College students who believe they have ADHD report more neuropsychological deficits than non-ADHD peers

References

• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: Author; 2013. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.
   Google Scholar
• DuPaul GJ, Weyandt LL, O’Dell SM, Varejao M. College students with ADHD: Current status and future directions. J Atten Disord. 2009;13(3):234–250. doi:10.1177/1087054709340650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley RA. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Crichton A. An inquiry into the nature and origin of mental derangement: Comprehending a concise system of the physiology and pathology of the human mind and a history of the passions and their effects. T. Cadell, Jr. and W. Davies. (Reprinted: Crichton, A. (2008). An inquiry into the nature and origin of mental derangement: On attention and its diseases. J Atten Disord 1798;12(3):200–204. doi:10.1177/1087054708315137).
   Google Scholar
• Biederman J, Faraone S, Spencer T, et al. Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, cognition, and psychosocial functioning in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:1792–1798. doi:10.1176/ajp.150.12.1792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okie S. ADHD in adults. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(25):2637–2641. doi:10.1056/NEJMp068113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnick RJ. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in teens and adults: They don’t all outgrow it. J Clin Psychol. 2005;61(5):529–533. doi:10.1002/jclp.20117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee TE. Comparison of a norm-based versus criterion-based approach to measuring ADHD symptomatology in college students. J Atten Disord. 2008;11(6):677–688. doi:10.1177/1087054707308501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Advokat CD, Lane SM, Luo C. College students with and without ADHD: Comparison of self-report of medication usage, study habits, and academic achievement. J Atten Disord. 2011;15(8):656–666. doi:10.1177/1087054710371168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuPaul GJ, Pinho TD, Pollack BL, Gormley MJ, Laracy SD. First-year college students with ADHD and/or LD: Differences in engagement, positive core self-evaluation, school preparation, and college expectations. J Learn Disabil. 2017;50(3):238–251. doi:10.1177/0022219415617164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merkt J, Gawrilow C. Health, dietary habits, and achievement motivation in college students with self-reported ADHD diagnosis. J Atten Disord. 2016;20(9):727–740. doi:10.1177/1087054714523127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weyandt L, DuPaul GJ, Verdi G, et al. The performance of college students with and without ADHD: Neuropsychological, academic, and psychosocial functioning. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2013;35(4):421–435. doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9351-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman J, Monuteaux MC, Doyle AE, et al. Impact of executive function deficits and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on academic outcomes in children. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2004;72(5):757–766. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.72.5.757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feifel D. ADHD in adults: The invisible rhinoceros. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2007;4(12):60–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barkley RA, Murphy KR, Fisher M. ADHD in Adults: What the Science Stays. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Sacchetti GM, Lefler EK. ADHD symptomology and social functioning in college students. J Atten Disord. 2017;21(12):1009–1019. doi:10.1177/1087054714557355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canu WH, Newman ML, Morrow TL, Pope DLW. Social appraisal of adult ADHD: Stigma and influences of the beholder’s Big Five personality traits. J Atten Disord. 2008;11(6):700–710. doi:10.1177/1087054707305090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arria AM, Garnier-Dykstra LM, Caldeira KM, Vincent KB, O’Grady KE, Wish ED. Persistent nonmedical use of prescription stimulants among college students: possible association with ADHD symptoms. J Atten Disord. 2011;15(5):347–356. doi:10.1177/1087054710367621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye S, Darke S, Torok M. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among illicit psychostimulant users: A hidden disorder?Addiction. 2013;108(5):923–931. doi:10.1111/add.12086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabiner DL, Anastopoulos AD, Costello EJ, Hoyle RH, Swartzwelder HS. Predictors of nonmedical ADHD medication use by college students. J Atten Disord. 2010;13(6):640–648. doi:10.1177/1087054709334505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pritchard AE, Nigro CA, Jacobson LA, Mahone EM. The role of neuropsychological assessment in the functional outcomes of children with ADHD. Neuropsychol Rev. 2012;22(1):54–68. doi:10.1007/s11065-011-9185-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilens T. A sobering fact: ADHD leads to substance abuse. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;50(1):6–8. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.10.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalsgaard S, Mortensen PB, Frydenberg M, Thomsen PH. Long-term criminal outcome of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: criminality outcome of children with ADHD. Crim Behav Ment Health. 2013;23(2):86–98. doi:10.1002/cbm.1860.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Millichap JG. Childhood ADHD and adult criminality. Pediatr Neurol Briefs. 1997;11(12):94–95. doi:10.15844/pedneurbriefs-11-12-10.
   Google Scholar
• Mordre M, Groholt B, Kjelsberg E, Sandstad B, Myhre A. The impact of ADHD and conduct disorder in childhood on adult delinquency: A 30 years follow-up study using official crime records. BMC Psychiatry. 2011;11(57):10–57. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-11-57.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pollak Y, Aloni H, Shoham R. ADHD-associated risk-taking: The role of benefit and risk perceptions. Eur Psychiatry. 2016;33(S1):S533–S533. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1973.
   Google Scholar
• Schepman S, Weyandt L, Schlect SD, Swentosky A. The relationship between ADHD symptomology and decision making. J Atten Disord. 2012;16(1):3–12. doi:10.1177/1087054710372496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoham R, Sonuga-Barke E, Aloni H, Yaniv I, Pollak Y. ADHD-associated risk taking is linked to exaggerated views of the benefits of positive outcomes. Sci Rep. 2016;6:34833 doi:10.1038/srep34833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudjonsson GH, Sigurdsson JF, Eyjolfsdottir GA, Smari J, Young S. The relationship between satisfaction with life, ADHD symptoms, and associated problems among university students. J Atten Disord. 2009;12(6):507–515. doi:10.1177/1087054708323018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mick E, Faraone SV, Spencer T, Zhang HF, Biederman J. Assessing the validity of the quality of life enjoyment and satisfaction Questionnaire—Short form in adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2008;11(4):504–509. doi:10.1177/1087054707308468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikolas MA, Nigg JT. Neuropsychological performance and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes and symptom dimensions. Neuropsychology 2013;27(1):107–120. doi:10.1037/a0030685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinho TD, Manz PH, DuPaul GJ, Anastopoulos AD, Weyandt LL. Predictors and moderators of quality of life among college students with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2019;23(14):1736–1745. doi:10.1177/1087054717734645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anastopoulos AD, DuPaul GJ, Weyandt LL, et al. Rates and patterns of comorbidity among first-year college students With ADHD. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2018;47(2):236–247. doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1105137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castaneda AE, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Marttunen M, Suvisaari J, Lönnqvist J. A review on cognitive impairments in depressive and anxiety disorders with a focus on young adults. J Affect Disord. 2008;106(1-2):1–27. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.06.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford-Jones PC. Misdiagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: ‘Normal behaviour’ and relative maturity. Paediatr Child Health. 2015;20(4):200–202. doi:10.1093/pch/20.4.200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane JM, Kishimoto T, Correll CU. Non-adherence to medication in patients with psychotic disorders: epidemiology, contributing factors and management strategies. World Psychiatry. 2013;12(3):216–226. doi:10.1002/wps.20060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy KR, Gordon M, Barkley RA. To what extent are ADHD symptoms common? A reanalysis of standardized data from a DSM-IV checklist. ADHD Report 2002;8(3):1–5. doi:10.1080/13854046.2019.1696409.
   Google Scholar
• Diller L. ADHD in the college student: Is anyone else worried?J Atten Disord. 2010;14(1):3–6. doi:10.1177/1087054710361585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park CL, Edmondson D, Lee J. Development of self-regulation abilities as predictors of psychological adjustment across the first year of college. J Adult Dev. 2012;19(1):40–49. doi:10.1007/s10804-011-9133-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison AG, Alexander SJ, Armstrong IT. Higher reported levels of depression, stress, and anxiety are associated with increased endorsement of ADHD symptoms by postsecondary students. Can J School Psychol. 2013;28(3):243–260. doi:10.1177/0829573513480616.
   Google Scholar
• Suhr JA, Cook C, Morgan B. Assessing functional impairment in ADHD: Concerns for validity of self-report. Psychol Inj Law. 2017;10(2):151–160. doi:10.1007/s12207-017-9292-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina BSG, Sibley MH. The case for including informant reports in the assessment of adulthood ADHD. ADHD Rep. 2014;22(8):1–7. doi:10.1521/adhd.2014.22.8.1.
   Google Scholar
• Advokat CD, Guidry D, Martino L. Licit and illicit use of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in undergraduate college students. J Am Coll Health. 2008;56(6):601–606. doi:10.3200/JACH.56.6.601-606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz ME. Risks of self-medication practices. Curr Drug Saf. 2010;5(4):315–323. doi:10.2174/157488610792245966.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Judson R, Langdon SW. Illicit use of prescription stimulants among college students: Prescription status, motives, theory of planned behaviour, knowledge and self-diagnostic tendencies. Psychol Health Med. 2009;14(1):97–104. doi:10.1080/13548500802126723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacquin KM, Davis BS. (2008, May). Beliefs that facilitate non-medical use of prescription psychostimulants in college students. Poster Presented at the 20th Annual Meeting of the Association of Psychological Sciences, Chicago, IL.
   Google Scholar
• O’Donnell W, DeSoto C, Desoto J, Reynolds D. The Neuropsychological Impairment Scale (NIS) Manual. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• O’Donnell W, DeSoto C, Desoto J, Reynolds D. (The Neuropsychological Impairment Scale. LosAngeles, CA: Western Psychological Services; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• O’Donnell WE, de Soto CB, Reynolds DM. Sensitivity and specificity of the Neuropsychological Impairment Scale (NIS). J Clin Psychol. 1984;40(2):553–555. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198403)40:2<553::AID-JCLP2270400229>3.0.CO;2-F.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar