References
- Black MC, Basile KC, Breiding MJ, et al. The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS):2010 Summary Report. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2011.
- Coker AL, Davis KE, Arias I, et al. Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women. Am J Prev Med. 2002;23(4):260–268. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00514-7.
- About. Me too movement. https://metoomvmt.org/about/. Published 2018. Accessed August 5, 2019.
- Breiding MJ, Basile KC, Smith SG, Black MC, Mahendra RR. Intimate Partner Violence Surveillance: Uniform Definitions and Recommended Data Elements, Version 2.0. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2015.
- Rees CA. Understanding emotional abuse. Arch Dis Child. 2010;95(1):59–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2008.143156.
- Krug EG, Mercy JA, Dahlberg LL, Zwi AB. The world report on violence and health. The Lancet. 2002;360(9339):1083–1088. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11133-0.
- United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Women’s Health. Violence against women: emotional abuse. http://www.womenshealth.gov/violence-against-women/types-of-violence/emotional-abuse.html. Updated September 13, 2018. Accessed July 10, 2019.
- Smith SG, Zhang X, Basile KC, et al. The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2015 Data Brief–Updated Release. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2018.
- Henning K, Klesges LM. Prevalence and characteristics of psychological abuse reported by court-involved battered women. J Interpers Violence. 2003;18(8):857–871. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260503253878.
- Follingstad DR. The impact of psychological aggression on women’s mental health and behavior. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2009;10(3):271–289. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838009334453.
- Blasco-Ros C, Sánchez-Lorente S, Martinez M. Recovery from depressive symptoms, state anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder in women exposed to physical and psychological, but not to psychological intimate partner violence alone: a longitudinal study. BMC Psychiatry. 2010;10(1):98. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-10-98.
- Orava TA, McLeod PJ, Sharpe D. Perception of control, depressive symptomatology, and self-esteem in women in transition from abusive relation-ships. J Fam Violence. 1996;11(2):167–186. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02336668.
- Murphy CM, Cascardi M. Psychological abuse in marriage and dating relationships. In: Hampton RL, ed. Family Violence: Prevention and Treatment. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1999:198–226.
- O’Leary KD. Developmental and affective issues in assessing and treating partner aggression. Clin Psychol (New York). 1995;6(4):400–414.
- Voth Schrag RJ. Campus based sexual assault and dating violence: a review of study contexts and participants. Affilia. 2017;32(1):67–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109916644644.
- Shorey RC, Cornelius TL, Bell KM. A critical review of theoretical frameworks for dating violence: comparing the dating and marital fields. Agress Violent Behav. 2008;13(3):185–194. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2008.03.003.
- Cantor D, Fisher WB, Chibnall S, et al. 2015. Report on the AAU campus climate survey on sexual assault and sexual misconduct. The Association of American Universities. https://www.aau.edu/sites/default/files/%40%20Files/Climate%20Survey/AAU_Campus_Climate_Survey_12_14_15.pdf. Published September 2015. Accessed July 10, 2019.
- Fass DF, Benson RI, Leggett DG. Assessing prevalence and awareness of violent behaviors in the intimate partner relationships of college students using internet sampling. J College Stud Psychother. 2008;22(4):66–75. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/87568220801952248.
- Knowledge Networks. 2011. College dating violence and abuse poll. https://www.loveisrespect.org/pdf/College_Dating_And_Abuse_Final_Study.pdf. Published June 9, 2011. Assessed July 15, 2019.
- Sinozich S, Langton L. Rape and Sexual Assault Victimization among College-Age Females, 1995-2013. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2014.
- Straus MA. Prevalence of violence against dating partners by male and female university students worldwide. Violence Against Women. 2004;10(7):790–811. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801204265552.
- Flake DF. Individual, family, and community risk markers for domestic violence in Peru. Violence Against Women. 2005;11(3):353–373. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801204272129.
- Black MC. Intimate partner violence and adverse health consequences: implications for clinicians. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2011;5(5):428–439. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827611410265.
- Breiding MJ, Smith SG, Basile KC, Walters ML, Chen J, Merrick MT. Prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence victimization-national intimate partner and sexual violence survey, United States, 2011. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2014;63(8):1–18.
- Kim HK, Laurent HK, Capaldi DM, Feingold A. Men’s aggression toward women: a 10-year panel study. J Marriage Fam. 2008;70(5):1169–1187. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.2008.70.issue-5.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. Intimate partner violence: risk and protective factors. http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/intimatepartnerviolence/riskprotectivefactors.html. Updated October 23, 2018. Accessed July 15, 2018.
- Duval A, Lanning BA, Patterson MS. A systematic review of dating violence risk factors among undergraduate college students. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2018. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018782207.
- Krebs CP, Lindquist CH, Warner TD, Fisher BS, Martin SL. The Campus Sexual Assault (CSA) Study. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, US Department of Justice; 2007.
- Flack WF, Jr, Hansen BE, Hopper AB, et al. Some types of hookups may be riskier than others for campus sexual assault. Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy. 2016;8(4):413–420. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000090.
- Classen CC, Palesh OG, Aggarwal R. Sexual revictimization: a review of the empirical literature. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2005;6(2):103–129. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838005275087.
- Romito P, Beltramini L. Watching pornography: gender differences, violence and victimization. An exploratory study in Italy. Violence Against Women. 2011;17(10):1313–1326. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801211424555.
- Simons LG, Simons RL, Lei M, Sutton TE. Exposure to harsh parenting and pornography as explanations for males’ sexual coercion and females’ sexual victimization. Violence Vict. 2012;27(3):378–395. doi:https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.27.3.378.
- Nilon PH, Kearns M, Dills J, et al. Preventing intimate partner violence across the lifespan: a technical package of programs, policies, and practices. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/ipv-technicalpackages.pdf. Published 2017. Accessed July 15, 2019.
- Harned MS. A multivariate analysis of risk markers for dating violence victimization. J Interpers Violence. 2002;17(11):1179–1197. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/088626002237401.
- Mackenzie S, Wiegel JR, Mundt M, et al. Depression and suicide ideation among students accessing campus health care. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2011;81(1):101–107. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01077.x.
- Spertus IL, Yehuda R, Wong CM, Halligan S, Seremetis SV. Childhood emotional abuse and neglect as predictors of psychological and physical symptoms in women presenting to a primary care practice. Child Abuse Negl. 2003;27(11):1247–1258. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.05.001.
- Brewer N, Thomas KA, Higdon J. Intimate partner violence, health, sexuality, and academic performance among a national sample of undergraduates. J Am Coll Health. 2018;66(7):683–692. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1454929.
- Witte TH, Hackman CL, Boleigh A, Mugoya G. The link between psychological abuse victimization and physical health in college students. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma. 2015;24(6):693–706. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2015.1049769.
- Wolford-Clevenger C, Vann NC, Smith PN. The association of partner abuse types and suicidal ideation among men and women college students. Violence Vict. 2016;31(3):471–485. doi:https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-14-00083.
- Vidourek RA. Emotional abuse: correlates to abuse among college students. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma. 2017;26(7):792–803. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2017.1308980.
- Norman RE, Byambaa M, De R, Butchart A, Scott J, Vos T. The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2012;9(11):e1001349. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349.
- Hishinuma ES, Chang JY, McArdle JJ, Hamagami F. Potential causal relationship between depressive symptoms and academic achievement in the Hawaiian high schools health survey using contemporary longitudinal latent variable change models. Dev Psychol. 2012;48(5):1327–1342. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026978.
- Kessler RC, Foster CL, Saunders WB, Stang PE. Social consequences of psychiatric disorders, I: educational attainment. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(7):1026–1032. doi:https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.7.1026.
- Hartley MT. Increasing resilience: strategies for reducing dropout rates for college students with psychiatric disabilities. Am J Psychiatr Rehabil. 2010;13(4):295–315. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15487768.2010.523372.
- Carton ST, Goodboy AK. College students’ psychological well-being and interaction involvement in class. Commun Res Rep. 2015;32(2):180–184. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2015.1016145.
- Tjaden P, Thoennes N. Prevalence and consequences of male-to-female and female-to-male intimate partner violence as measured by the national violence against women survey. Violence Against Women. 2000;6(2):142–161. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/10778010022181769.
- Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, De la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption‐II. Addiction. 1993;88(6):791–804. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x.
- Winstok Z, Sowan-Basheer W. Does psychological violence contribute to partner violence research? A historical, conceptual and critical review. Agress Violent Behav. 2015;21:5–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.01.003.
- Follingstad DR. Rethinking current approaches to psychological abuse: conceptual and methodological issues. Aggress Violent Behav. 2007;12(4):439–458. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2006.07.004.
- World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research. Violence against women: intimate partner and sexual violence against women: intimate partner and sexual violence have serious short- and long-term physical, mental and sexual and reproductive health problems for survivors: fact sheet. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/112325/WHO_RHR_14.11_eng.pdf. Published 2014. Accessed July 14, 2019.
- Campbell JC, Sabri B, Budhathoki C, Kaufman MR, Alhusen J, Decker MR. Unwanted sexual acts among university students: correlates of victimization and perpetration. J Interpers Violence. 2017. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517734221.
- Conley A, Overstreet C, Hawn S, Kendler K, Dick D, Amstadter A. Prevalence and predictors of sexual assault among a college sample. J Am Coll Health. 2017;65(1):41–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2016.1235578.
- Simonelli CJ, Ingram KM. Psychological distress among men experiencing physical and emotional abuse in heterosexual dating relationships. J Interpers Violence. 1998;13(6):667–681. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/088626098013006001.
- Sable MR, Danis F, Mauzy DL, Gallagher SK. Barriers to reporting sexual assault for women and men: perspectives of college students. J Am Coll Health. 2006;55(3):157–162. doi:https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.55.3.157-162.
- Tjaden P, Thoennes N. Extent, nature, and consequences of intimate partner violence: research report. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2000.
- Catalano SM. Intimate Partner Violence in the United States. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2006.
- Gross AM, Winslett A, Roberts M, Gohm CL. An examination of sexual violence against college women. Violence Against Women. 2006;12(3):288–300. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801205277358.
- Krebs CP, Lindquist CH, Warner TD, Fisher BS, Martin SL. The campus sexual assault study. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice; 2007.
- Bogle KA. Hooking Up: Sex, Dating, and Relationships on Campus. New York, NY: New York University Press; 2008.
- Kuperberg A, Padgett JE. Dating and hooking up in college: Meeting contexts, sex, and variation by gender, partner’s gender, and class standing. J Sex Res. 2015;52(5):517–531. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2014.901284.
- Heldman C, Wade L. Hook-up culture: Setting a new research agenda. Sex Res Soc Policy. 2010;7(4):323–333. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-010-0024-z.
- Garcia JR, Reiber C, Massey SG, Merriwether AM. Sexual hookup culture: A review. Rev Gen Psychol. 2012;16(2):161–176. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027911.
- Kuperberg A, Padgett JE. The role of culture in explaining college students’ selection into hookups, dates, and long-term romantic relationships. J Soc Pers Relat. 2016;33(8):1070–1096. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407515616876.
- Impett EA, Peplau LA. Sexual compliance: gender, motivational, and relationship perspectives. J Sex Res. 2003;40(1):87–100. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490309552169.
- Snapp S, Lento R, Ryu E, Rosen KS. Why do they hook up? Attachment style and motives of college students. Pers Relationship. 2014;21(3):468–481. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12043.
- Grello CM, Welsh DP, Harper MS. No strings attached: the nature of casual sex in college students. J Sex Res. 2006;43(3):255–267. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490609552324.
- Hove MC, Parkhill MR, Neighbors C, McConchie JM, Fossos N. Alcohol consumption and intimate partner violence perpetration among college students: the role of self-determination. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2010;71(1):78–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2010.71.78.
- Dube SR, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Croft JB, Edwards VJ, Giles WH. Growing up with parental alcohol abuse: exposure to childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. Child Abuse Negl. 2001;25(12):1627–1640. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(01)00293-9.
- Cunradi CB, Caetano R, Schafer J. Alcohol‐related problems, drug use, and male intimate partner violence severity among US couples. Alcoholism Clin Exp Res. 2002;26(4):493–500. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02566.x.
- Klostermann KC, Fals-Stewart W. Intimate partner violence and alcohol use: exploring the role of drinking in partner violence and its implications for intervention. Aggress Violent Behav. 2006;11(6):587–597. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2005.08.008.
- Ham LS, Hope DA. College students and problematic drinking: a review of the literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 2003;23(5):719–759. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(03)00071-0.
