An Olfactory Stimulus Modifies Nighttime Sleep in Young Men and Women

References

• Atanassova‐Shopova S., Roussinov K. S. On certain central neurotropic effects of lavender essential oil. Bull. Instit. Physiology 1970; 8: 69–76
   Google Scholar
• Badia P., Wesensten N., Lammers W., Culpepper J., Harsh J. Responsiveness to olfactory stimuli presented in sleep. Physiol. Behav. 1990; 48: 87–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker E., Hummel T., Piel E., Pauli E., Kobal G., Hautzinger M. Olfactory event‐related potentials in psychosis‐prone subjects. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 1993; 15: 51–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benca R. M., Obermeyer W. H., Thisted R. A., Gillin J. C. Sleep and psychiatric disorders. A meta‐analysis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1992; 49: 651–668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengtsson S., Berglund H., Gulyas B., Cohen E., Savic I. Brain activation during odor perception in males and females. Neuroreport 2001; 12: 2027–2033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borbély A. A. Circadian and sleep‐dependent processes in sleep regulation. Vertebrate Circadian Systems, J. Aschoff, S. Daan, G. Groos. Springer‐Verlag, Berlin 1982; 237–242
   Google Scholar
• Brand G., Millot J. L. Sex differences in human olfaction: Between evidence and enigma. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. B. 2001; 54: 259–270
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buckle J. The role of aromatherapy in nursing care. Nurs. Clin. North Am. 2001; 36: 57–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunnell D. E., Bevier W., Horvath S. M. Effects of exhaustive exercise on the sleep of men and women. Psychophysiology 1983; 20: 50–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunnell D. E., Agnew J. A., Horvath S. M., Jopson L., Wills M. Passive body heating and sleep: influence of proximity to sleep. Sleep 1988; 11: 210–219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campenni C. E., Crawley E. J., Meier M. E. Role of suggestion in odor‐induced mood change. Psychol. Rep. 2004; 94: 1127–1136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantero J. L., Atienza M., Salas R. M. Effects of waking‐auditory stimulation on human sleep architecture. Behav. Brain Res. 2002; 128: 53–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carskadon M. A., Herz R. S. Minimal olfactory perception during sleep: why odor alarms will not work for humans. Sleep 2004; 27: 402–405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences2nd ed. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ 1988
   Google Scholar
• Connell F. E.A., Tan G., Gupta I., Gompertz P., Bennett G. C.J., Herzberg J. L. Can aromatherapy promote sleep in elderly hospitalized patients?. Geriatr. Today: J. Can. Geriatr. Soc. 2001; 4: 191–195
   Google Scholar
• Davidson A. J., Menaker M. Birds of a feather clock together—sometimes: social synchronization of circadian rhythms. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2003; 13: 765–769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diego M. A., Jones N. A., Field T., Hernandez‐Reif M., Schanberg S., Kuhn C., McAdam V., Galamaga R., Galamaga M. Aromatherapy positively affects mood, EEG patterns of alertness and math computations. Int. J. Neurosci. 1998; 96: 217–224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dollins A. B., Zhdanova I. V., Wurtman R. J., Lynch H. J., Deng M. H. Effect of inducing nocturnal serum melatonin concentrations in daytime on sleep, mood, body temperature, and performance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1994; 91: 1824–1828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorsey C. M., Teicher M. H., Cohen‐Zion M., Stefanovic L., Satlin A., Tartarini W., Harper D., Lukas S. E. Core body temperature and sleep of older female insomniacs before and after passive body heating. Sleep 1999; 22: 891–898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drucker‐Colin R. The function of sleep is to regulate brain excitability in order to satisfy the requirements imposed by waking. Behav. Brain Res. 1995; 69: 117–124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn C., Sleep J., Collett D. Sensing an improvement: an experimental study to evaluate the use of aromatherapy, massage and periods of rest in an intensive care unit. J. Adv. Nurs. 1995; 21: 34–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elisabetsky E., Marschner J., Souza D. O. Effects of linalool on glutamatergic system in the rat cerebral cortex. Neurochem. Res. 1995; 20: 461–465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans W. J., Cui L., Starr A. Olfactory event‐related potentials in normal human subjects: effects of age and gender. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1995; 95: 293–301
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fruhstorfer B., Fruhstorfer H., Grass P. Daytime noise and subsequent night sleep in man. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 1984; 53: 159–163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fruhstorfer B., Pritsch M. G., Fruhstorfer H. Effects of daytime noise load on the sleep‐wake cycle and endocrine patterns in man: I. 24 hours neurophysiological data. Int. J. Neurosci. 1988; 39: 197–209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García‐García F., Beltran‐Parrazal L., Jimenez‐Anguiano A., Vega‐Gonzalez A., Drucker‐Colin R. Manipulations during forced wakefulness have differential impact on sleep architecture, EEG power spectrum, and Fos induction. Brain Res. Bull. 1998; 47: 317–324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel N., Grasso D. J. Olfactory discrimination and transient mood change in young men and women: variation by season, clinical state and time of day. Chronobiol. Int. 2004; 21: 691–719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel N., Kim H., Lao R. P. Gender differences in polysomnographic sleep in young healthy sleepers. Chronobiol. Int. 2005; 22(5)905–915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyllenhaal C., Merritt S. L., Peterson S. D., Block K. I., Gochenour T. Efficacy and safety of herbal stimulants and sedatives in sleep disorders. Sleep Med. Rev. 2000; 4: 229–251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy M. Sweet scented dreams. Int. J. Aromatherapy 1991; 3: 12–13
   Google Scholar
• Henkin R. I., Levy L. M. Lateralization of brain activation to imagination and smell of odors using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): left hemispheric localization of pleasant and right hemispheric localization of unpleasant odors. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 2001; 25: 493–514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry J., Rusius C. W., Davies M., Veazey‐French T. Lavender for night sedation of people with dementia. Int. J. Aromatherapy 1994; 6: 28–30
   Google Scholar
• Hoddes E., Zarcone V., Smythe H., Phillips R., Dement W. C. Quantification of Sleepiness: a new approach. Psychophysiology 1973; 10: 431–436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horne J. A., Moore V. J. Sleep EEG effects of exercise with and without additional body cooling. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1985; 60: 33–38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horne J. A., Östberg O. A self‐assessment questionnaire to determine morningness‐eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int. J. Chronobiol. 1976; 4: 97–110
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horne J. A., Reid A. J. Night‐time sleep EEG changes following body heating in a warm bath. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1985; 60: 154–157
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horne J. A., Staff L. H. Exercise and sleep: body‐heating effects. Sleep 1983; 6: 36–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horne J. A., Walmsley B. Daytime visual load and the effects upon human sleep. Psychophysiology 1976; 13: 115–120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson R. The value of lavender for rest and activity in the elderly patient. Complement. Ther. Med. 1996; 4: 52–57
   Google Scholar
• Ilmberger J., Heuberger E., Mahrhofer C., Dessovic H., Kowarik D., Buchbauer G. The influence of essential oils on human attention. I: alertness. Chem. Senses 2001; 26: 239–245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itai T., Amayasu H., Kuribayashi M., Kawamura N., Okada M., Momose A., Tateyama T., Narumi K., Uematsu W., Kaneko S. Psychological effects of aromatherapy on chronic hemodialysis patients. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2000; 54: 393–397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob S., McClintock M. K. Psychological state and mood effects of steroidal chemosignals in women and men. Horm. Behav. 2000; 37: 57–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob S., Hayreh D. J., McClintock M. K. Context‐dependent effects of steroid chemosignals on human physiology and mood. Physiol. Behav. 2001; 74: 15–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jockovich M., Cosentino D., Cosentino L., Wears R. L., Seaberg D. C. Effect of exogenous melatonin on mood and sleep efficiency in emergency medicine residents working night shifts. Acad. Emerg. Med. 2000; 7: 955–958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karamat E., Ilmberger J., Roblhuber K., Rupp C. Excitatory and sedative effects of essential oils on human reaction time performance. Chem. Senses 1992; 16: 847
   Google Scholar
• Kawai T., Noro K. Psychological effect of stereoscopic 3‐D images with fragrances. Ergonomics 1996; 39: 1364–1369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klemm W. R., Lutes S. D., Hendrix D. V., Warrenburg S. Topographical EEG maps of human responses to odors. Chem. Senses 1992; 17: 347–361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline J. P., Blackhart G. C., Woodward K. M., Williams S. R., Schwartz G. E. Anterior electroencephalographic asymmetry changes in elderly women in response to a pleasant and an unpleasant odor. Biol. Psychol. 2000; 52: 241–250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knasko S. C. Ambient odor's effect on creativity, mood, and perceived health. Chem. Senses 1992; 17: 27–35
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lao R. P., Goel N., Lee A. K. Peppermint odor modifies subsequent sleep and sleepiness in young men and women. Sleep Res. 2004; 27: A402
   Google Scholar
• Leathwood P. D., Chauffard F. Quantifying the effects of mild sedatives. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1982; 17: 115–122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levick S. E., Lorig T., Wexler B. E., Gur R. E., Gur R. C., Schwartz G. E. Asymmetrical visual deprivation: a technique to differentially influence lateral hemispheric function. Percept. Mot. Skills 1993; 76: 1363–1382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy L. M., Henkin R. I., Hutter A., Lin C. S., Martins D., Schellinger D. Functional MRI of human olfaction. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 1997; 21: 849–856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy L. M., Henkin R. I., Lin C. S., Hutter A., Schellinger D. Odor memory induces brain activation as measured by functional MRI. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 1999; 23: 487–498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lis‐Balchin M., Hart S. Studies on the mode of action of the essential oil of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia P. Miller). Phytother. Res. 1999; 13: 540–542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorig T. S., Schwartz G. E. Brain and odor: I. Alteration of human EEG by odor administration. Psychobiology 1988; 16: 281–284
   Google Scholar
• Lorig T. S., Herman K. B., Schwartz G. E., Cain W. S. EEG activity during administration of low‐concentration odors. Bull. Psychonomic Soc. 1990; 28: 405–408
   Google Scholar
• Louis M., Kowalski S. D. Use of aromatherapy with hospice patients to decrease pain, anxiety, and depression and to promote an increased sense of well‐being. Am. J. Hosp. Palliat. Care 2002; 19: 381–386
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ludvigson H. W., Rottman T. R. Effects of ambient odors of lavender and cloves on cognition, memory, affect and mood. Chem. Senses 1989; 14: 525–536
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masago R., Matsuda T., Kikuchi Y., Miyazaki Y., Iwanaga K., Harada H., Katsuura T. Effects of inhalation of essential oils on EEG activity and sensory evaluation. J. Physiol. Anthropol. 2000; 19: 35–42
   Google Scholar
• McNair D. M., Lorr M., Droppleman L. F. Profile of Mood States (Manual). Educational and Industrial Testing Service, San Diego, CA 1992
   Google Scholar
• Millot J. L., Brand G. Effects of pleasant and unpleasant ambient odors on human voice pitch. Neurosci. Lett. 2001; 297: 61–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millot J. L., Brand G., Morand N. Effects of ambient odors on reaction time in humans. Neurosci. Lett. 2002; 322: 79–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mistlberger R. E., Skene D. J. Social influences on mammalian circadian rhythms: animal and human studies. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 2004; 79: 533–556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motomura N., Sakurai A., Yotsuya Y. Reduction of mental stress with lavender odorant. Percept. Mot. Skills 2001; 93: 713–718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagai M., Wada M., Usui N., Tanaka A., Hasebe Y. Pleasant odors attenuate the blood pressure increase during rhythmic handgrip in humans. Neurosci. Lett. 2000; 289: 227–229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pires M. L., Benedito‐Silva A. A., Pinto L., Souza L., Vismari L., Calil H. M. Acute effects of low doses of melatonin on the sleep of young healthy subjects. J. Pineal Res. 2001; 31: 326–332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price S., Price L. Aromatherapy for Health Professionals. Churchill Livingstone, London 1999
   Google Scholar
• Raudenbush B., Koon J., Smith J., Zoladz P. Effects of odorant administration on objective and subjective measures of sleep quality, post‐sleep mood and alertness, and cognitive performance. North Amer. J Psych. 2003; 5: 181–192
   Google Scholar
• Rechtschaffen A., Kales A. A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects. National Institute of Health, Washington, DC 1968
   Google Scholar
• Richards K., Nagel C., Markie M., Elwell J., Barone C. Use of complementary and alternative therapies to promote sleep in critically ill patients. Crit. Care Nurs. Clin. North Am. 2003; 15: 329–340
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Romine I. J., Bush A. M., Geist C. R. Lavender aromatherapy in recovery from exercise. Percept. Mot. Skills 1999; 88: 756–758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royet J. P., Zald D., Versace R., Costes N., Lavenne F., Koenig O., Gervais R. Emotional responses to pleasant and unpleasant olfactory, visual, and auditory stimuli: a positron emission tomography study. J. Neurosci. 2000; 20: 7752–7759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sano A., Sei H., Seno H., Morita Y., Moritoki H. Influence of cedar essence on spontaneous activity and sleep of rats and human daytime nap. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1998; 52: 133–135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savic I., Berglund H. Right‐nostril dominance in discrimination of unfamiliar, but not familiar, odours. Chem. Senses 2000; 25: 517–523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savic I., Gulyas B. PET shows that odors are processed both ipsilaterally and contralaterally to the stimulated nostril. Neuroreport. 2000; 11: 2861–2866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savic I., Berglund H., Gulyas B., Roland P. Smelling of odorous sex hormone‐like compounds causes sex‐differentiated hypothalamic activations in humans. Neuron. 2001; 31: 661–668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffman S. S., Sattely Miller E. A., Suggs M. S., Graham B. G. The effect of pleasant odors and hormone status on mood of women at midlife. Brain Res. Bull. 1995; 36: 19–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung E. J., Tochihara Y. Effects of bathing and hot footbath on sleep in winter. J. Physiol. Anthropol. 2000; 19: 21–27
   Google Scholar
• Svoboda K. P., Karavia A. N., McFarlane V. Case study: the effects of selected essential oils on mood, concentration and sleep in a group of 10 students monitored for 5 weeks. Int. J. Aromatherapy 2002; 12: 157–161
   Google Scholar
• Tisserand R. Essential oils as psychotherapeutic agents. Perfumery: The Psychology and Biology of Fragrance, S. Van Toller, G. H. Dodd. Chapman Hall, New York, NY 1988; 167–181
   Google Scholar
• Torii S., Fukuda H., Kanemoto H., Miyanchi R., Hamauzu Y., Kawasaki M. Contingent negative variation and the psychological effects of odour. Perfumery: The Psychology and Biology of Fragrance, S. Van Toller, G. H. Dodd. Chapman Hall, New York, NY 1988; 107–120
   Google Scholar
• Touitou Y., Portaluppi F., Smolensky M. H., Rensing L. Ethical principles and standards for the conduct of human and animal biological rhythm research. Chronobiol. Int. 2004; 21: 161–170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velle W. Sex differences in sensory functions. Perspect. Biol. Med. 1987; 30: 490–522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velluti R. A. Interactions between sleep and sensory physiology. J. Sleep Res. 1997; 6: 61–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldman C. S., Tseng P., Meulman P., Whittet H. B. Aromatherapy in the intensive care unit. Care Critically Ill 1993; 9: 170–174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe N., Herzberg J. Can aromatherapy oils promote sleep in severely demented patients?. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 1996; 11: 926–927
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright S. W., Lawrence L. M., Wrenn K. D., Haynes M. L., Welch L. W., Schlack H. M. Randomized clinical trial of melatonin after night‐shift work: efficacy and neuropsychologic effects. Ann. Emerg. Med. 1998; 32: 334–340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yagyu T. Neurophysiological findings on the effects of fragrance: lavender and jasmine. Integr. Psychiatry 1994; 10: 62–67
   Google Scholar
• Youngstedt S. D., O'Connor P. J., Dishman R. K. The effects of acute exercise on sleep: a quantitative synthesis. Sleep 1997; 20: 203–214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousem D. M., Maldjian J. A., Siddiqi F., Hummel T., Alsop D. C., Geckle R. J., Bilker W. B., Doty R. L. Gender effects on odor‐stimulated functional magnetic resonance imaging. Brain Res. 1999; 818: 480–487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatorre R. J., Jones‐Gotman M., Evans A. C., Meyer E. Functional localization and lateralization of human olfactory cortex. Nature 1992; 360: 339–340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhdanova I. V., Wurtman R. J., Lynch H. J., Ives J. R., Dollins A. B., Morabito C., Matheson J. K., Schomer D. L. Sleep‐inducing effects of low doses of melatonin ingested in the evening. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1995; 57: 552–558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar