Effects of self-affirmation on university students’ processing of health risk messages related to sedentary behavior

References

• Tremblay MS, Aubert S, Barnes JD, et al . Sedentary behavior research network (SBRN)—terminology consensus project process and outcome. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14(1):75. doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0525-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford ES, Caspersen CJ. Sedentary behaviour and cardiovascular disease: a review of prospective studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41(5):1338–1353. doi:10.1093/ije/dys078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henson J, Yates T, Biddle SJ, et al. Associations of objectively measured sedentary behaviour and physical activity with markers of cardiometabolic health. Diabetologia 2013;56(5):1012–1020. doi:10.1007/s00125-013-2845-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teychenne M, Ball K, Salmon J. Sedentary behavior and depression among adults: a review. Int J Behav Med. 2010;17(4):246–254. doi:10.1007/s12529-010-9075-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebar A, Vandelanotte C, van Uffelen J, Short C, Duncan M. Associations of overall sitting time and sitting time in different contexts with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. Mental Health Phys Act. 2014;7(2):105–110. doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2014.02.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koster A, Caserotti P, Patel KV, et al. Association of sedentary time with mortality independent of moderate to vigorous physical activity. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e37696. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colley RC, Garriguet D, Janssen I, Craig CL, Clarke J, Tremblay MS. Physical activity of Canadian adults: accelerometer results from the 2007 to 2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey. Health Rep. 2011;22(1):7–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark B, Sugiyama T. Prevalence, trends, and correlates of sedentary behaviour. In: Physical Activity, Exercise, Sedentary Behaviour and Health. Japan: Springer; 2015:79–90.
   Google Scholar
• Barkley JE, Lepp A. Mobile phone use among college students is a sedentary leisure behavior which may interfere with exercise. Comput Hum Behav. 2016;56:29–33. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moulin MS, Irwin JD. An assessment of sedentary time among undergraduate students at a Canadian university. Int J Exer Sci. 2017;10(8):1116–1129.
   Google Scholar
• Moulin MS, Truelove S, Burke SM, Irwin JD. Sedentary time among undergraduate students: a systematic review. J Am Coll Health. 2021;69(3):237–244. doi:10.1080/07448481.2019.1661422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro O, Bennie J, Vergeer I, Bosselut G, Biddle SJH. Correlates of sedentary behaviour in university students: a systematic review. Prev Med. 2018;116:194–202. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.09.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vainshelboim B, Brennan GM, Lorusso S, Fitzgerald P, Wisniewski KS. Sedentary behavior and physiological health determinants in male and female college students. Physiol Behav. 2019;204:277–282. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biddle SJ, Pearson N, Ross GM, Braithwaite R. Tracking of sedentary behaviours of young people: a systematic review. Prev Med. 2010;51(5):345–351. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.07.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biswas A, Oh PI, Faulkner GE, et al. Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(2):123–132. doi:10.7326/M14-1651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu C, Furuya-Kanamori L, Liu Y, et al. Sedentary behavior, physical activity, and all-cause mortality: dose-response and intensity weighted time-use meta-analysis. J Am Med Directors Assoc. 2019;20(10):1206–1212. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2019.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knox E, Biddle SJ, Esliger DW, Piggin J, Sherar L. Accounting for sitting and moving: an analysis of sedentary behavior in mass media campaigns. J Phys Act Health. 2015;12(9):1198–1204. doi:10.1123/jpah.2014-0360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage CJ, Harris PR, Hepton G, Napper L. Self-affirmation increases acceptance of health-risk information among UK adult smokers with low socioeconomic status. Psychol Addict Behav. 2008;22(1):88–95. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.22.1.88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman DA, Nelson LD, Steele CM. Do messages about health risks threaten the self? Increasing the acceptance of threatening health messages via self-affirmation. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2000;26(9):1046–1058. doi:10.1177/01461672002611003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditto P, Lopez D. Motivated skepticism: use of differential decision criteria for preferred and nonpreferred conclusions. Tesser A (editor), ed. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1992;63(4):568–584. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.568.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele CM. The psychology of self-affirmation: sustaining the integrity of the self. Adv Exp Soc Psychol. 1988;21:261–302. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60229-4.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen GL, Sherman DK. The psychology of change: self-affirmation and social psychological intervention. Annu Rev Psychol. 2014;65:333–371. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman DK, Cohen GL. The psychology of self-defense: self-affirmation theory. Adv Exp Soc Psychol. 2006;38:183–242. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38004-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris PR, Epton T. The impact of self‐affirmation on health cognition, health behaviour and other health‐related responses: a narrative review. Soc Pers Psychol Compass. 2009;3(6):962–978. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00233.x.
   Google Scholar
• Epton T, Harris PR, Kane R, Koningsbruggen GM, Sheeran P. The impact of self-affirmation on health-behavior change: a meta-analysis. Health Psychol. 2015;34(3):187–196. doi:10.1037/hea0000116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris PR, Mayle K, Mabbott L, Napper L . Self-affirmation reduces smokers’ defensiveness to graphic on-pack cigarette warning labels. Health Psychol. 2007;26(4):437–446. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.26.4.437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris PR, Napper L. Self-affirmation and the biased processing of threatening health-risk information. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2005;31(9):1250–1263. doi:10.1177/0146167205274694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napper L, Harris P, Klein W. Combining self-affirmation with the extended parallel process model: the consequences for motivation to eat more fruit and vegetables. Health Commun. 2014;29(6):610–618. doi:10.1080/10410236.2013.791962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jessop DC, Simmonds LV, Sparks P. Motivational and behavioural consequences of self-affirmation interventions: a study of sunscreen use among women. Psychol Health. 2009;24(5):529–544. doi:10.1080/08870440801930320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke R, Trebaczyk H, Harris P, Wright AJ. Self-affirmation promotes physical activity. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2014;36(2):217–223. doi:10.1123/jsep.2013-0041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcqueen A, Klein WP. Experimental manipulations of self-affirmation: a systematic review. Self Identity. 2006;5(4):289–354. doi:10.1080/15298860600805325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao X, Nan X. Influence of self‐affirmation on responses to gain‐ versus loss‐framed antismoking messages. Hum Commun Res. 2010;36(4):493–511. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2010.01385.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pachu NS, Strachan SM, Ripat JD, Webber SC, McMillan D. University students’ knowledge, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, barriers and ideas related to reducing sedentary behavior: a qualitative study. Poster session presented at the Canadian Society for Psychomotor Learning and Sport Psychology Conference, 2019, Vancouver, BC.
   Google Scholar
• Falk EB, O’Donnell MB, Cascio CN, et al . Self-affirmation alters the brain’s response to health messages and subsequent behavior change. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112(7):1977–1982. doi:10.1073/pnas.1500247112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang Y, Cooper N, Pandey P, et al. Effects of self-transcendence on neural responses to persuasive messages and health behavior change. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2018;115(40):9974–9979. doi:10.1073/pnas.1805573115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner AG . G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175–191. doi:10.3758/BF03193146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed M, Aspinwall L. Self-affirmation reduces biased processing of health-risk information. Motiv Emotion. 1998;22(2):99–132. doi:10.1023/A:1021463221281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epton T, Harris PR. Self-affirmation promotes health behavior change. Health Psychol. 2008;27(6):746–752. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.6.746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith L, Thomas EL, Bell JD, Hamer M. The association between objectively measured sitting and standing with body composition: a pilot study using MRI. BMJ Open. 2014;4(6):e005476. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Rezende LF, Lopes MR, Rey-Lopez JP, Matsudo VK, Odo CL. Sedentary behavior and health outcomes: an overview of systematic reviews. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e105620. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid D, Leitzmann MF. Television viewing and time spent sedentary in relation to cancer risk: a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106(7):dju098. doi:10.1093/jnci/dju098.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilmot EG, Edwardson CL, Achana FA, et al. Sedentary time in adults and the association with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death: systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2012;55(11):2895–2905. doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2677-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele CM, Spencer SJ, Lynch M. Self-image resilience and dissonance: the role of affirmational resources. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1993;64(6):885–896. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.6.885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koningsbruggen GM, Das E . Don’t derogate this message! Self-affirmation promotes online type 2 diabetes risk test taking. Psychol Health. 2009;24(6):635–649. doi:10.1080/08870440802340156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein W, Harris PR, Ferrer RA, Zajac LE. Feelings of vulnerability in response to threatening messages: effects of self-affirmation. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2011;47(6):1237–1242. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.05.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiter RAC, Verplanken B, Kok G, Werrij MQ. The role of coping appraisal in reactions to fear appeals: do we need threat information? J Health Psychol. 2003;8(4):465–474. doi:10.1177/13591053030084006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using Multivariate Statistics. Vol. 5. Pearson/Allyn & Bacon; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Pallant J. SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using SPSS. 4th ed. Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press/McGraw-Hill; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Crocker J, Niiya Y, Mischkowski D. Why does writing about important values reduce defensiveness? Self-affirmation and the role of positive other-directed feelings. Psychol Sci. 2008;19(7):740–747. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02150.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeney AM, Moyer A. Self-affirmation and responses to health messages: a meta-analysis on intentions and behavior. Health Psychol. 2015;34(2):149–159. doi:10.1037/hea0000110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrer RA, Cohen GL. Reconceptualizing self-affirmation with the trigger and channel framework: lessons from the health domain. Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2019;23(3):285–304. doi:10.1177/1088868318797036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuz B, Cooke R, Schuz N, van Koningsbruggen GM. Self-affirmation interventions to change health behaviors. In: Little L, Sillence E, Joinson A, eds. Behavior Change Research and Theory: Psychological and Technological Perspectives. Academic Press; 2016:87–114.
   Google Scholar
• Pachu N, Strachan S, McMillan D, Ripat J, Webber S. University students’ knowledge, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and barriers related to reducing sedentary behavior: a qualitative study. J Am Coll Health. 2020;1–8. doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1786098.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vohs KD, Park JK, Schmeichel BJ. Self-affirmation can enable goal disengagement. Smith ER (editor), ed. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2013;104(1):14–27. doi:10.1037/a0030478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouse PC, Biddle SJ. An ecological momentary assessment of the physical activity and sedentary behaviour patterns of university students. Health Educ J. 2010;69(1):116–125. doi:10.1177/0017896910363145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jessop D, Sparks P, Buckland N, Harris P, Churchill S. Combining self-affirmation and implementation intentions: evidence of detrimental effects on behavioral outcomes. Ann Behav Med. 2014;47(2):137–147. doi:10.1007/s12160-013-9536-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight R, Norman P . Impact of brief self-affirmation manipulations on university students’ reactions to risk information about binge drinking. Br J Health Psychol. 2016;21(3):570–583. doi:10.1111/bjhp.12186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietersma S, Dijkstra A. Do behavioural health intentions engender health behaviour change? A study on the moderating role of self-affirmation on actual fruit intake versus vegetable intake: self-affirmation and health behaviour change. Br J Health Psychol. 2011;16(4):815–827. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02018.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hauser DJ, Ellsworth PC, Gonzalez R. Are manipulation checks necessary? Front Psychol. 2018;9:998. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar