A Test of the Perceived Norms Model to Explain Drinking Patterns Among University Student Athletes

References

• Straus , R and Bacon , S D. 1953 . Drinking in College , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Leichliter , J S , Meilman , P W , Presley , C A and Cashin , M A. 1998 . Alcohol use and related consequences among students with varying levels of involvement in college athletics . J Am Coll Health , 46 : 257 – 262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overman , S J and Terry , T. 1991 . Alcohol use and attitudes: A comparison of college athletes and nonathletes . J Drug Edu , 21 : 107 – 117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , W A , Albrecht , R R , McKeag , D B , Hough , D O and McGrew , C A. 1991 . A national study of alcohol and drug use by college athletes . The Physician & Sports Medicine , 19 : 91 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , H , Davenport , A E , Dowdall , G W , Grossman , S J and Zanakos , S I. 1997 . Binge drinking, tobacco, and illicit drug use and involvement in college athletics: A survey of students at 140 American colleges . J Am Coll Health , 45 : 195 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1991 . Healthy People 2000 , Washington, DC : Public Health Service, United States Dept of Health and Human Services . (PHS publication no. 91–50213)
   Google Scholar
• Stainback , R D. 1997 . Alcohol and Sport , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Tricker , R , Cook , D L and McGuire , R. 1989 . Issues related to drug abuse in college athletes: Athletes at risk . The Sport Psychologist , 3 : 155 – 165 .
   Google Scholar
• Selby , R , Weinstein , H M and Bird , T S. 1990 . The health of university athletes: Attitudes, behaviors, and stressors . J Am Coll Health , 39 : 11 – 18 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cappell , H and Greeley , J. 1987 . “ Alcohol and tension reduction: An update on research and theory ” . In Psychological Theories of Drinking and Alcoholism , Edited by: Blane , H T and Leonard , K E . 15 – 54 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Powers , R J and Kutash , I L. 1985 . Stress and alcohol . International Journal of the Addictions , 20 : 461 – 482 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sher , K J. 1987 . “ Stress response dampening ” . In Psychological Theories of Drinking and Alcoholism , Edited by: Blane , H T and Leonard , K E . 227 – 271 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Sayette , M A. 1993 . An appraisal-disruption model of alcohol's effects on stress responses in social drinkers . Psychol Bull , 114 : 459 – 476 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cashin , J R , Presley , C A and Meilman , P W. 1998 . Alcohol use in the Greek system: Follow the leader? . J Stud Alcohol , 59 : 63 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larimer , M E , Irvine , D L , Kilmer , J R and Marlatt , G A. 1997 . College drinking and the Greek system: Examining the role of perceived norms for high-risk behavior . Journal of College Student Development , 38 : 587 – 598 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkowitz , A D. 1998 . The proactive prevention model: Helping students translate healthy beliefs into healthy actions . About Campus , 3 : 26 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Berkowitz , A D. 1997 . “ From reactive to proactive prevention: Promoting an ecology of health on campus ” . In Substance Abuse on Campus: A Handbook for College and University Personnel , Edited by: Rivers , P C and Shore , E R . 119 – 139 . Westport, CT : Greenwood .
   Google Scholar
• Perkins , H W , Meilman , P W , Leichliter , J S , Cashin , J R and Presley , C A. 1999 . Misperceptions of the norms for the frequency of alcohol and other drug use on college campuses . J Am Coll Health , 47 : 253 – 258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shields , E W. 1998 . Relative likelihood of in-season and off-season use of alcohol by high school athletes in North Carolina: Trends and current status . Journal of Alcohol & Drug Education , 43 : 48 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Baer , J S , Stacy , A and Larimer , M. 1991 . Biases in the perception of drinking norms among college students . J Stud Alcohol , 52 : 580 – 586 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thombs , D L , Wolcott , B J and Farkash , L GE . 1997 . Social context, perceived norms and drinking behavior in young people . J Subst Abuse , 9 : 257 – 267 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnston , L D and O'Malley , P M. 1985 . “ Issues of validity and population coverage in student surveys of drug use ” . In Self-Report Methods of Estimating Drug Use: Meeting Current Challenges to Validity , Research Monograph 57 Edited by: Rouse , B A , Dozel , N J and Richards , L G . 31 – 54 . Rockville, MD : National Institute on Drug Abuse . (DHHS publication no. ADM 85–1402)
   Google Scholar
• Klitzner , M. 1994 . Application of a systems approach to DWI and fatal crashes . Alcohol, Drugs & Driving , 10 : 217 – 226 .
   Google Scholar
• Grant , B F and Dawson , D A. 1997 . Age of onset of alcohol use and its association with DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: Results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey . J Subst Abuse , 9 : 103 – 110 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haines , M P. 1996 . Social Norms Approach to Preventing Binge Drinking at Colleges and Universities , Newton, MA : Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention .
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , W B and Graham , J W. 1991 . Preventing alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use among adolescents: Peer pressure resistance training versus establishing conservative norms . Prev Med , 20 : 414 – 430 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins , H W and Berkowitz , A D. 1986 . Perceiving the community norms of alcohol use among students: Some research implications for campus alcohol education programming . International Journal of the Addictions , 21 : 961 – 971 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeling , R P. 1999 . Proceed with caution: Understanding and changing norms . J Am Coll Health , 47 : 243 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar