References
- Hayes SC, Wilson KG, Gifford EV, Follette VM, Strosahl K. Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1996;64(6):1152–1168. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.6.1152.
- Chawla N, Ostafin B. Experiential avoidance as a functional dimensional approach to psychopathology: An empirical review. J Clin Psychol. 2007;63(9):871–890. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20400.
- Forsyth JP, Eifert GH, Barrios V. Fear conditioning in an emotion regulation context: A fresh perspective on the origins of anxiety disorders. In: Craske, MG, Hermans, D, Vansteenwegen, D, eds. Fear and Learning: From Basic Processes to Clinical Implications. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2006:133–159. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/11474-00.
- Roemer L, Orsillo SM. An acceptance-based behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. In: Barlow, DH, ed. Clinical Handbook of Psychological Disorders. 5 ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2014:206–236.
- Kashdan TB, Barrios V, Forsyth JP, Steger MF. Experiential avoidance as a generalized psychological vulnerability: Comparisons with coping and emotion regulation strategies. Behav Res Ther. 2006;44(9):1301–1320. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.003.
- Roemer L, Salters K, Raffa SD, Orsillo SM. Fear and avoidance of internal experiences in GAD: Preliminary tests of a conceptual model. Cogn Ther Res. 2005;29(1):71–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-005-1650-2.
- Plumb JC, Orsillo SM, Luterek JA. A preliminary test of the role of experiential avoidance in post-event functioning. J Behav the Exp Psychiatry. 2004;35(3):245–257. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.04.011.
- Tull MT, Gratz KL, Salters K, Roemer L. The role of experiential avoidance in posttraumatic stress symptoms and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and somatization. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2004;192(11):754–761. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000144694.30121.89.
- Jones JM. Prejudice and Racism. New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 1996.
- Klonoff EA, Landrine H. Cross-validation of the Schedule of Racist Events. J Black Psychol. 1999;25(2):231–254. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798499025002006.
- Lopez Morin, Taylor Illegal Immigration Backlash Worries, Divides Latinos. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center; 2010.
- Alvarez AN, Juang L, Liang C. Asian Americans and racism: When bad things happen to “model minorities. Cult Divers Ethn Minor Psychol. 2006;12(3):477–492. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.12.3.477.
- Biasco F, Goodwin EA, Vitale KL. College students’ attitudes towards racial discrimination. Coll Stud J. 2001;35(4):523–529.
- Prelow HM, Mosher CE, Bowman MA. Perceived racial discrimination, social support, and psychological adjustment among African American college students. J Black Psychol. 2006;32(4):442–454. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798406292677.
- Finch BK, Kolody B, Vega WA. Perceived discrimination and depression among Mexican-origin adults in California. J Health Soc Behav. 2000;41(3):295–313. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2676322.
- Torres L, Driscoll MW, Voell M. Discrimination, acculturation, acculturative stress, and Latino psychological distress: A moderated mediational model. Cult Divers Ethn Minor Psychol. 2012;18(1):17–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026710.
- Whitbeck LB, McMorris BJ, Hoyt DR, Stubben JD, LaFromboise T. Perceived discrimination, traditional practices, and depressive symptoms among American Indians in the upper Midwest. J Health Soc Behav. 2002;43(4):400–418. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/3090234.
- Brody GH, Chen YF, Murry VM, et al. Perceived discrimination and the adjustment of African American youths: A five-year longitudinal analysis with contextual moderation effects. Child Dev. 2006;77(5):1170–1189. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00927.x.
- Levine DS, Himle JA, Abelson JM, Matusko N, Dhawan N, Taylor RJ. Discrimination and Social Anxiety Disorder among African-Americans, Caribbean Blacks, and Non-Hispanic Whites. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2014;202(3):224–230. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfs.12210
- Schulz AJ, Gravlee CC, Williams DR, Israel BA, Mentz G, Rowe Z. Discrimination, symptoms of depression, and self-rated health among African American women in Detroit: Results from a longitudinal analysis. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(7):1265–1270. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.064543.
- Paradies Y. A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35(4):888–901. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyl056.
- Pieterse A, Todd N, Neville H, Carter R. Perceived racism and mental health among Black American adults: A meta-analytic review. J Couns Psychol. 2012;59(1):1–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026208.
- Arbona C, Jimenez C. Minority stress, ethnic identity, and depression among Latino/a college students. J Couns Psychol. 2014;61(1):162–168. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034914.
- Hwang W-C, Goto S. The impact of perceived racial discrimination on the mental health of Asian American and Latino college students. Cult Divers Ethn Minor Psychol. 2008;14(4):326–335. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.14.4.326.
- Lam BT. Impact of perceived racial discrimination and collective self-esteem on psychological distress among Vietnamese-American college students: Sense of coherence as a mediator. Am J Orthopsychiat. 2007;77(3):370–376. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.77.3.370.
- Brondolo E, Ng W, Pierre KLJ, Lange R. Racism and mental health: Examining the link between racism and depression from a social cognitive perspective. In: Alvarez, A, Liang, CTH, Neville, HA, eds. The Cost of Racism for People of Color: Contextualizing Experiences of Discrimination. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2016:109–132.
- Zvolensky MD, Jardin C, Garey L, Robles Z, Sharp C. Acculturative stress and experiential avoidance: Relations to depression, suicide, and anxiety symptoms among minority college students. Cogn Behav Ther. 2016;45(6):501–517. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2016.1205658.
- Cathey AJ, Norwood WD, Short MB. Social pain and social anxiety: Examining the experiences of ethnic, sexual, and dual minority groups. J Gay Lesbian Ment Health. 2014;18(3):247–265. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2013.879546.
- Suyemoto KL, Erisman SM, Holowka DW. UMass Boston Comprehensive Demographic Questionnaire, revised. In: Wadsworth, LP, Morgan, LP, Hayes-Skelton, S, Roemer, L, & Suyemoto, KL, eds. Ways to Boost Your Research Rigor through Increasing Your Cultural Competence. Vol. 39. 2016:83–91
- Landrine H, Klonoff EA, Corral I, Fernandez S, Roesch S. Conceptualizing and measuring ethnic discrimination in health research. J Behav Med. 2006;29(1):79–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-005-9029-0.
- Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Sydney: Psychology Foundation of Australia; 1995.
- Brown TA, Chorpita BF, Korotitsch W, Barlow DH. Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples. Behav Res Ther. 1997;35(1):79–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00068-X.
- Norton PJ. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21): Psychometric analysis across four racial groups. Anxiety Stress Copin. 2007;20(3):253–265. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800701309279.
- Hayes SC, Strosahl K, Wilson KG, et al. Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model. Psychol Rec. 2004;54(4):553–578. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395492.
- Bond FW, Hayes SC, Baer RA, et al. Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behav Ther. 2011;42(4):676–688. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007.
- Gámez W, Chmielewski M, Kotov R, Ruggero C, Watson D. Development of a measure of experiential avoidance: The Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire. Psychol Assess. 2011;23(3):692–713. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023242.
- Rochefort C, Baldwin AS, Chmielewski M. Experiential avoidance: An examination of the construct validity of the AAQ-II and MEAQ. Behav Ther. 2018;49(3):435–449. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2017.08.008.
- Wolgast M. What does the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II) really measure?. Behav Ther. 2014;45(6):831–839. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2014.07.002.
- Cohen J, Cohen P, West SG, Aiken LS. Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers; 2003.
- Hayes AF. 2013. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS. Published 2013. Accessed December, 12, 2013.
- Johnson PO, Neyman J. Tests of certain linear hypotheses and their application to some educational problems. Statistical Research Memoirs. 1936;1:157–193.
- Johnson PO, Fay LC. The Johnson-Neyman technique, its theory and application. Psychometrika. 1950;15(4):349–367. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02288864.
- Hayes AF. PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling [White paper]. http://www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf. Published 2012.
- Pascoe EA, Smart Richman L. Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull. 2009;135(4):531–664. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016059.
