328
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Major Article

Combat exposure undermines student veterans’ achievement of a meaningful life through its association with health-related symptoms: A longitudinal study

, PhD, OTR/L, , PhD, OTR/L, FAOTA, , PhD, , PhD & , PhD, OTR/L, FAOTAORCID Icon
Pages 142-150 | Received 06 Mar 2019, Accepted 11 Aug 2019, Published online: 25 Nov 2019

References

  • Kraemer HC, Kazdin AE, Offord DR, et al. Coming to terms with the terms of risk. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54:337–343. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830160065009.
  • King LA, King DW, Vogt DS, et al. Deployment risk and resilience inventory: a collection of measures for studying deployment-related experiences of military personnel and veterans. Mil Psychol. 2006;18:89–120. doi:10.1207/s15327876mp1802_1.
  • Barry AE, Whiteman SD, MacDermid Wadsworth SM. Implications of posttraumatic stress among military-affiliated and civilian students. J Am Coll Health. 2012;60:562–573. doi:10.1080/07448481.2012.721427.
  • Armstrong EL, Bryan CJ, Stephenson JA, et al. Warzone stressor exposure, unit support, and emotional distress among US Air Force pararescuemen. J Special Oper Med. 2014;14:26–34.
  • Hoge CW, Terhakopian A, Castro CA, et al. Association of posttraumatic stress disorder with somatic symptoms, health care visits, and absenteeism among Iraq war veterans. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:150–153. doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.1.150.
  • Church TE. Returning veterans on campus with war related injuries and the long road back home. J Postsec Educ Disabil. 2009;22:43–52.
  • Barry AE, Whiteman SD, Wadsworth SM. Student service members/veterans in higher education: a systematic review. J Stud Affairs Res Pract. 2014;51:30–42. doi:10.1515/jsarp-2014-0003.
  • World Health Organization. Promoting Mental Health: Concepts, Emerging Evidence, Practice. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004.
  • Umucu E, Wu J-R, Sanchez J. Psychometric validation of the PERMA-profiler as a well-being measure for student veterans. J Am Coll Health. 2019;1–7. doi:10.1080/07448481.2018.1546182.
  • Ryff CD. Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. J Person Soc Psychol. 1989;57:1069–1081. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069.
  • Steger MF, Frazier P, Oishi S, et al. The Meaning in Life Questionnaire: assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. J Counsel Psychol. 2006;53:80–93. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80.
  • King GA. The meaning of life experiences: application of a meta-model to rehabilitation sciences and services. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2004;74:72–88. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.74.1.72.
  • Daggett VS, Bakas T, Buelow J, et al. Needs and concerns of male combat veterans with mild traumatic brain injury. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2013;50:327–340. doi:10.1682/JRRD.2011.09.0168.
  • Eakman AM, Schelly C, Henry KL. Protective and vulnerability factors contributing to resilience in post-9/11 veterans with service-related injuries in postsecondary education. Am J Occup Ther. 2016;70:7001260010p7001260011–7001260010p7001260010. doi:10.5014/ajot.2016.016519.
  • Resnik LJ, Allen SM. Using international classification of functioning, disability and health to understand challenges in community reintegration of injured veterans. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2007;44:991–1006.
  • Baumeister RF, Leary MR. The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychol Bull. 1995;117:497–529.
  • Black AE, Deci EL. The effects of instructors’ autonomy support and students’ autonomous motivation on learning organic chemistry: a self-determination theory perspective. Sci Ed. 2000;84:740–756. doi:10.1002/1098-237X(200011)84:6<740::AID-SCE4>3.0.CO;2-3.
  • Lambert NM, Stillman TF, Hicks JA, et al. To belong is to matter: sense of belonging enhances meaning in life. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2013;39:1418–1427. doi:10.1177/0146167213499186.
  • Martela F, Ryan RM, Steger MF. Meaningfulness as satisfaction of autonomy, competence, relatedness, and beneficence: comparing the four satisfactions and positive affect as predictors of meaning in life. J Happiness Stud. 2018;19:1261–1282. doi:10.1007/s10902-017-9869-7.
  • Shallcross SL, Arbisi PA, Polusny MA, et al. Social causation versus social erosion: comparisons of causal models for relations between support and PTSD symptoms. J Trauma Stress. 2016;29:167–175. doi:10.1002/jts.22086.
  • Sayers SL, Farrow VA, Ross J, et al. Family problems among recently returned military veterans referred for a mental health evaluation. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70:163. doi:10.4088/JCP.07m03863.
  • Kinney AR, Eakman AM. Measuring self-advocacy skills among student veterans with disabilities: implications for success in postsecondary education. J Postsec Educ Disabil. 2017;30:343–358.
  • Willoughby C, Brown EG, King GA, et al. The resilient self - what helps and what hinders? In: King GA, Brown EG, Smith LK, eds. Resilience: Learning from People with Disabilities and the Turning Points in Their Lives. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers; 2003:31–88.
  • Sinclair VG, Wallston KA. The development and psychometric evaluation of the brief resilient coping scale. Assessment. 2004;11:94–101. doi:10.1177/1073191103258144.
  • Jim HS, Richardson SA, Golden-Kreutz DM, et al. Strategies used in coping with a cancer diagnosis predict meaning in life for survivors. Health Psychol. 2006;25:753–761. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.25.6.753.
  • Park CL, Malone MR, Suresh D, et al. Coping, meaning in life, and quality of life in congestive heart failure patients. Qual Life Res. 2008;17:21–26. doi:10.1007/s11136-007-9279-0.
  • Schunk DH. Self-efficacy and academic motivation. Educ Psychol. 1991;26:207–231. doi:10.1207/s15326985ep2603&4_2.
  • Brenner LA, Homaifar BY, Adler LE, et al. Suicidality and veterans with a history of traumatic brain injury: precipitants events, protective factors, and prevention strategies. Rehabil Psychol. 2009;54:390–397. doi:10.1037/a0017802.
  • Eakman AM, Kinney AR, Schierl M. Academic performance in student service members/veterans: effects of instructor autonomy support, academic self-efficacy, and academic problems. Educ Psychol. 2019;39:1005–1026. doi:10.1080/01443410.2019.1605048.
  • Ness BM, Vroman K. Preliminary examination of the impact of traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder on self-regulated learning and academic achievement among military service members enrolled in postsecondary education. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2014;29:33–43. doi:10.1097/HTR.0b013e3182a1cd4e.
  • Ness BM, Rocke MR, Harrist CJ, et al. College and combat trauma: an insider's perspective of the post-secondary education experience shared by service members managing neurobehavioral symptoms. NeuroRehabilitation. 2014;35:147–158.
  • Ellison ML, Mueller L, Smelson D, et al. Supporting the education goals of post-9/11 veterans with self-reported PTSD symptoms: a needs assessment. Psychiatric Rehabil J. 2012;35:209–217. doi:10.2975/35.3.2012.209.217.
  • Hammell KW. Dimensions of meaning in the occupations of daily life. Can J Occup Ther. 2004;71:296–305. doi:10.1177/000841740407100509.
  • Eakman AM. Meaning, sense-making, and spirituality. In: Christiansen CH, Baum CM, Bass J, eds. Occupational Therapy: Performance, Participation, and Well-Being. 4th ed. Thorofare, NJ: Slack; 2015:313–331.
  • Reker GT, Wong P. Aging as an individual process: Toward a theory of personal meaning In: Birren JE, Bengston VL, eds. Emergent Theories of Aging. New York: Springer; 1988.
  • Levasseur M, Richard L, Gauvin L, et al. Inventory and analysis of definitions of social participation found in the aging literature: proposed taxonomy of social activities. Soc Sci Med. 2010;71:2141–2149. (12)doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.041.
  • Chang F-H, Coster WJ, Helfrich CA. Community participation measures for people with disabilities: a systematic review of content from an international classification of functioning, disability and health perspective. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94:771–781. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2012.10.031.
  • Eakman AM, Atler KE, Rumble M, et al. A qualitative research synthesis of positive subjective experiences in occupation from the Journal of Occupational Science (1993 - 2010). J Occupat Sci. 2018;25:346–367. doi:10.1080/14427591.2018.1492958.
  • Albright DL, McDaniel JT, Godfrey K, et al. Civic engagement among student veterans. J Am Coll Health. 2019;1–8. doi:10.1080/07448481.2018.1559170.
  • Kinney AR, Grahamn JE, Eakman AM. Participation is associated with wellbeing among community-based Veterans: an investigation of coping ability, meaningful activity, and social support as mediating mechanisms. Am J Occup Ther. Under review.
  • Resnik L, Gray M, Borgia M. Measurement of community reintegration in sample of severely wounded service members. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2011;48:89–102. doi:10.1682/JRRD.2010.04.0070.
  • Sayer NA, Noorbaloochi S, Frazier P, et al. Reintegration problems and treatment interests among Iraq and Afghanistan combat veterans receiving VA medical care. Psychiatric Serv. 2010;61:589–597. doi:10.1176/ps.2010.61.6.589.
  • Eakman AM, Kinney AR, Reinhardt R. Participation, meaningful activity, and social support among U.S. student service members/Veterans. OTJR (Thorofare N J). 2019;1–10. doi:10.1177/1539449219833351.
  • Seal KH, Bertenthal D, Barnes DE, et al. Association of traumatic brain injury with chronic pain in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans: impact of comorbid mental health conditions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;98:1636. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2017.03.026.
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
  • Blanchard EB, Jones-Alexander J, Buckley TC, et al. Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL). Behav Res Ther. 1996;34:669–673.
  • Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams J. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16:606–613. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.
  • Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams J. The PHQ-15: validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosom Med. 2002;64:258–266. doi:10.1097/00006842-200203000-00008.
  • Vogt DS, Proctor SP, King DW, et al. Validation of scales from the deployment risk and resilience inventory in a sample of Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans. Assessment. 2008;15:391–403. doi:10.1177/1073191108316030.
  • Shen B, McCaughtry N, Martin J, et al. Effects of teacher autonomy support and students' autonomous motivation on learning in physical education. Res Quart Exerc Sport. 2009;80:44–53. doi:10.1080/02701367.2009.10599528.
  • Chemers MM, Hu L, Garcia BF. Academic self-efficacy and first-year college student performance and adjustment. J Educ Psychol. 2001;93:55–64. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.93.1.55.
  • Eakman AM. Measurement characteristics of the Engagement in Meaningful Activities Survey in an age-diverse sample. Am J Occup Ther. 2012;66:e20–e29. doi:10.5014/ajot.2012.001867.
  • Goldberg B, Brintnell ES, Goldberg J. The relationship between engagement in meaningful activities and quality of life in persons disabled by mental illness. Occupat Ther Mental Health. 2002;18:17–44. doi:10.1300/J004v18n02_03.
  • Menard S. Longitudinal Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2002.
  • Muthén LK, Muthén BO. Mplus User's Guide. 8th ed. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén; 1998–2017.
  • Preacher KJ, Rucker DD, Hayes AF. Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behav Res. 2007;42:185–227. doi:10.1080/00273170701341316.
  • Miočević M, O’Rourke HP, MacKinnon DP, et al. Statistical properties of four effect-size measures for mediation models. Behav Res Methods. 2018;50:285–301. doi:10.3758/s13428-017-0870-1.
  • Hawkins BL, McGuire FA, Linder SM, et al. Understanding contextual influences of community reintegration among injured service members. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2015;52:527–542. doi:10.1682/JRRD.2014.08.0196.
  • Hart T, Brenner L, Clark AN, et al. Major and minor depression after traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92:1211–1219. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2011.03.005.
  • Pietrzak RH, Tsai J, Armour C, et al. Functional significance of a novel 7-factor model of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms: results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. J Affect Disord. 2015;174:522–526. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.007.
  • Currier JM, McDermott RC, Sims BM. Do student service members/veterans experience worse mental health stigma than their peers? A comparative study in a national sample. J Am Coll Health. 2018;66:821–825. doi:10.1080/07448481.2018.1440569.
  • Bonar EE, Bohnert KM, Walters HM, et al. Student and nonstudent National Guard service members/veterans and their use of services for mental health symptoms. J Am Coll Health. 2015;63:437–446. doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.975718.
  • Borsari B, Yurasek A, Miller MB, et al. Student service members/veterans on campus: challenges for reintegration. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2017;87:166–175. doi:10.1037/ort0000199.
  • Williston SK, Roemer L. Predictors of well-being in the lives of student service members and veterans. J Am Coll Health. 2017;65:404–412. doi:10.1080/07448481.2017.1341891.
  • Kraus A, Rattray NA. Understanding disability in the student veteran community. In: Hamrick FA, Rumann CB, eds. Called to Serve: A Handbook on Student Veterans and Higher Education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2013:116–137.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.