Publication Cover
Chronobiology International
The Journal of Biological and Medical Rhythm Research
Volume 41, 2024 - Issue 3
227
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Routine regularity during a global pandemic: Impact on mental health outcomes and influence of chronotype

, , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 456-472 | Received 18 Oct 2023, Accepted 26 Jan 2024, Published online: 18 Feb 2024

References

  • Åkerstedt T, Ghilotti F, Grotta A, Zhao H, Adami H-O, Trolle-Lagerros Y, Bellocco R. 2019. Sleep duration and mortality – Does weekend sleep matter? J Sleep Res. 28:e12712. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12712.
  • Allebrandt KV, Teder-Laving M, Kantermann T, Peters A, Campbell H, Rudan I, Wilson JF, Metspalu A, Roenneberg T. 2014. Chronotype and sleep duration: the influence of season of assessment. Chronobiol Int. 31:731–740. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2014.901347.
  • Alquist JL, Baumeister RF, Tice DM, Core TJ. 2020. What you don’t know can hurt you: Uncertainty impairs executive function. Front Physiol. 11:576001. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576001.
  • Antypa N, Vogelzangs N, Meesters Y, Schoevers R, Penninx BWJH. 2016. Chronotype associations with depression and anxiety disorders in a large cohort study. Depress Anxiety. 33:75–83. doi: 10.1002/da.22422.
  • Boschiero MN, Palamim CVC, Ortega MM, Mauch RM, Marson FAL. 2021. One year of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Brazil: a political and social overview. Ann Global Health. 87:44. doi: 10.5334/aogh.3182.
  • Cai D, Zhu M, Lin M, Zhang XC, Margraf J. 2017. The bidirectional relationship between positive mental health and social rhythm in college students: a three-year longitudinal study. Front Psychol. 8:1119. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01119.
  • Carvalho TA, Boschiero MN, Marson FAL. 2021. COVID-19 in Brazil: 150,000 deaths and the Brazilian underreporting. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 99:115258. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115258.
  • Carvalho FG, de Souza CM, Hidalgo MPL. 2018. Work routines moderate the association between eveningness and poor psychological well-being. PLoS One. 13:e0195078. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195078.
  • Czeisler CA, Gooley JJ. 2007. Sleep and Circadian Rhythms in Humans. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 72(1):579–597. doi:10.1101/sqb.2007.72.064.
  • Damiola F, Le Minh N, Preitner N, Kornmann B, Fleury-Olela F, Schibler U. 2000. Restricted feeding uncouples circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues from the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Genes Dev. 14(23):2950–2961. doi:10.1101/gad.183500.
  • Depner CM, Melanson EL, Eckel RH, Snell-Bergeon JK, Perreault L, Bergman BC, Higgins JA, Guerin MK, Stothard ER, Morton SJ, et al. 2019. Ad libitum Weekend recovery sleep fails to prevent metabolic dysregulation during a repeating pattern of insufficient sleep and weekend recovery sleep. Curr Biol. 29:957–967.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.069.
  • de Souza CM, Hidalgo MPL. 2012. World Health Organization 5-item well-being index: validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 262:239–244. doi: 10.1007/s00406-011-0255-x.
  • Driesen K, Jansen NWH, Kant I, Mohren DCL, van Amelsvoort LGPM. 2010. Depressed mood in the working population: Associations with work schedules and working hours. Chronobiol Int. 27:1062–1079. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2010.489877.
  • Druiven SJM, Riese H, Kamphuis J, Haarman BCM, Antypa N, Penninx BWJH, Schoevers RA, Meesters Y. 2021. Chronotype changes with age; seven-year follow-up from the Netherlands study of depression and anxiety cohort. J Affect Disord. 295:1118–1121. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.095.
  • Eilam D, Izhar R, Mort J. 2011. Threat detection: Behavioral practices in animals and humans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 35:999–1006. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.08.002.
  • Fischer D, McHill AW, Sano A, Picard RW, Barger LK, Czeisler CA, Klerman EB, Phillips AJK. 2020. Irregular sleep and event schedules are associated with poorer self-reported well-being in US college students. Sleep. 43:zsz300. doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsz300.
  • Ghotbi N, Pilz LK, Winnebeck EC, Vetter C, Zerbini G, Lenssen D, Frighetto G, Salamanca M, Costa R, Montagnese S, et al. 2020. The µMCTQ: An ultra-short version of the Munich ChronoType questionnaire. J Biol Rhythms. 35:98–110. doi: 10.1177/0748730419886986.
  • Gombert M, Reisdorph N, Morton SJ, Wright KP, Depner CM. 2023. Insufficient sleep and weekend recovery sleep: Classification by a metabolomics-based machine learning ensemble. Sci Rep. 13:21123. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-48208-z.
  • Heintzelman SJ, King LA. 2019. Routines and meaning in life. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 45:688–699. doi: 10.1177/0146167218795133.
  • Hou WK, Hall BJ, Hobfoll SE. 2018. Drive to thrive: A theory of resilience following loss. In: mental health of refugee and conflict-affected populations: theory, research and clinical practice. Cham, Switzerland: springer Nature Switzerland AG. p. 111–133. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-97046-2_6.
  • Hou WK, Lee TM, Liang L, Li TW, Liu H, Tong H, Ben-Ezra M, Goodwin R. 2021. Psychiatric symptoms and behavioral adjustment during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from two population-representative cohorts. Transl Psychiatry. 11:1–11. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01279-w.
  • Hou WK, Tong H, Liang L, Li TW, Liu H, Ben-Ezra M, Goodwin R, Lee TM. 2021. Probable anxiety and components of psychological resilience amid COVID-19: A population-based study. J Affect Disord. 282:594–601. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.127.
  • Itani O, Jike M, Watanabe N, Kaneita Y. 2017. Short sleep duration and health outcomes: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Sleep Med. 32:246–256. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.08.006.
  • Jagannath A, Peirson SN, Foster RG. 2013. Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in neuropsychiatric illness. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 23:888–894. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.03.008.
  • Kahawage P, Bullock B, Meyer D, Gottlieb J, Crowe M, Swartz HA, Yatham LN, Inder M, Porter RJ, Nierenberg AA, et al. 2022. Social rhythm disruption is associated with greater depressive symptoms in people with mood disorders: Findings from a multinational online survey during COVID-19. Can J Psychiatry. 67:831–840.
  • Kivelä L, Papadopoulos MR, Antypa N. 2018. Chronotype and psychiatric disorders. Curr Sleep Med Rep. 4:94–103. doi: 10.1007/s40675-018-0113-8.
  • Klerman EB, Rahman SA, St Hilaire MA. 2020. What time is it? A tale of three clocks, with implications for personalized medicine. J Pineal Res. 68:e12646. doi: 10.1111/jpi.12646.
  • Korman M, Tkachev V, Reis C, Komada Y, Kitamura S, Gubin D, Kumar V, Roenneberg T. 2020. COVID-19-mandated social restrictions unveil the impact of social time pressure on sleep and body clock. Sci Rep. 10:22225. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-79299-7.
  • Korman M, Tkachev V, Reis C, Komada Y, Kitamura S, Gubin D, Kumar V, Roenneberg T. 2021. Outdoor daylight exposure and longer sleep promote wellbeing under COVID-19 mandated restrictions. J Sleep Res. 31:e13471. doi: 10.1111/jsr.13471.
  • Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. 2001. The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 16:606–613. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.
  • Lee H, Cashin AG, Lamb SE, Hopewell S, Vansteelandt S, VanderWeele TJ, MacKinnon DP, Mansell G, Collins GS, Golub RM, et al. 2021. A guideline for reporting mediation analyses of randomized trials and observational studies: The AGReMA statement. JAMA. 326:1045–1056. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.14075.
  • Leocadio-Miguel MA, Louzada FM, Duarte LL, Areas RP, Alam M, Freire MV, Fontenele-Araujo J, Menna-Barreto L, Pedrazzoli M. 2017. Latitudinal cline of chronotype. Sci Rep. 7:5437. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05797-w.
  • Lewis P, Korf HW, Kuffer L, Groß JV, Erren TC. 2018. Exercise time cues (zeitgebers) for human circadian systems can foster health and improve performance: A systematic review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 4:e000443. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000443.
  • Lewis P, Oster H, Korf HW, Foster RG, Erren TC. 2020. Food as a circadian time cue — evidence from human studies. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 16:213–223. doi: 10.1038/s41574-020-0318-z.
  • Long JA 2022. jtools: Analysis and presentation of social scientific data [Internet]. [accessed 2022 Oct 31]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=jtools.
  • Lüdecke D, Aust F, Crawley S, Ben-Shachar MS 2022. Ggeffects: create tidy data frames of marginal effects for “ggplot” from model outputs [Internet]. [accessed 2022 Oct 31]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggeffects.
  • Lüdecke D, Makowski D, Ben-Shachar MS, Patil I, Waggoner P, Wiernik BM, Arel-Bundock V, Thériault R, Jullum M, Bacher E. 2023. Performance: assessment of regression models performance [Internet]. [accessed 2023 Mar 21]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=performance.
  • Lunsford-Avery JR, Engelhard MM, Navar AM, Kollins SH. 2018. Validation of the sleep regularity index in older adults and associations with cardiometabolic risk. Sci Rep. 8:14158. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32402-5.
  • Lyall LM, Wyse CA, Graham N, Ferguson A, Lyall DM, Cullen B, Morales CAC, Biello SM, Mackay D, Ward J, et al. 2018. Association of disrupted circadian rhythmicity with mood disorders, subjective wellbeing, and cognitive function: A cross-sectional study of 91 105 participants from the UK biobank. Lancet Psychiatry. 5:507–514. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30139-1.
  • MacKinnon DP, Krull JL, Lockwood CM. 2000. Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect. Prev Sci. 1:173. doi: 10.1023/A:1026595011371.
  • McCarthy H, Potts HWW, Fisher A. 2021. Physical activity behavior before, during, and after COVID-19 restrictions: Longitudinal smartphone-tracking study of adults in the United Kingdom. J Med Internet Res. 23:e23701. doi: 10.2196/23701.
  • McClung CA. 2007. Circadian genes, rhythms and the biology of mood disorders. Pharmacol Ther. 114:222–232. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.02.003.
  • Melrose S. 2015. Seasonal affective disorder: An overview of assessment and treatment approaches. Depress Res Treat. 2015:178564. doi: 10.1155/2015/178564.
  • Moreno AL, DeSousa DA, Souza de AMFLP, Manfro GG, Salum GA, Koller SH, de Lima Osório F, de Souza Crippa JA. 2016. Factor structure, reliability, and item parameters of the brazilian-portuguese version of the GAD-7 questionnaire. Temas em Psicologia. 24:367–376. doi: 10.9788/TP2016.1-25.
  • Øverland S, Woicik W, Sikora L, Whittaker K, Heli H, Skjelkvåle FS, Sivertsen B, Colman I. 2019. Seasonality and symptoms of depression: A systematic review of the literature. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 29:e31. doi: 10.1017/S2045796019000209.
  • Pilz LK, Couto Pereira NS, Francisco AP, Carissimi A, Constantino DB, Caus LB, Abreu ACO, Amando GR, Bonatto FS, Carvalho PVV, et al. 2022. Effective recommendations towards healthy routines to preserve mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Braz J Psychiatry. 44:136–146.
  • Plummer F, Manea L, Trepel D, McMillan D. 2016. Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: A systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 39:24–31. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005.
  • Randler C, Engelke J. 2019. Gender differences in chronotype diminish with age: A meta-analysis based on morningness/chronotype questionnaires. Chronobiol Int. 36:888–905. doi: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1585867.
  • R Core Team. 2022. R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Internet]. https://www.R-project.org/.
  • Roenneberg T, Allebrandt KV, Merrow M, Vetter C. 2012. Social jetlag and obesity. Curr Biol. 22:939–943. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.038.
  • Roenneberg T, Daan S, Merrow M. 2003. The art of entrainment. J Biol Rhythms. 18:183–194. doi: 10.1177/0748730403018003001.
  • Roenneberg T, Kuehnle T, Juda M, Kantermann T, Allebrandt K, Gordijn M, Merrow M. 2007. Epidemiology of the human circadian clock. Sleep Med Rev. 11:429–438. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2007.07.005.
  • Roenneberg T, Kuehnle T, Pramstaller PP, Ricken J, Havel M, Guth A, Merrow M. 2004. A marker for the end of adolescence. Curr Biol. 14(24):R1038–R1039. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.11.039
  • Roenneberg T, Pilz LK, Zerbini G, Winnebeck EC. 2019. Chronotype and social jetlag: A (self-) critical review. Biology. 8:54. doi: 10.3390/biology8030054.
  • Roenneberg T, Winnebeck EC, Klerman EB. 2019. Daylight saving time and artificial time zones – a battle between biological and social times. Front Physiol. 10:944. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00944.
  • Rosseel Y, Jorgensen TD, Rockwood N, Oberski D, Byrnes J, Vanbrabant L, Savalei V, Merkle E, Hallquist M, Rhemtulla M, et al. 2022. lavaan: latent variable analysis [Internet]. [accessed 2022 Oct 17]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lavaan.
  • Santomauro DF, Herrera AMM, Shadid J, Zheng P, Ashbaugh C, Pigott DM, Abbafati C, Adolph C, Amlag JO, Aravkin AY, et al. 2021. Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 398:1700–1712. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02143-7.
  • Santos IS, Tavares BF, Munhoz TN, de Almeida LSP, da Silva NTB, Tams BD, Patella AM, Matijasevich A. 2013. Sensitivity and specificity of the patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) among adults from the general population. Cad Saude Publica. 29:1533–1543. doi: 10.1590/S0102-311X2013001200006.
  • Slavish DC, Taylor DJ, Lichstein KL. 2019. Intraindividual variability in sleep and comorbid medical and mental health conditions. Sleep. 42:1–11. doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsz052.
  • Sletten TL, Weaver MD, Foster RG, Gozal D, Klerman EB, Rajaratnam SMW, Roenneberg T, Takahashi JS, Turek FW, Vitiello MV, et al. 2023. The importance of sleep regularity: A consensus statement of the national sleep foundation sleep timing and variability panel. Sleep Health. 9:801–820. doi: 10.1016/j.sleh.2023.07.016.
  • Sott MK, Bender MS, da Silva Baum K. 2022. Covid-19 outbreak in Brazil: health, social, political, and economic implications. Int J Health Serv. 52:1–13. doi: 10.1177/00207314221122658.
  • Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, Löwe B. 2006. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 166:1092–1097. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092.
  • Stokkan KA, Yamazaki S, Tei H, Sakaki Y, Menaker M. 2001. Entrainment of the circadian clock in the liver by feeding. Science. 291:490–493. doi: 10.1126/science.291.5503.490.
  • Stothard ER, McHill AW, Depner CM, Birks BR, Moehlman TM, Ritchie HK, Guzzetti JR, Chinoy ED, LeBourgeois MK, Axelsson J, et al. 2017. Circadian entrainment to the natural light-dark cycle across seasons and the weekend. Curr Biol. 27:508–513. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.041.
  • Topp CW, Østergaard SD, Søndergaard S, Bech P. 2015. The WHO-5 well-being index: a systematic review of the literature. Psychother Psychosom. 84:167–176. doi: 10.1159/000376585.
  • van de Langenberg SCN, Kocevska D, Luik AI. 2022. The multidimensionality of sleep in population-based samples: A narrative review. J Sleep Res. 31:e13608. doi: 10.1111/jsr.13608.
  • Vanegas LH, Rondón LM, Paula GA 2023. Glmtoolbox: set of tools to data analysis using generalized linear models [Internet]. [accessed 2023 Mar 21]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=glmtoolbox.
  • Vohs KD, Baumeister RF, Schmeichel BJ, Twenge JM, Nelson NM, Tice DM. 2008. Making choices impairs subsequent self-control: a limited-resource account of decision making, self-regulation, and active initiative. J Pers Soc Psychol. 94:883–898. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.94.5.883.
  • Wickham H, Chang W, Henry L, Pedersen TL, Takahashi K, Wilke C, Woo K, Yutani H, Dunnington D, RStudio. 2021. ggplot2: create elegant data visualisations using the grammar of graphics [Internet]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggplot2.
  • Wittmann M, Dinich J, Merrow M, Roenneberg T. 2006. Social Jetlag: Misalignment of biological and social time. Chronobiol Int. 23(1–2):497–509. doi:10.1080/07420520500545979.
  • Yang Y, Koenigstorfer J. 2020. Determinants of physical activity maintenance during the COVID-19 pandemic: a focus on fitness apps. Transl Behav Med. 10:835–842. doi: 10.1093/tbm/ibaa086.
  • Zhao Z, Li L, Sang Y. 2023. The COVID-19 pandemic increased poor lifestyles and worsen mental health: A systematic review. Am J Transl Res. 15:3060–3066.
  • Zou H, Zhou H, Yan R, Yao Z, Lu Q. 2022. Chronotype, circadian rhythm, and psychiatric disorders: recent evidence and potential mechanisms. Front Neurosci. 16:811771. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.811771.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.