Race, Class or Neighborhood Context: Which Matters More in Measuring Satisfaction with Police?

References

• Anderson , E. 1999 . Code of the streets , New York : W. W. Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Apple , N. and O'Brien , D. 1983 . Neighborhood racial composition and residents' evaluation of police performance . Journal of Police Science and Administration , 11 : 76 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow , D. and Barlow , M. 2000 . Police in a multicultural society: An American story , Prospect Height, IL : Waveland .
   Google Scholar
• Bayley , D. and Mendelsohn , H. 1969 . Minorities and the police: Confrontation in America , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Biderman , A. , Louise , A. , Jennie , M. and Adrianne , W. 1967 . “ Report on a pilot study in the District of Columbia on victimization and attitudes toward law enforcement. US President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, Field Survey I ” . Washington, DC : US Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Black , D. 1971 . The social disorganization of arrest . Stanford Law Review , 23 : 1087 – 1111 .
   Google Scholar
• Black , D. 1976 . The behavior of law , San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Black , D. and Reiss , A. 1970 . Police control of juveniles . American Sociological Review , 35 : 63 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block , R. . Police action: Support for the police and support for civil liberties . Paper presented at the American Sociological Association Meetings . Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Blumer , H. 1958 . Race prejudice as a sense of group position . Pacific Sociological Review , 1 : 3 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Bobo , L. and Hutchings , V. 1996 . Perceptions of racial group competition: Extending Blumer's theory of group position to a multiracial social context . American Sociological Review , 61 : 951 – 972 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobo , L. and Tuan , M. 2006 . Prejudice in politics: Group position, public opinion, and the Wisconsin treaty rights dispute , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Boggs , S. and Galliher , J. 1975 . Evaluating the police: A comparison of Black street and household respondents . Social Problems , 22 : 393 – 406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordua , D. and Tifft , L. 1971 . Citizen interview, organizational feedback, and police‐community relations decisions . Law and Society Review , 6 : 155 – 182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandl , S. , Frank , J. , Worden , R. and Bynum , T. 1994 . Global and specific attitudes toward the police: Disentangling the relationship . Justice Quarterly , 11 : 119 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , B. and Benedict , W. 2002 . Perceptions of the police: Past findings, methodological issues, conceptual issues and policy implications . Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management , 25 : 543 – 580 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browning , S. and Cao , L. 1992 . The impact of race on criminal justice ideology . Justice Quarterly , 9 : 685 – 701 .
   Google Scholar
• Bursik , R. and Grasmick , H. 1993 . Neighborhoods and crime: The dimensions of effective community control , San Francisco, CA : Lexington Books .
   Google Scholar
• Cashmore , E. 1991 . “ Black cops, Inc ” . In Out of order: Policing black people , Edited by: Cashmore , E. and McLaughlin , E. 97 – 108 . New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Cao , L. , Frank , J. and Cullen , F. 1996 . Race, community context and confidence in the police . American Journal of Police , 15 : 3 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Carter , D. 1985 . Hispanic perception of police performance: An empirical assessment . Journal of Criminal Justice , 13 : 487 – 500 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correia , M. , Reisig , M. and Lovrich , N. 1996 . Public perceptions of state police: An analysis of individual‐level and contextual variables . Journal of Criminal Justice , 24 : 17 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean , D. 1980 . Citizen ratings of the police: The difference contact makes . Law & Policy Quarterly , 2 : 445 – 471 .
   Google Scholar
• Decker , S. 1981 . Citizen attitudes toward the police . Journal of Police Science and Administration , 9 : 80 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillingham , G. 1974 . Black attitudes toward police and the courts . Black World , : 5 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Dunham , R. and Alpert , G. 1988 . Neighborhood differences in attitudes toward policing: Evidence for a mixed‐strategy model of policing in a multi‐ethnic setting . Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology , 79 : 504 – 523 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engel , R. 2005 . Citizens' perceptions of distributive and procedural injustice during traffic stops with police . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 42 : 445 – 481 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank , J. , Brandl , S. , Cullen , F. and Stichman , A. 1996 . Reassessing the impact of race on citizens' attitudes toward the police: A research note . Justice Quarterly , 13 : 321 – 334 .
   Google Scholar
• Frank , J. , Smith , B. and Novak , K. 2005 . Exploring the basis of citizens' attitudes toward the police . Police Quarterly , 8 : 206 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Friedrich , R. 1980 . Police use of force: Individuals, situations, and organizations . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences , 452 : 82 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furstenberg , F. and Wellford , C. 1973 . Calling the police: The evaluation of police service . Law and Society Review , 7 : 393 – 406 .
   Google Scholar
• Gaines , L. , Kappeler , V. and Vaughn , J. 1994 . Policing in America , Cincinnati, OH : Anderson .
   Google Scholar
• Gamson , W. and McEvoy , J. 1970 . Police violence and its public support . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences , 392 : 97 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Garcia , V. and Cao , L. 2005 . Race and satisfaction with the police in a small city . Journal of Criminal Justice , 33 : 191 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hacker , A. 1992 . “ Two nations: Black and white, separate, hostile, unequal ” . New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Hagan , J. and Albonetti , C. 1982 . Race, class, and the perceptions of criminal injustice in America . American Journal of Sociology , 88 : 329 – 355 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawdon , J. and Ryan , J. 2003 . Police‐resident interactions and satisfaction with police: An empirical test of community policing assertions . Criminal Justice Policy Review , 14 : 55 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Homant , R. , Kennedy , D. and Fleming , R. 1984 . The effect of victimization and the police response on citizen's attitudes toward police . Journal of Police Science and Administration , 12 : 323 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , W. and Vaughn , M. 1996 . “ Support and confidence: Public attitudes toward the police ” . In Americans view crime and justice: A national public opinion survey , Edited by: Flanagan , T. and Longmire , D. 31 – 45 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Hurst , Y. and Frank , J. 2000 . How kids view cops: The nature of juvenile attitudes toward the police . Journal of Criminal Justice , 28 : 189 – 203 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , J. and Sunshine , J. 2006 . Public confidence in policing: A neo‐Durkheimian perspective . British Journal of Criminology , 47 : 214 – 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob , H. 1971 . Black and white perceptions of justice in the city . Law and Society Review , 5 : 69 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Jefferson , T. and Walker , M. 1993 . Attitudes to the police of ethnic minorities in a provincial city . British Journal of Criminology , 33 : 251 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jesilow , P. , Meyer , J. and Namazzi , N. 1995 . Public attitudes toward the police . American Journal of the Police , 14 : 67 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Koenig , D. 1980 . The effect of crime victimization and judicial or police contacts on public attitudes toward the local police . Journal of Police Science and Administration , 8 : 243 – 249 .
   Google Scholar
• LaFree , G. 1998 . Losing legitimacy: Street crime and the decline of social institutions in America , Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Maguire , K. and Pastore , A. , eds. 2007 . Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics Retrieved February 13, 2007 from http:www.albany.edu/sourcebook
   Google Scholar
• Murty , K. , Roebuck , J. and Smith , J. 1990 . The image of the police in black Atlanta communities . Journal of Police Science and Administration , 17 : 20 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Morris , A. , Reilly , J. , Berry , S. and Ransom , R. 2003 . “ The New Zealand National Survey of Crime Victims 2001 ” . Retrieved December 15, 2005, from http://www.justice.govt.nz/pubs/reports/2003/victims-survey
   Google Scholar
• Muir , W. 1977 . Police: Streetcorner politicians , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Parker , K. , Onyekwuluje , A. and Komanduri , S. 1995 . African Americans' attitudes toward the local police: A multivariate analysis . Journal of Black Studies , 25 : 396 – 409 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pattillo , M. 1998 . Sweet mothers and gangbangers: Managing crime in a black middle‐class neighborhood . Social Forces , 76 : 747 – 774 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peek , C. , Lowe , G. and Alston , J. 1981 . Race and attitudes toward local police: Another look . Journal of Black Studies , 11 : 361 – 374 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percy , S. 1980 . Response time and citizen evaluation of police . Journal of Police Science and Administration , 8 : 75 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice . 1967 . Task force report: The police (1967) , Washington, DC : US Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Priest , T. and Carter , D. 1999 . Evaluation of police performance in an African American sample . Journal of Criminal Justice , 27 : 457 – 466 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisig , M. and Giacomazzi , A. 1998 . Citizen perceptions of community policing: Are attitudes toward police important? . Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management , 21 : 547 – 561 .
   Google Scholar
• Reisig , M. and Parks , R. 2000 . Experience, quality of life, and neighborhood context: A hierarchical analysis of satisfaction with police . Justice Quarterly , 17 : 607 – 630 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisig , M. and Parks , R. 2003 . Neighborhood context, police behavior, and satisfaction with police . Justice Research and Policy , 3 : 37 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Reiss , A. 1971 . The police and the public , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum , D. 2007 . Police Innovation post 1980: Assessing effectiveness and equity concerns in the information technology era . IPV Review , 1 : 11 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Rusinko , W. , Johnson , K. and Hornung , C. 1978 . The importance of police contact in the formulation of youths' attitudes toward police . Journal of Criminal Justice , 6 : 53 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson , R. and Groves , B. 1989 . Community structure and crime: Testing social disorganization theory . American Journal of Sociology , 94 : 774 – 802 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson , R. and Jeglum‐Bartusch , D. 1998 . Legal cynicism and (subcultural?) tolerance of deviance: The neighborhood context of racial differences . Law and Society Review , 32 : 777 – 804 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuman , H. and Gruenberg , B. 1972 . “ Dissatisfaction with city services ” . In People and politics in urban society , Edited by: Hahn , H. 369 – 92 . Beverly Hill, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Skogan , W. 1978 . Citizen satisfaction with police services: Individual and contextual effects . Police Studies Journal , : 469 – 479 .
   Google Scholar
• Skogan , W. 2005 . Citizen satisfaction with police encounters . Police Quarterly , 8 : 298 – 321 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , B. 2005 . Ethno‐racial political transition and citizen satisfaction with police . Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management , 28 : 242 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , D. , Graham , N. and Adams , B. 1991 . “ Minorities and the police: Attitudinal and behavioral questions ” . In Race and criminal justice , Edited by: Lynch , M. and Patterson , E. 23 – 55 . Albany, NY : Harrow & Heston .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , P. and Hawkins , R. 1973 . Victimization, types of citizen‐police contacts, and attitudes toward the police . Law and Society Review , 8 : 135 – 152 .
   Google Scholar
• Sun , I. and Payne , B. 2004 . Racial differences in resolving conflicts: A comparison between black and white police officers . Crime and Delinquency , 50 : 516 – 541 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan , P. , Dunham , R. and Alpert , G. 1987 . Attitude structures of different ethnic and age groups concerning police . Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology , 78 : 177 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raudenbush , S. and Bryk , A. 2002 . Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods , (2nd ed.) , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , T. , Turner , K. , Esbensen , F. and Winfree , L. 2001 . Coppin' an attitude: Attitudinal differences among juveniles toward police . Journal of Criminal Justice , 29 : 295 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tewksbury , R. and West , A. 2001 . Crime victims' satisfaction with police services: An assessment in one urban community . Justice Professional , 14 : 271 – 285 .
   Google Scholar
• Tyler , T. 1990 . Why people obey the law , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tyler , T. 2003 . “ Procedural justice, legitimacy, and the effective rule of law ” . In Crime and justice: A review of research , Edited by: Tonry , M. 283 – 357 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tyler , T. 2005 . Policing in black and white: Ethnic group differences in trust and confidence in the police . Police Quarterly , 8 : 322 – 342 .
   Google Scholar
• Tyler , T. and Degoey , P. 1995 . Collective restraint in social dilemmas: Procedural justice and social identification effects on support for authorities . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 482 – 497 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner , B. 2003 . Role of attenuated culture in social disorganization theory . Criminology , 41 : 73 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner , B. 2007 . Directly intervene or call the authorities? A study of forms of neighborhood social control within a social disorganization framework . Criminology , 45 : 99 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner , B. , Leukefeld , C. and Kraman , P. 2002 . “ Informal social control of crime in high drug use neighborhood: Final project report ” . Washington DC : Department of Justice .
   Google Scholar
• Webb , V. and Marshall , C. 1995 . The relative importance of race and ethnicity on citizen attitudes toward the police . American Journal of Police , 24 : 45 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Weitzer , R. 1999 . Citizens' perceptions of police misconduct: Race and neighborhood context . Justice Quarterly , 16 : 819 – 846 .
   Google Scholar
• Weitzer , R. 2000 . Racialized policing: Residents' perceptions in three neighborhoods . Law and Society Review , 34 : 129 – 155 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitzer , R. and Tuch , S. 1999 . Race, class, and perceptions of discrimination by the police . Crime and Delinquency , 45 : 494 – 507 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitzer , R. and Tuch , S. 2002 . Perceptions of racial profiling: Race, class, and personal experience . Criminology , 40 : 435 – 457 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitzer , R. and Tuch , S. 2004a . Race and perceptions of police misconduct . Social Problems , 51 : 305 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitzer , R. and Tuch , S. 2004b . Reforming the police: Racial differences in public support for change . Criminology , 42 : 391 – 416 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitzer , R. and Tuch , S. 2005a . Determinants of public satisfaction with the police . Police Quarterly , 8 : 279 – 297 .
   Google Scholar
• Weitzer , R. and Tuch , S. 2005b . Racially biased policing: Determinants of citizen perceptions . Social Forces , 83 : 1009 – 1030 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , G. 2006 . Communities and crime: Investments in social and physical capital , Lewiston, NY : Edwin Mellen Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , J. 1985 . “ Thinking about crime ” . New York : Vintage .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , W. 1987 . The declining significance of race , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zevitz , R. and Rettammei , R. 1990 . Elderly attitudes about police service . American Journal of Police , 9 : 25 – 39 .
   Google Scholar