.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworkin, S.L., & Wachs, F.L. (1998). Disciplining the body: HIV-positive male athletes, media surveillance, and the policing of sexuality. Sociology of Sports Journal, 15, 1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Entman, R. (1991). Framing U.S. coverage of international news. Journal of Communication, 41, 6–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Entman, R. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez, M. (5 September 2010). Breaking the silence: Menstrual hygiene management in rural India. . Presented at World Water Week, Stockholm, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Fine, T.S. (1992). The impact of issue framing on public opinion toward affirmative action programs. The Social Science Journal, 29, 323–334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fumento, M. (1993). Media, AIDS, and truth. National Review, 45(12), 45–48.
   Google Scholar
• Gilman, S.L. (1988). Disease and representation: Images of illnesses from madness to AIDS. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goh, D. (2008). It's the gays’ fault: News and HIV as weapons against homosexuality in Singapore. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 32, 383–399. . Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
   Google Scholar
• Gross, L. (2001). Up from invisibility: Lesbians, gay men, and the media in America. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Havens, B., & Swenson, I. (1989). A content analysis of educational media about menstruation. Adolescence, 24, 901–907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyengar, S. (1991). Is anyone responsible? How television frames political issues. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1984). Choices, values and frames. American Psychologist, 39, 341–350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kissling, E.A. (1996). “That's just a basic teen-age rule”: Girl's linguistic strategies for managing the menstrual communication taboo. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 24, 292–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lecheler, S., & de Vreese, C.H. (2011). Getting real: The duration of framing effects. Journal of Communication, 61, 959–983. . doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01580.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. (2007, May). Exposing longstanding taboos around menstruation: A cross-cultural study of the women's hygiene product advertising. . Presented at the 57th annual conference of the International Communication Association, San Francisco, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Mahon, T., & Fernandes, M. (2010). Menstrual hygiene in South Asia: A neglected issue for WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) programmes. Gender & Development, 18(1), 99–113. . doi:10.1080/13552071003600083
   Google Scholar
• Martin, E. (1987). The woman in the body: A cultural analysis of reproduction. Boston, MA: Beacon.
   Google Scholar
• McKeever, P. (1984). The perpetuation of menstrual shame. Women & Health, 9(4), 33–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menashe, C.L., & Siegel, M. (1998). The power of a frame: An analysis of newspaper coverage of tobacco issues—United States, 1985–1996. Journal of Health Communication, 3, 307–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menstruation. (1998). In MedicineNet. . Retrieved from http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4355
   Google Scholar
• Montgomery, R.E. (1974). A cross-cultural study of menstruation, menstrual taboos, and related social variables. Ethos, 2, 137–170.
   Google Scholar
• Mudey, B.A., Kesharwani, N., Mudey, G.A., & Goyal, R.C. (2010). A cross-sectional study on awareness regarding safe and hygienic practices amongst school going adolescent girls in rural area of Wardha District, India. Global Journal of Health Science, 2, 225–231.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, T.E., & Kinder, D.R. (1996). Issue framing and group-centrism in American public opinion. Journal of Politics, 58, 1055–1078.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, T.E., Oxley, Z.M., & Clawson, R.A. (1997). Toward a psychology of framing effects. Political Behaviour, 19, 221–246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, Z., & Kosicki, G.M. (1993). Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse. Political Communication, 10(1), 55–75.
   Google Scholar
• Pandarinath, P.H. (1979). Hindu social organization: A study in socio-psychological and ideological foundations. Bombay, India: Popular Prakashan.
   Google Scholar
• Research & Forecasts, Inc. (1981). The Tampax report: Summary of survey results on a study of attitudes towards menstruation. New York, NY: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Scheufele, D.A. (1999). Framing as a theory of media effects. Journal of Communication, 49(1), 103–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheufele, D.A., & Tewksbury, D. (2007). Framing, agenda setting, and priming: The evolution of three media effects models. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 9–20. . doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00326.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuck, A.R.T., & de Vreese, C.H. (2006). Between risk and opportunity: News framing and its effects on public support for EU enlargement. European Journal of Communication, 21(1), 5–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simes, M., & Berg, D.H. (2001). Surreptitious learning menarche and menstrual product advertisements. Health Care for Women International, 22, 455–469.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sinha, K. (2011). 70% can't afford sanitary napkins, reveals study. Times of India. . Retrieved from http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/70-cant-afford-sanitary-napkins-reveals-study/articleshow/7344998.cms
   Google Scholar
• Slothuus, R. (2008). More than weighting cognitive importance: A dual process model of issue framing effects. Political Psychology, 29(1), 1–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B., & Lichtenstein, S. (1982). Response mode, framing, and information processing effects in risk assessment. In R.M. Hogarth (Ed.), Question framing and response consistency (pp. 21–36). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, T. (1987). That which we call welfare by any other name would smell sweeter: An analysis of the impact of question wording on response patterns. Public Opinion Quarterly, 51, 75–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taboo. (2011). In Encyclopædia Britannica. . Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/579821/taboo
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, E.M. (2007). Menstruation discrimination: The menstrual taboo as a rhetorical function of function of discourse in the national and international advances of women's rights. Contemporary Argumentation & Debate, 2865–2890.
   Google Scholar
• Treneman, A. (1989). Cashing in on the curse: Advertising and the menstrual taboo. In L. Gammon & M. Marshment (Eds.), The female gaze: Women as viewers of popular culture (pp. 153–165). Seattle, WA: Real Comet Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211, 453–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan, E., & Seifert, M. (1992). Variability in the framing of risk issues. Journal of Social Issues, 48, 119–135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagenaar, A.C., & Streff, F.M. (1990). Public opinion on alcohol policies. Journal of Public Health Policy, 11, 189–205.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weideger, P. (1975). Female cycles. London, England: The Women's Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weiner, R. (2004). A candid look at menstrual products—Advertising and public relations. Public Relations Quarterly, 49(2), 26–28.
   Google Scholar
• Whisnant, L., & Zegans, L. (1975). A study of attitudes toward menarche in white middle-class America adolescent girls. American Journal of Psychiatry, 132, 809–814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, L.R. (1983). Beliefs and attitudes of young girls regarding menstruation. In Sharon Golub (Eds.), Menarche (pp. 139–148). Lexington, MA: Lexington.
   Google Scholar
• Yagnik, A.S. (2012). Construction of negative images of menstruation in Indian TV commercial. Health Care for Women International, 33, 756–771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, F.W., & Bacdayan, A.A. (1965). Menstrual taboos and social rigidity. Ethnology, 4, 225–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar