References
- Schultchen D, Reichenberger J, Mittl T, et al. Bidirectional relationship of stress and affect with physical activity and healthy eating. Br J Health Psychol. 2019;24(2):315–333. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12355.
- VanKim NA, Nelson T. Vigorous physical activity, mental health, perceived stress, and socializing among college students. Am J Health Promot. 2013;28(1):7–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.111101-QUAN-395.
- Bland HW, Melton BF, Bigham LE, Welle PD. Quantifying the impact of physical activity on stress tolerance in college students. Coll Stud J. 2014;48(4):559–568.
- Hubbs A, Doyle EI, Bowden RG, Doyle RD. Relationships among self-esteem, stress, and physical activity in college students. Psychol Rep. 2012;110(2):469–474. doi:https://doi.org/10.2466/02.07.09.PR0.110.2.469-474.
- Nguyen-Michel ST, Unger JB, Hamilton J, Spruijt-Metz D. Associations between physical activity and perceived stress/hassles in college students. Stress Health J Int Soc Inv Stress. 2006;22(3):179–188. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1094.
- Orvidas K, Burnette JL, Russell VM. Mindsets applied to fitness: growth beliefs predict exercise efficacy, value and frequency. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2018;36:156–161. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j/psychsport.2018.02.006.
- Mulye TP, Park MJ, Nelson CD, Adams SH, Irwin CE, Brindis CD. Trends in adolescent and young adult health in the United States. J Adolescent Health. 2009;45(1):8–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.013.
- Nelson MC, Story M, Larson NI, Neumark-Sztainer D, Lytle LA. Emerging adulthood and college-aged youth: an overlooked age for weight-related behavior change. Obesity Res J. 2008;16(10):2205–2211. doi:https://doi.org/10.10138/oby.2008.365.
- Beiter R, Nash R, McCrady M, et al. The prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of college students. J Affective Disord. 2015;173(3):90–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.054.
- Lee E, Kim Y. Effect of university students’ sedentary behavior on stress, anxiety, and depression. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2019;55(2):164–169. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12296.
- Gerber M, Ludyga S, Mücke M, Colledge F, Brand S, Pühse U. Low vigorous physical activity is associated with increased adrenocortical reactivity to psychosocial stress in students with high stress perceptions. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017;80:104–113. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.03.004.
- Fishbein M, Ajzen I. Predicting and Changing Behavior: The Reasoned Action Approach. New York, NY: Psychology; 2010.
- Hagger MS, Chatzisarantis NLD, Biddle S. A meta-analytic review of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior in physical activity: predictive validity and the contribution of additional variables. J Sport Exercise Psy. 2002;24(1):3–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.24.1.3.
- Jackson B, Dimmock JA. When working hard and working out go hand in hand: generality between undergraduates’ academic- and exercise-related self-regulatory efficacy beliefs. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2012;13(4):418–426. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.01.004.
- Linder AD, Harper A, Jung J, Woodson-Smith A. Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviors attitude and intention and their impact on physical activity among college students enrolled in lifetime fitness courses. Coll Stud. J. 2017;2017(51(4):550–560.
- Kilpatrick M, Hebert E, Bartholomew J. College students’ motivation for physical activity: differentiating men’s and women’s motives for sport participation and exercise. J Am Coll Health. 2005;54(2):87–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.54.2.87-94.
- Yzer M, Gilasevitch J. Beliefs underlying stress reduction and depression help-seeking among college students: an elicitation study. J Am Coll Health. 2018;67(2):153–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1462828.
- Dalton ED, Hammen CL. Independent and relative effects of stress, depressive symptoms, and affect on college students’ daily health behaviors. J Behav Med. 2018;41(6):863–874. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-018-9945-4.
- Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. The Beck Depression Inventory. 2nd ed. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation; 1996.
- Hammen CL, Burge D, Daley SE, Davila J, Paley B, Rudolph KD. Interpersonal attachment cognitions and prediction of symptomatic responses to interpersonal stress. J Abnorm Psychol. 1995;104(3):436–443. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.104.3.436.
- Hammen C, Adrian C, Gordon D, Burge D, Jaenicke C, Hiroto D. Children of depressed mothers: maternal strain and symptom predictors of dysfunction. J Abnorm Psychol. 1987;96(3):190–198. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.96.3.190.
- World Health Organization. Global recommendations on physical activity for health: 18-64 years old. https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/physical-activity-recommendations-18-64years.pdf?ua=1. Published 2015. Accessed January 2, 2015.
- Godin G, Jobin J, Bouillon J. Assessment of leisure time exercise behavior by self-report: a concurrent validity study. C J Public Health. 1986;77(5):359–362.
- Markland D, Ingledew DK. The measurement of exercise motives: factorial validity and invariance across gender of a revised Exercise Motivations Inventory. Brit J Health Psych. 1997;2(4):361–376. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8287.1997.tb00549.x/abstract.
- Ingledew DK, Markland D, Medley AR. Exercise motives and stages of change. J Health Psychol. 1998;3(4):477–489. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/135910539800300403.
- Sala M, Brosof LC, Rosenfield D, Fernandez KC, Levinson CA. Stress is associated with exercise differently among individuals with higher and lower eating disorder symptoms: an ecological momentary assessment study. Int J Eat Disord. 2017;50(12):1413–1420. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22799.
- Garner DM, Olmsted MP, Bohr Y, Garfinkel PE. The Eating Attitudes Test: psychometric features and clinical correlates. Psychol Med. 1982;12(4):871–878. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700049163.
- Mintz LB, O’Halloran MS. The Eating Attitudes Test: validation with DSM-IV eating disorder criteria. J Pers Assess. 2000;74(3):489–503.
- Jacobs D, Ainsworth B, Hartman T, Leon A. A simultaneous evaluation of 10 commonly used physical activity questionnaires. Med Sci Sport Exer. 1993;25:81–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199301000-00012.
- Brantley PJ, Waggoner CD, Jones GN, Rappaport NB. A Daily Stress Inventory: development, reliability, and validity. J Behav Med. 1987;10(1):61–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00845128.
- DeLongis A, Folkman S, Lazarus R. The impact of daily stress on health and mood: psychological and social resources as mediators. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988;54(3):486–449. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.3.486.
- Kohn PM, Lafreniere K, Gurevich M. The inventory of college students’ recent life experiences: a decontaminated hassles scale for a special population. J Behav Med. 1990;13(6):619–631. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00844738.
- Maybery DJ, Graham D. Hassles and uplifts: including interpersonal events. Stress Health. 2001;17(2):91–104. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.891/abstract.
- Lay CH, Safdar SF. Daily hassles and distress among college students in relation to immigrant and minority status. Curr Psychol. 2003;22(1):3–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-003-1009-3.
- Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988;54(6):1063–1070. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063.
- Kuiper NA, Martin RA. Laughter and stress in daily life: relation to positive and negative affect. Motiv Emotion. 1998;22(2):133–153.
- Raudenbush SW, Bryk AS, Cheong YF, Congdon RT, Toit M. HLM 7: Hierarchical Linear and Nonlinear Modeling. Skokie, IL: Scientific Software International; 2011.
- Preacher KJ, Curran PJ, Dj B. Simple intercepts, simple slopes, and regions of significance in HLM 2-way interactions. Quantpsy.org. https://www.quantpsy.org/interact/hlm2.htm. Published 2019. Accessed July 1, 2019.
- Zhang Z, Zyphur MJ, Preacher KJ. Testing multilevel mediation using hierarchical linear models: problems and solutions. Organ Res Methods. 2009;12(4):695–719. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428108327450.
- R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org/. Published 2019. Accessed July 20, 2019.
- Mroczek DK, Almeida DM. The effect of daily stress, personality, and age on daily negative affect. J Pers. 2004;72(2):355–378. 3506.2004.00265.x. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022.
- Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. Controlling the false discovery control rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J Roy Stat Soc B. 1995;57(1):289–300. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x.
- Ford MB, Collins NL. Self-esteem moderates the effects of daily rejection on health and well-being. Self Identity. 2013;12(1):16–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2011.625647.
- Seacat JD, Dougal SC, Roy D. A daily diary assessment of female weight stigmatization. J Health Psychol. 2016;21(2):228–240. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314525067.
- Peugh JL. A practical guide to multilevel modeling. J School Psychol. 2010;48(1):85–112. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2009.09.002.
- Raudenbush SW, Bryk AS. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2002.
- Nezlek JB. Multilevel modeling of diary-style data. In: Mehl MR, Conner TS, eds. Handbook of Research Methods for Studying Daily Life. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2012:357–383.
- Lorah J. Effect size measures for multilevel models: definition, interpretation, and TIMSS example. Large Scale Assess Educ. 2018;6(1):1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40536-018-0061-2.
- Soper DS. Effect size calculator for hierarchical multiple regression [Software]. http://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc. Published 2019. Accessed July 1, 2019.
- Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.; 1988.
- Park CL, Iacocca MO. A stress and coping perspective on health behaviors: theoretical and methodological considerations. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2014;27(2):123–137. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2013.860969.
- Friedman-Wheeler DG, Litovsky AR, Prince KR, et al. Do mood-regulation expectancies for coping strategies predict their use? A daily diary study. Int J of Stress Manage. 2019;26(3):287–296. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000115.
- Stults-Kolehmainen MA, Lu T, Ciccolo JT, Bartholomew JB, Brotnow L, Sinha R. Higher chronic psychological stress is associated with blunted affective responses to strenuous resistance exercise: RPE, pleasure, pain. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2016;22:27–36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.05.004.
- Puente R, Anshel MH. Exercisers’ perceptions of their fitness instructor’s interacting style, perceived competence, and autonomy as a function of self-determined regulation to exercise, enjoyment, affect and exercise frequency. Pers Soc Sci. 2010;51(1):38–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00723x.
- Harris AH, Cronkite R, Moos R. Physical activity, exercise coping, and depression in a 10-year cohort study of depressed patients. J Affect Disord. 2006;93(1-3):79–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2006.02.013.
- De Young KP, DA A. Prevalence and correlates of exercise motivated by negative affect. Int J Eat Disord. 2009;43(1):50–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20656.
- Lemoyne J, Valois P, Wittman W. Analyzing exercise behaviors during the college years: results from latent growth curve analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0154377. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154377.
- Beauchamp MR, Rhodes RE, Kreutzer C, Rupert JL. Experiential vs. genetic accounts of inactivity: implications for inactive individuals’ self-efficacy beliefs and intentions to exercise. Behav Med. 2011;37(1):8–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2010.540263.
- Hurley MV, Walsh N, Bhavnani V, Britten N, Stevenson F. Health beliefs before and after participation on an exercised-based rehabilitation programme for chronic knee pain: doing is believing. BMC Musculoskel Dis. 2010;11(1):1–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-11-31.
- Ince ML. Use of a social cognitive theory-based physical-activity intervention on health-promoting behaviors of university students. Perceptual Motor Skills. 2008;107(7):833–836. doi:https://doi.org/10.2466/PMS.107.7.833-836.
- Dougall AL, Swanson JN, Grimm JR, Jenney CT, Frame MC. Tempering the decline in college student physical activity using informational interventions: moderating effects of stress and stage of change. J Appl Biobehav Res. 2011;16(1):16–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9861.2011.00064.x.
- Markland D, Hall CR, Duncan LR, Simatovic J. The effects of an imagery intervention on implicit and explicit exercise attitudes. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2015;17:24–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.11.007.