- Evans SE, Davies C, DiLillo D. Exposure to domestic violence: a meta-analysis of child and adolescent outcomes. Aggress Violent Behav. 2008;13(2):131–140. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2008.02.005.
- Messman-Moore TL, Long PJ. Child sexual abuse and revictimization in the form of adult sexual abuse, adult physical abuse, and adult psychological maltreatment. J Interpers Violence. 2000;15(5):489–502. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/088626000015005003.
- Miron LR, Orcutt HK. Pathways from childhood abuse to prospective revictimization: depression, sex to reduce negative affect, and forecasted sexual behavior. Child Abuse Negl. 2014;38(11):1848–1859. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.10.004.
- Simons L, Ducette J, Kirby KC, Stahler G, Shipley TE, Jr. Childhood trauma, avoidance coping, and alcohol and other drug use among women in residential and outpatient treatment programs. Alcohol Treat Q. 2003;21(4):37–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1300/J020v21n04_04.
- Beaver W, Paul S. Internet pornography: variables related to use among traditional-aged college students. Sociol Viewpoints. 2011;27(1):25–38.
- Carroll JS, Padilla-Walker LM, Nelson LJ, Olson CD, McNamara Barry C, Madsen SD. Generation XXX: pornography acceptance and use among emerging adults. J Adolesc Res. 2008;23(1):6–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558407306348.
- O’Reilly S, Knox D, Zusman ME. College student attitudes toward pornography use. Coll Stud J. 2007;41(2):402–407.
- Willoughby BJ, Carroll JS, Nelson LJ, Padilla-Walker LM. Associations between relational sexual behaviour, pornography use, and pornography acceptance among US college students. Cult Health Sex. 2014;16(9):1052–1069. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2014.927075.
- Perry SL. Pornography use and depressive symptoms: examining the role of moral incongruence. Soc Ment Health. 2018;8(3):195–213. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/2156869317728373.
- Fedina L, Holmes JL, Backes BL. Campus sexual assault: a systematic review of prevalence research from 2000 to 2015. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2018;19(1):76–93. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016631129.
- Straus MA, Hamby SL, Boney-McCoy S, Sugarman DB. The revised conflict tactics scales (CTS2) development and preliminary psychometric data. J Fam Issues. 1996;17(3):283–316. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/019251396017003001.
- Murphy CM, Hoover SA. Measuring emotional abuse in dating relationships as a multifactorial construct. Psychol Abuse Violent Domestic Relat. 2001:29–46.
- American College Health Association. National College Health Assessment III. https://www.acha.org/documents/ncha/ACHA-NCHA-III_Codebook_revised_12-11-2019.pdf. Updated December 11, 2019. Assessed February 2, 2020.
- Dupain M, Lombardi JA, Echeverria S, Dupain M, Lombardi JA, Echeverría SE. Two-year update on acha-ncha ii results following the implementation of a sexual assault violence prevention and awareness campaign at a state-supported regional university. Am J Health Stud. 2016;31(4):205–212.
- O’Hagan KP. Emotional and psychological abuse: problems of definition. Child Abuse Negl. 1995;19(4):449–461.
- Mellins CA, Walsh K, Sarvet AL, et al. Sexual assault incidents among college undergraduates: prevalence and factors associated with risk. PLoS One. 2017;12(11):e0186471. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186471.
- Edwards KM, Murphy MJ, Tansill EC, et al. A qualitative analysis of college women’s leaving processes in abusive relationships. J Am Coll Health. 2012;60(3):204–210. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2011.586387.
- Baly AR. Leaving abusive relationships: constructions of self and situation by abused women. J Interpers Violence. 2010;25(12):2297–2315. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509354885.
- Bartholomew K, Henderson A, Dutton D. Insecure attachment and abusive intimate relationships. In: Clulow C, ed. Adult Attachment and Couple Psychotherapy. 1st ed. London, UK: Routledge; 2012:67–85.
- Dutton DG, Painter S. Emotional attachments in abusive relationships: a test of traumatic bonding theory. Violence Vict. 1993;8(2):105–120. doi:https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.8.2.105.
- Glaser D. Emotionally abusive experiences. Assess Parenting Psychiatric Psychol Contrib. 1995:73–86.
- Patzel B. What blocked heterosexual women and lesbians in leaving their abusive relationships. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc. 2006;12(4):208–215. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390306294897.