Quantitatively Improved Treatment Outcomes for Combat-Associated PTSD With Adjunctive Art Therapy: Randomized Controlled Trial

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Armour, C., Carragher, N., & Elhai, J. D. (2013). Assessing the fit of the Dysphoric Arousal model across two nationally representative epidemiological surveys: The Australian NSMHWB and the United States NESARC. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(1), 109–115. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armour, C., Contractor, A., Elhai, J. D., Stringer, M., Lyle, G., Forbes, D., & Richardson, J. D. (2015). Identifying latent profiles of posttraumatic stress and major depression symptoms in Canadian veterans: Exploring differences across profiles in health related functioning. Psychiatry Research, 228(1), 17. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.03.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Ball, R., & Ranieri, W., (1996). Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories -IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 6(3), 588–597. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6703_13
   Google Scholar
• Belkin, M. R., & Schwartz, T. L. (2015). Alpha-2 receptor agonists for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Drugs in Context, 4, 212286. doi: 10.7573/dic.212286
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Andrew, M., Cooper, R., & Lewis, C. (2013). Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12, CD003388. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003388.pub4
   Google Scholar
• Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., & Domino, J. L. (2015). The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 489498. doi: 10.1002/jts.22059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, A. D., Addis, D. R., Romano, T. A., Marmar, C. R., Bryant, R. A., Hirst, W., & Schacter, D. L. (2014). Episodic and semantic components of autobiographical memories and imagined future events in post-traumatic stress disorder. Memory, 22(6), 595–604. doi:10.1080/09658211.2013.807842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, M. (2014). Art therapy and Cognitive Processing Therapy for combat PTSD: A randomized, controlled trial (Unpublished master’s thesis). Norfolk, VA: Eastern Virginia Medical School.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, M., Decker, K. P., Kruk, K., & Deaver, S. P. (2016). Art therapy and Cognitive Processing Therapy for combat-related PTSD: A randomized controlled trial. Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 33(4), 169–177. doi: 10.1080/07421656.2016.1226643
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cook, J. M., Dinnen, S., O'Donnell, C., Bernardy, N., Rosenheck, R., & Hoff, R. (2013). Iraq and Afghanistan veterans: National findings from VA residential treatment programs. Psychiatry, 76(1), 18–31. doi:10.1521/psyc.2013.76.1.18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elhai, J. D., Biehn, T. L., Armour, C., Klopper, J. J., Frueh, B. C., & Palmieri, P. A., (2011). Evidence for a unique PTSD construct represented by PTSD's D1–D3 symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(3), 340–345. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elhai, J. D., Contractor, A. A., Tamburrino, M., Fine, T. H., Cohen, G., Shirley, E., … Galea, S. (2015). Structural relations between DSM-5 PTSD and major depression symptoms in military soldiers. Journal of Affective Disorders, 175, 373–378. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gantt, L., & Tinnin, L. W. (2009). Support for a neurobiological view of trauma with implications for art therapy. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 36(3), 148. 153.doi:10.1016/j.aip.2008.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gantt, L., & Vesprini, M. E. (2017). Using the Instinctual Trauma Response model in a military setting. In P. Howie (Ed.), Art therapy with military populations: History, innovation, and applications (pp. 147–156). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Harpaz-Rotem, I., Tsai, J., Pietrzak, R. H., & Hoff, R. (2014). The dimensional structure of posttraumatic stress symptomatology in 323,903 U.S. veterans. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 49, 31–36. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.10.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson, P., Rosen, D., & Mascaro, N. (2007). Empirical study on the healing nature of mandalas. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 1(3), 148–154. doi:10.1037/1931-3896.1.3.148
   Google Scholar
• Kaimal, G., Ray, K., & Muniz, J. (2016). Reduction of cortisol levels and participants’ responses following art making. Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 33(2), 74–80. doi: 10.1080/07421656.2016.1166832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehle-Forbes, S. M., Meis, L. A., Spoont, M. R., & Polusny, M. A. (2016). Treatment initiation and dropout from prolonged exposure and cognitive processing therapy in a VA outpatient clinic. (2016). Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(1), 107–114. doi: 10.1037/tra0000065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimbrel, N. A., DeBeer, B. B., Meyer, E. C., Silvia, P. J., Beckham, J. C., Young, K. A., & Morissette, S. B. (2015). An examination of the broader effects of warzone experiences on returning Iraq/Afghanistan veterans’ psychiatric health. Psychiatry Research, 226(1), 78–83. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch, S. B., V., Zuiden, M., Nawijn, L., Frijling, J. L., Veltman, D. J., & Olff, M. (2014). Intranasal oxytocin as strategy for medication-enhanced psychotherapy of PTSD: Salience processing and fear inhibition processes. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 40, 242256. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.11.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopytin, A., & Lebedev, A. (2013). Humor, self-attitude, emotions, and cognitions in group art therapy with war veterans. Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 30(1), 20–29. doi: 10.1080/07421656.2013.757758
   Google Scholar
• Lande, R. G., Tarpley, V., Francis, J. L., & Boucher, R. (2010). Combat trauma art therapy scale. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 37(1), 42–45. doi: 10.1016/j.aip.2009.09.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D. J., Schnitzlein, C. W., Wolf, J. P., Vythilingam, M., Rasmusson, A. M., & Hoge, C. W. (2016). Psychotherapy versus pharmacotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Systemic review and meta-analyses to determine first-line treatments. Depression and Anxiety, 33(9), 792–806. doi: 10.1002/da.2251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippa, S. M., Fonda, J. R., Fortier, C. B., Amick, M. A., Kenna, A., Milberg, W. P., & McGlinchey, R. E. (2015). Deployment-related psychiatric and behavioral conditions and their association with functional disability in OEF/OIF/OND veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(1), 25–33. doi:10.1002/jts.21979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobban, J. (2014). The invisible wound: Veterans’ art therapy. International Journal of Art Therapy, 19(1), 3–18. doi:10.1080/17454832.2012.725547
   Google Scholar
• Maguen, S., Lucenko, B. A., Reger, M. A., Gahm, G. A., Litz, B. T., Seal, K. H., …., Marmar, C. R. (2010). The impact of reported direct and indirect killing on mental health symptoms in Iraq war veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(1), 86. 90. doi:10.1002/jts.20434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maujean, A., Pepping, C. A., & Kendall, E. (2014). A systematic review of randomized controlled studies of art therapy. Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 31(1), 37–44. doi:10.1080/07421656.2014.873696
   Google Scholar
• Monson, C. M., Gradus, J. L., Young-Xu, Y., Schnurr, P. P., Price, J. L., & Schumm, J. A. (2008). Change in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: Do clinicians and patients agree? Psychological Assessment, 20(2), 131–138. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.20.2.131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monson, C. M., Schnurr, P. P., Resick, P. A., Friedman, M. J., Young-Xu, Y., & Stevens, S. P. (2006). Cognitive processing therapy for veterans with military-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 898–907. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naff, K. (2014). A framework for treating cumulative trauma with art therapy. Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 31(2), 79–86. doi:10.1080/07421656.2014.903824
   Google Scholar
• Pietrzak, R. H., Tsai, J., Harpaz-Rotem, I., Whealin, J. M., & Southwick, S. M. (2012). Support for a novel five-factor model of posttraumatic stress symptoms in three independent samples of Iraq/Afghanistan veterans: A confirmatory factor analytic study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46(3), 317–322. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.11.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plumb, T. R., Peachey, J. T., & Zelman, D. C. (2014). Sleep disturbance is common among service members and veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Psychological Services, 11(2), 209–219. doi: 10.1037/a0034958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puetz, T. W., Youngstedt, S. D., & Herring, M. P. (2015). Effects of pharmacotherapy on combat-related PTSD, anxiety, and depression: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. PLoS One, 10(5), e0126529. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resick, P. A., Monson, C. M., & Chard, K. M. (2007). Cognitive Processing Therapy: Veteran/military version. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, S., Aiken, A., & McColl, M. A. (2014). A scoping review of psychological interventions for PTSD in military personnel and veterans. Military Behavioral Health, 2(3), 264–282. doi:10.1080/21635781.2014.963757
   Google Scholar
• Saar-Ashkenazy, R., Veksler, R., Guez, J., Jacob, Y., Shelef, I., Shalev, H., …Cohen, J. E. (2016). Breakdown of inter-hemispheric connectivity is associated with posttraumatic symptomatology and memory impairment. PLoS ONE, 11(2), e0144766. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skeffington, P. M., & Browne, M. (2014). Art therapy, trauma and substance misuse: Using imagery to explore a difficult past with a complex client. International Journal of Art Therapy, 19(3), 114–121. doi:10.1080/17454832.2014.910816
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A. (2016). A literature review of the therapeutic mechanisms of art therapy for veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. International Journal of Art Therapy, 21(2), 66–74. doi: 10.1080/17454832.2016.1170055
   Google Scholar
• Spiegel, D., Malchiodi, C., Backos, A., & Collie, K. (2006). Art therapy for combat-related PTSD: Recommendations for research and practice. Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 23(4), 157–164. doi:10.1080/07421656.2006.10129335
   Google Scholar
• Stockburger, D. W. (2016). Multivariate statistics: Concepts, models, and applications [3rd web ed.]. Springfield, MO: Missouri State University. Retrieved from: http://psychstat3.missouristate.edu/Documents/MultiBook3/mbk.htm
   Google Scholar
• Watts, B. V., Shiner, B., Zubkoff, L., Carpenter-Song, E., Ronconi, J. M., & Coldwell, C. M. (2014). Implementation of evidence-based psychotherapies for posttraumatic stress disorder in VA specialty clinics. Psychiatric Services, 65(5), 648–653. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201300176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D. S., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1993). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the International Society of Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.
   Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Huska, J., & Keane, T. (1994). PTSD Checklist–Military version for DSM-IV. Boston, MA: National Center for PTSD–Behavioral Sciences Division.
   Google Scholar
• Xenakis, S. N. (2014). Posttraumatic stress disorder: Beyond best practices. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 31(2), 236–244. doi:10.1037/a0036244
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar