COVID-19 pandemic lockdown-induced altered sleep/wake circadian rhythm, health complaints and stress among traffic police personnel in India

References

• Bhasker SA. 1990. Measuring job stress of the Indian police: an empirical approach. Abhigyan: The Journal of Foundation of Organisational Research. Spring; p. 30–44.
   Google Scholar
• Brief AP, Schuler RS, Sell MV. 1981. Managing job stress. Boston: Little, Brown; p. 94.
   Google Scholar
• Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, Zheng J. 2020. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psych Res. 287:112934. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caruso D, Meyrel M, Gartiser KK, Benard V, Beniziri C, Brochard H, Geoffroy PA. 2020. Eveningness and poor sleep quality contribute to depressive residual symptoms and behavioural inhibition in patients with bipolar disorder. Chronobiol Int. 37(1):101–110. doi:10.1080/07420528.2019.1685533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. 2020. The species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019- nCoV and naming it SARS- CoV-2. Nat Microbiol. 5(4):536–544. doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton L, Rapa E, Stein A. 2020. Protecting the psychological health of children through effective communication about COVID-19. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 4(5):346–347. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30097-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dey A, Mishra T, Sahu S, Saha A. 2020. Evaluation of impact of ambient air pollution on respiratory health of traffic police in Kolkata. BLDE Univ J Health Sci. doi:10.4103/bjhs.bjhs_58_20
   Google Scholar
• Dutta K, Mukherjee R, Sen D, Sahu S. 2020. Effect of COVID-19 lockdown on sleep behavior and screen exposure time: an observational study among Indian school children. Biol Rhythm Res. doi:10.1080/09291016.2020.1825284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fehr AR, Perlman S. 2015. Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis. Methods Mol Biol. 1282:1–23. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, Hui DSC, et al. 2020. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease in 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 382(18):1708–1720. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta MC, Mahajan BK. 2013. Physical Environment. Place of work or occupation (Occupational Health). In: Roy RN, Saha I, Gupta MC, Mahajan BK, editor(s). Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. 4th Ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. P 83–98.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey AG, Stinson K, Whitaker K, Moskovitz D, Virk H. 2008. The subjective meaning of sleep quality: a comparison of individuals with and without Insomnia. Sleep. 31(3):383–393. doi:10.1093/sleep/31.3.383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmy YA, Fawzy M, Elaswad A, Sobieh A, Kenney SP, Shehata AA. 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive review of taxonomy, genetics, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control. J Clin Med. 9(4):1225. doi:10.3390/jcm9041225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt RR. 1993. Occupational stress. In: Goldberger IL, Breznitz S, editors. Handbook of stress: theoretical and clinical aspects. New York: Free Press; p. 342–367.
   Google Scholar
• ILO. International Labour Organization. 2020. In the face of a pandemic: ensuring safety and health at work- Geneva. www.ilo.org/publns
   Google Scholar
• Jackson LA, Anderson EJ, Rouphael NG, Roberts PC, Makhene M, Coler RN, MacCullough MP, Chappell JD, Denison MR, Stevens LJ, et al. 2020. An mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 – preliminary report. N Engl J Med. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2022483
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keinan G, Malach-Pines A. 2007. Stress and burnout among prison personnel: sources, outcomes, and intervention strategies. Crim Justice Behav. 34(3):380–398. doi:10.1177/0093854806290007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, Jones FK, Zheng Q, Meredith HR, Azman AS, Reich LJ. 2020. The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application. Ann Intern Med. M20–0504. doi:10.7326/m20-0504
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, Ren R, Leung KSM, Lau EHY, Wong JY. 2020. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus- infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 382(13):1199–1207. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. 1995. The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behav Res Ther. 33(3):335–343. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majumdar P, Barman O, Chakraborty P, Sahu S. 2020b. COVID-19 pandemic and rotational shift work: impact on physical and mental health of indian nurses: IISRR. Int J Res. 6(II).60–72
   Google Scholar
• Majumdar P, Biswas A, Sahu S. 2020a. COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown: cause of sleep disruption, depression, somatic pain, and increased screen exposure of office workers and students of India. Chronobiol Int. 37(8):1191–1200. doi:10.1080/07420528.2020.1786107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majumdar P, Sahu S. 2019. Morningness orientation is an important determinant to circadian misalignment and tolerance: an Asian perspective. Chronobiol Int. 37(1):2–28. doi:10.1080/07420528.2019.1682597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marelli S, Castelnuovo A, Somma A, Castronovo V, Mombelli S, Bottoni D, Leitner C, Fossati A, Strambi F-L. 2020. Impact of COVID‑19 lockdown on sleep quality in university students and administration staff. J Neurol. doi:10.1007/s00415-020-10056-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin BJ. 1981. Effect of Sleep deprivation on tolerance of prolonged exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occupat Physiol. 47(4):345–354. doi:10.1007/BF02332962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maugeri G, Castrogiovanni P, Battaglia G, Pippi R, D’Agata V, Palma A, Rosa MD, Musumeci G. 2020. The impact of physical activity on psychological health during Covid-19 pandemic in Italy. Heliyon. 6(6):e04315. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortas H, Bilici S, Karakan T. 2020. The circadian disruption of night work alters gut microbiota consistent with elevated risk for future metabolic and gastrointestinal pathology. Chronobiol Int. doi:10.1080/07420528.2020.1778717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey MK. 2017. Mental health problems in Indian Police: how can we help them? Indian Police J. 64(4):94–103.
   Google Scholar
• Patil RR, Chetlapally SK, Bagavandas M. 2014. Global review of studies on traffic police with special focus on environmental health effects. Int J Occupat Med Environ Health. 27(4):523–535. doi:10.2478/s13382-014-0285-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portaluppi F, Smolensky MH, Touitou Y. 2010. Ethics and methods for biological rhythm research on animals and human beings. Chronobiol Int. 27(9–10):1911–1929. doi:10.3109/07420528.2010.516381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pung R, Chiew CJ, Young BE, Chin S, Chen MIC, Clapham HE, Cook AR, Maurer-Stroh S, Toh MPHS, Poh C, et al. 2020. Investigation of three clusters of COVID-19 in Singapore: implications for surveillance and response measures. Lancet. 395(10229):1039–1046. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30528-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Merrow M. 2003. Life between clocks:daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes. J Biol Rhythms. 18(1):80–90. doi:10.1177/0748730402239679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saha A. 2016. Evaluation of association between occupational characteristics and mental stress among Police Officers. World J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. 5(12):1726–1732. doi:10.20959/wjpps201612-8311
   Google Scholar
• Saha A, Sahu S, Paul G. 2008. Ergonomic evaluation of job stresses of police officers working in different police stations of hoogly district of West Bengal. J Environ Physiol. 1(2):67–76.
   Google Scholar
• Saha A, Sahu S, Paul G. 2010. Evaluation of cardiovascular risk factor in police officers. Int J Pharma BioSci. 4B(1):263–271.
   Google Scholar
• Saha A, Sahu S, Paul G, Ghosh P. 2014. Assessment of occupational stresses among police officers who impart teaching in police training college, West Bengal. Int J Rec Sci Res. 5(1):277–284.
   Google Scholar
• Satapathy DM, Behera TR, Tripathy RM. 2009. Health status of traffic police personnel in Brahmpur city. Indian J Com Med. 34(1):71–72. doi:10.4103/0970-0218.45380
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh S, Kar SK. 2015. Sources of occupational stress in the police personnel of North India: an exploratory study. Indian J Occup Environ Med. 19(1):56–60. doi:10.4103/0019-5278.157012
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sinha M, Pande B, Sinha R. 2020. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on sleep-wake schedule and associated lifestyle related behavior: a national survey. J Public Health Res. 9(3):1826. doi:10.4081/jphr.2020.1826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spector PE. 1997. Job satisfaction: application, assessment, causes, and consequences. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications; p. 10.4135/9781452231549.
   Google Scholar
• Suglia SF, Gryparis A, Schwartz J, Wright RJ. 2008. Association between traffic-related black carbon exposure and lung function among urban women. Environ Health Perspect. 116(10):1333–1337. doi:10.1289/ehp.11223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swain RK, Minz S, Parganiha A, Diwan A, Pati AK. 2020. Circadian rhythm in the pattern of online usage of Facebook messenger during the COVID-19-triggered lockdown: a sequel to the pre-pandemic study. Biol Rhythm Res. doi:10.1080/09291016.2020.1812284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterhouse J, Fukuda Y, Morita T. 2012. Daily rhythms of sleep-wake cycle. J Physiol Anthropol. 31(5):1–14. doi:10.1080/10673220802432210
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waters JA, Ussery W. 2007. Police stress: history, contributing factors, symptoms, and interventions. Policing. 30(2):169–188. doi:10.1108/13639510710753199
   Google Scholar
• Wehr TA, Aeschbach D, Duncan WC Jr. 2001. Evidence of a biological dawn and dusk in the human circadian timing system. J Physiol. 535(Pt 3):937–951. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00937.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. World Health Organization. (2020a, February 12). Laboratory biosafety guidance related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Interim guidance. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331138/WHO-WPE-GIH-2020.1-eng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• WHO. World Health Organization. (2020b, May 10). Considerations for public health and social measures in the workplace in the context of COVID-19. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/considerations-for-public-health-and-social-measures-in-the-workplace-in-the-context-of-covid-19
   Google Scholar
• Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, Liang L, Huang H, Hong Z, Yu J, Kang M, Song Y, Xia J, et al. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients. N Engl J Med. 382(12):1177–1179. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2001737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar