14,064
Views
130
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric

References

  • Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York, NY: The New Press.
  • Allison, P. D. (2005). Fixed-effects regression methods for longitudinal data using SAS. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
  • Baum, D. (1996). Smoke and mirrors: The war on drugs and the politics of failure. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company.
  • Beckett, K., Nyrop, K., & Pfingst, L. (2006). Race, drugs, and policing: Understanding disparities in drug delivery arrests. Criminology, 44, 105–137.
  • Beckett, K., Nyrop, K., Pfingst, L., & Bowen, M. (2005). Drug use, drug possession arrests, and the question of race: Lessons from seattle. Social Problems, 52, 419–441.
  • Blair, I. V., Judd, C. M., & Chapleau, K. M. (2004). The influence of Afrocentric facial features in criminal sentencing. Psychological Science, 15, 674–679.
  • Blumstein, A. (1993). Making rationality relevant: The American society of criminology 1992 presidential address. Criminology, 31, 1–16.
  • Boyum, D., & Reuter, P. (2005). An analytic assessment of US drug policy. Washington, DC: AEI Press.
  • Burston, B. W., Jones, D., & Roberson-Saunders, P. (1995). Drug use and African Americans: Myth versus reality. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 40, 19–39.
  • Center for Human Resource Research (2003). NLSY97 user’s guide: A guide to the rounds 1–5 data national longitudinal survey of youth 1997. Washington, DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics.
  • Coker, D. (2003). Addressing the real world of racial injustice in the criminal justice system. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 93, 827–880.
  • Cole, D. (1999). No equal justice: Race and class in the American criminal justice system. New York, NY: The New Press.
  • Criminal Justice Statistics Center (2000). Report on drug arrests in California from 1990 to 1999. Sacramento, CA: California Department of Justice.
  • Correll, J., Park, B., Judd, C. M., & Wittenbrink, B. (2002). The police officer’s dilemma: Using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 83, 1314–1329.
  • Currie, E. (1993). Reckoning: Drugs, the cities, and the American future. New York, NY: Hill and Wang.
  • Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5–18.
  • Devine, P. G., & Elliot, A. J. (1995). Are racial stereotypes really fading? The Princeton trilogy revisited. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 1139–1150.
  • Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2000). Aversive racism and selection decisions: 1989 and 1999. Psychological Science, 11, 315–319.
  • Dunlap, E., Johnson, B. D., & Manwar, A. (1997). A successful female crack dealer: Case study of a deviant career. In L. K. Gaines, & P. B. Kraska (Eds.), Drugs, crime, and justice: Contemporary perspectives (pp. 205–226). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.
  • Duster, T. (1997). Pattern, purpose, and race in the drug war. In C. Reinarman, & H. G. Levine (Eds.), Crack in America: Demon drugs and social justice (pp. 260–287). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Eberhardt, J. L., Davies, P. G., Purdie-Vaughns, V., & Johnson, S. L. (2006). Looking deathworthy: Perceived stereotypicality of black defendants predicts capital-sentencing outcomes. Psychological Science, 17, 383–386.
  • Eberhardt, J. L., Goff, P. A., Purdie j., V., & Davies, P. G. (2004). Seeing black: Race, crime, and visual processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 876–893.
  • French, K., Finbiner, R., & Duhamel, L. (2002). Patterns of substance abuse among minority youth and adults in the United States: An overview and synthesis of national survey findings. Fairfax, VA: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.
  • Galea, S., Ahern, J., Tardiff, K., Leon, A., Coffin, P. O., Derr, K., & Vlahov, D. (2003). Racial/ethnic disparities in overdoes mortality trends in New York City, 1990–1998. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 80, 201–211.
  • Golub, A., Johnson, B. D., & Dunlap, E. (2007). The race/ethnicity disparity in misdemeanor marijuana arrests in New York City. Criminology and Public Policy, 6, 131–164.
  • Goode, E. (2002). Drug arrests at the millennium. Social Science and Public Policy, 39, 41–45.
  • Goode, E. (2007). Drugs in American society. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
  • Hagan, J. (1994). Crime and disrepute. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
  • Haney Lopez, I. (2000). Institutional racism: Judicial conduct and a new theory of racial discrimination. Yale Law Review, 109, 1717–1884.
  • Human Rights Watch (2008). Targeting blacks: Drug law enforcement and race in the United States. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch.
  • Human Rights Watch (2009). Decades of disparity: Drug arrests and race in the United States. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch.
  • Hurwitz, J., & Peffley, M. (1997). Public perceptions of race and crime: The role of racial stereotypes. American Journal of Political Science, 41, 375–401.
  • Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2011). Demographic subgroup trends for various licit and illicit Drugs, 1975–2010. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research.
  • Krieger, L. H., & Fiske, S. T. (2006). Behavioral realism in employment discrimination law: Implicit bias and disparate treatment. California Law Review, 94, 997–1062.
  • Lynch, M. (2011). Crack pipes and policing: A case study of institutional racism and remedial action in Cleveland. Law & Policy, 33, 179–214.
  • Males, M., & Macallair, D. (2010). Scapegoating immigrants: Arizona’s real crisis is rooted in state residents' soaring drug abuse. San Francisco, CA: Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice.
  • Mitchell, O. (2005). A meta-analysis of race and sentencing research: Explaining the inconsistencies. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 21, 439–466.
  • Moore, W., Pedlow, S., Krishnamurty, P., & Wolter, K. (2000). National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97): Technical sampling report. Washington, DC: National Opinion Research Center.
  • Office of National Drug Control Policy (1989). National drug control strategy. Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy.
  • Musto, D. F. (1999). The American disease: Origins of narcotic control. New York, NY: Oxford.
  • Payne, B. K. (2001). Prejudice and perception: The role of automatic and controlled processes in misperceiving a weapon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 181–192.
  • Provine, D. M. (2007). Unequal under the law: Race in the war on drugs. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Quillian, L., & Pager, D. (2001). Black neighbors, higher crime? The role of racial stereotypes in evaluations of neighborhood crime. American Journal of Sociology, 107, 717–767.
  • Racial Disparity Initiative (2002). Defining the disparity-taking a closer look: Do drug use patterns explain racial/ethnic disparities in drug arrests in Minnesota. Minneapolis, MN: Racial Disparity Initiative.
  • Rabe-Hesketh, S., & Skrondal, A. (2008). Multilevel and longitudinal models using Stata. College Station, TX: Stata Press.
  • Ramchand, R., Pacula, R. L., & Iguchi, M. Y. (2006). Racial differences in marijuana-users’ risk of arrest in the United States. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 84, 264–272.
  • Reagan, R. (1982). Remarks on Signing Executive Order 12368, Concerning Federal Drug Abuse Policy Functions: The Public Papers of President Ronald W. Reagan. Retrieved from http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1982/62482b.htm
  • Reagan, R. (1986). Address to the nation on the campaign against drug abuse, September 14, 1986: The Public Papers of President Ronald W. Reagan. Retrieved from http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1986/091486a.htm
  • Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. New York, NY: Oxford Press.
  • Sniderman, P. M., & Piazza, T. (1993). The scar of race. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
  • Snyder, H. N., & Mulako-Wangota, J. (2012). Drug arrest rates of juveniles by race, 1980–2009. Generated using the Arrest Data Analysis Tool. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved August 11, 2012, from www.bjs.gov
  • Spohn, C. (2000). Thirty years of sentencing reform: The quest for a racially neutral sentencing process. In J. Horney (Ed.), Policies, processes, and decisions of the criminal justice system: Criminal justice 2000 (pp. 427–501). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2011). Drug abuse warning network, 2009: National estimates of drug-related emergency department visits (Vol. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 11–4659, DAWN Series D-35). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2012). National survey on drug use and health, 2009. Generated using the Analyze Online Tool. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved August 11, 2012, from (www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/SAMHDA/)
  • Tonry, M. (1995). Malign neglect: Race, crime, and punishment in America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Tonry, M. (2011). Punishing race: A continuing American dilemma. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Watt, T. T. (2008). The race/ethnic age crossover effect in drug use and heavy drinking. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 7(1), 93–114.
  • Western, B. (2006). Punishment and inequality in America. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.