Who Will Graduate? Disruption of High School Education by Arrest and Court Involvement

References

• Becker , H. 1963 . Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bernburg , J. G. and Krohn , M. D. 2003 . Labeling, life chances, and adult crime: The direct and indirect effects of official intervention in adolescence on crime in early adulthood . Criminology , 41 : 1287 – 1318 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumstein , A. , Cohen , J. , Roth , J. and Visher , C. 1986 . “ Introduction: Studying criminal careers ” . In Criminal careers and “career criminals,” , Edited by: Blumstein , A. , Cohen , J. , Roth , J. and Visher , C. Vol. 1 , 12 – 30 . Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bushway , S. and Reuter , P. 2002 . “ Labor markets and crime risk factors ” . In Evidence‐based crime prevention , Edited by: Sherman , L. , Farrington , D. , Welsh , B. and MacKenzie , D. 198 – 240 . New York : Rutledge Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bushway , S. D. , Sweeten , G. and Wilson , D. 2006 . Size matters: Standard errors in the application of null hypothesis significance testing in criminology and criminal justice . Journal of Experimental Criminology , 2 : 1 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Center For Human Resource Research. 2002 . A guide to the rounds 1–4 data: National longitudinal survey of youth 1997 , Columbus, OH : The Ohio State University .
   Google Scholar
• Day , J. C. and Jamieson , A. 2003 . School enrollment: 2000 , United States Census Bureau .
   Google Scholar
• De Li , S. 1999 . Legal sanctions and youths’ status achievement: A longitudinal study . Justice Quarterly , 16 : 377 – 401 .
   Google Scholar
• Farrington , D. P. 2003 . Developmental and life‐course criminology: Key theoretical and empirical issues—The 2002 Sutherland award address . Criminology , 41 : 221 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finn , J. D. 1989 . Withdrawing from school . Review of Educational Research , 59 : 117 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottfredson , M. and Hirschi , T. 1990 . A general theory of crime , Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hannon , L. 2003 . Poverty, delinquency, and educational attainment: Cumulative disadvantage or disadvantage saturation? . Sociological Inquiry , 73 : 575 – 594 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hindelang , M. J. , Hirschi , T. and Weis , J. G. 1981 . Measuring delinquency , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Hirschi , T. and Gottfredson , M. R. 1983 . Age and the explanation of crime . American Journal of Sociology , 89 : 552 – 584 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarjoura , G. R. 1993 . Does dropping out of school enhance delinquent involvement? Results from a large‐scale national probability sample . Criminology , 31 : 149 – 172 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarjoura , G. R. 1996 . The conditional effect of social class on the dropout‐delinquency relationship . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 33 : 232 – 255 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimerson , S. R. , Anderson , G. E. and Whipple , A. D. 2002 . Winning the battle and losing the war: Examining the relation between grade retention and dropping out of high school . Psychology in the Schools , 39 : 441 – 457 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman , P. , Alt , M. N. and Chapman , C. 2004 . Dropout rates in the United States: 2001 , Washington, DC : US Government Printing Office . (NCES 2005–046). US Department of Education. National Center for Education Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Laub , J. H. and Sampson , R. J. 2003 . Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives: Delinquent Boys to Age 70 , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lemert , E. 1951 . Social pathology , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Matsueda , R. L. 1992 . Reflected appraisals, parental labeling, and delinquency: Specifying a symbolic interactionist theory . American Journal of Sociology , 97 : 1577 – 1611 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsueda , R. L. and Heimer , K. 1996 . A symbolic interactionist theory of role‐transitions, role‐commitments, and delinquency . Advances in Criminological Theory , 7 : 163 – 213 .
   Google Scholar
• Murnane , R. J. 1999 . Do male dropouts benefit from obtaining a GED, postsecondary education, and training? . Education Review , 23 : 475 – 503 .
   Google Scholar
• Nagin , D. 1978 . “ General deterrence: A review of the empirical evidence ” . In Deterrence and incapacitation: Estimating the effects of criminal sanctions on crime rates , Edited by: Blumstein , A. , Cohen , J. and Nagin , D. 95 – 139 . Washington, DC : National Academy of Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• Nagin , D. 1998 . “ Criminal deterrence: Research at the outset of the twenty‐first century ” . In Crime and justice: A review of research, volume 23 , Edited by: Tonry , M. 1 – 42 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nagin , D. and Waldfogel , J. 1995 . The effects of criminality and conviction on the labor market status of young British offenders . International Review of Law and Economics , 15 : 109 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumark , D. and Rothstein , D. 2003 . School‐to‐career programs and transitions to employment and higher education , National Bureau of Economic Research . NBER Working Paper 10060.
   Google Scholar
• Paternoster , R. 1987 . The deterrent effect of the perceived certainty and severity of punishment . Justice Quarterly , 4 : 173 – 217 .
   Google Scholar
• Paternoster , R. and Iovanni , L. 1989 . The labeling perspective and delinquency: An elaboration of the theory and assessment of the evidence . Justice Quarterly , 6 : 359 – 394 .
   Google Scholar
• Sampson , R. J. and Laub , J. H. 1997 . “ A life‐course theory of cumulative disadvantage and the stability of delinquency ” . In Advances in criminological theory, volume 7: Developmental theories of crime and delinquency , Edited by: Thornberry , T. P. 133 – 161 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , D. A. and Paternoster , R. 1990 . Formal processing and future delinquency: Deviance amplification as selection artifact . Law & Society Review , 24 : 1109 – 1131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner , J. , Davies , S. and O’Grady , B. 1999 . Whatever happened to yesterday’s rebels? Longitudinal effects of youth delinquency on education and employment . Social Forces , 46 : 250 – 274 .
   Google Scholar
• Thornberry , T. P. , Moore , M. and Christenson , R. L. 1985 . The effect of dropping out of high school on subsequent criminal behavior . Criminology , 23 : 3 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler , J. H. , Murnane , R. J. and Willett , J. B. 2003 . Who benefits from a GED? Evidence for females from High School and Beyond . Economics of Education Review , 22 : 237 – 247 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Census Bureau, Population Division. 2004 . Table 1: Annual estimate of the population by sex and five‐year age groups for the United States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2003 (NC‐2003–01).
   Google Scholar
• US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics . 1998 . Violence and discipline problems in US public schools: 1996–1997 , Washington, DC : US Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• US Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2004 . Crime in the United States 2003 , Washington, DC : US Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , J. Q. and Herrnstein , R. 1985 . Crime and human nature , New York : Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Zagorsky , J. L. and Gardecki , R. 1998 . What have researchers learned from the National Longitudinal Surveys? . Journal of Economics & Social Measurement , 25 : 35 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Ziliak , S. T. and McCloskey , D. N. 2004 . Size matters: The standard error of regressions in the American Economic Review . The Journal of Socio‐Economics , 33 : 527 – 546 .
   Google Scholar