- Graham JR, Calloway A, Roemer L. The buffering effects of emotion regulation in the relationship between experiences of racism and anxiety in a black American sample. Cogn Ther Res. 2015;39(5):553–563. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-015-9682-8.
- Alvarez AN, Liang CTH, Molenaar C, et al. eds. The Cost of Racism for People of Color: Contextualizing Experiences of Discrimination. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2016: 85–106.
- Greer TM, Laseter A, Asiamah D. Gender as a moderator of the relation between race-related stress and mental health symptoms for African Americans. Psychol Women Q. 2009;33(3):295–307. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01502.x.
- MacKenzie MB, Kocovski NL. Self-reported acceptance of social anxiety symptoms: Development and validation of the Social Anxiety - Acceptance and Action Questionnaire. Int J Behav Consult Ther. 2010;6(3):214–232. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100909.
- Bond FW, Lloyd J, Guenole N. The work‐related acceptance and action questionnaire: Initial psychometric findings and their implications for measuring psychological flexibility in specific contexts. J Occup Organ Psychol. 2013;86(3):331–347. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12001.
- Levin ME, Pistorello J, Seeley JR, Hayes SC. Feasibility of a prototype web-based acceptance and commitment therapy prevention program for college students. J Am Coll Health. 2014;62(1):20–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2013.843533.
- Brown TL, Phillips CM, Abdullah T, Vinson E, Robertson J. Dispositional versus situational coping: Are the coping strategies African Americans use different for general versus racism-related stressors?. J Black Psychol. 2011;37(3):311–335. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798410390688.
- Roemer L, Orsillo SM. Guides to Evidence-Based Treatment. Mindfulness- and Acceptance-Based Behavioral Therapies in Practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2009.
- Brown LA, Forman EM, Herbert JD, Hoffman KL, Yuen EK, Goetter EM. A randomized controlled trial of acceptance-based behavior therapy and cognitive therapy for test anxiety: A pilot study. Behav Modif. 2011;35(1):31–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445510390930.
- Danitz SB, Orsillo SM. The mindful way through the semester: An investigation of the effectiveness of an acceptance-based behavioral therapy program on psychological wellness in first-year students. Behav Modif. 2014;38(4):549–566.
- Eustis EH, Williston SK, Morgan LP, Graham JR, Hayes-Skelton SA, Roemer L. Development, acceptability, and effectiveness of an acceptance-based behavioral stress/anxiety management workshop for university students. Cogn Behav Prac. 2017;24(2):174–186. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2016.03.011.
- Arch J, Eifert GH, Davies C, Vilardaga JCP, Rose RD, Craske MG. Randomized clinical trial of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) versus acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for mixed anxiety disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2012;80(5):750–765. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028310.
- Eustis EH, Hayes-Skelton SA, Roemer L, Orsillo SM. Reductions in experiential avoidance as a mediator of change in symptom outcome and quality of life in acceptance-based behavior therapy and applied relaxation for generalized anxiety disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2016;87:188–195. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.09.012.
- Roemer L, Orsillo SM, Salters-Pedneault K. Efficacy of an acceptance-based behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: Evaluation in a randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2008;76(6):1083–1089. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012720.
- Eustis EH, Hayes-Skelton SA, Orsillo SM, Roemer L. Surviving and thriving during stress: A randomized clinical trial comparing a brief web-based therapist-assisted acceptance-based behavioral intervention versus waitlist control for college students. Behav Ther. 2018;49(6):889–903. 2018doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2018.05.009.
- Pistorello J, Hayes SC, Lillis J, et al. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) in classroom settings. In: Pistorello, J, ed. The Context Press Mindfulness and Acceptance Practica Series. Mindfulness and Acceptance for Counseling College Students: Theory and Practical Applications for Intervention, Prevention and Outreach. Oakland, CA: Context Press/New Harbinger Publications; 2013:223–250.
- Aldao A, Sheppes G, Gross JJ. Emotion regulation flexibility. Cogn Ther Res. 2015;39(3):263–278. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-014-9662-4.