Gastrointestinal distress, State and Trait anxiety, and dietary intake among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic

References

• Zheng Y-Y, Ma Y-T, Zhang J-Y, Xie X. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17(5):259–260. doi:10.1038/s41569-020-0360-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112934. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazdin AE. Encyclopedia of Psychology. Vol. 8. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Salari N, Hosseinian-Far A, Jalali R, et al. Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Global Health. 2020;16(1):1–11. doi:10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Renzo L, Gualtieri P, Cinelli G, et al. Psychological aspects and eating habits during COVID-19 home confinement: Results of EHLC-COVID-19 Italian Online Survey. Nutrients 2020;12(7):2152. doi:10.3390/nu12072152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czeisler MÉ, Lane RI, Petrosky E, et al . Mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic - United States, June 24-30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(32):1049–1057. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6932a1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin RD, Weinberger AH, Kim JH, Wu M, Galea S. Trends in anxiety among adults in the United States, 2008–2018: Rapid increases among young adults. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;130:441–446. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.08.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asmundson GJ, Paluszek MM, Landry CA, Rachor GS, McKay D, Taylor S. Do pre-existing anxiety-related and mood disorders differentially impact COVID-19 stress responses and coping? J Anxiety Disord. 2020;74:102271. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husky MM, Kovess-Masfety V, Swendsen JD. Stress and anxiety among university students in France during Covid-19 mandatory confinement. Compr Psychiatry. 2020;102:152191. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carabotti M, Scirocco A, Maselli MA, Severi C. The gut-brain axis: interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems. Ann Gastroenterol. 2015;28(2):203–209. PMID: 25830558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhee SH, Pothoulakis C, Mayer EA . Principles and clinical implications of the brain-gut-enteric microbiota axis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;6(5):306–314. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2009.35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones MP, Tack J, Van Oudenhove L, et al. Mood and anxiety disorders precede development of functional gastrointestinal disorders in patients but not in the population. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15(7):1014–1020.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2016.12.032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vivier H, Ross EJ, Cassisi J. Classification of gastrointestinal symptom patterns in young adults. BMC Gastroenterol. 2020;20(1):326. doi:10.1186/s12876-020-01478-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roohafza H, Bidaki EZ, Hasanzadeh-Keshteli A, Daghaghzade H, Afshar H, Adibi P. Anxiety, depression and distress among irritable bowel syndrome and their subtypes: An epidemiological population based study. Adv Biomed Res. 2016;5(1):183. doi:10.4103/2277-9175.190938.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Afridi H, Ahmad R, Sethi MR, Irfan M. Is there a relationship between irritable bowel syndrome and General Anxiety Disorder? J Postgrad Med. 2017;31(3):271–275.
   Google Scholar
• Dong Y-Y, Chen F-X, Yu Y-B, et al. A school-based study with Rome III criteria on the prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in Chinese college and university students. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54183. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartono JL, Mahadeva S, Goh KL. Anxiety and depression in various functional gastrointestinal disorders: do differences exist? J Dig Dis. 2012;13(5):252–257. doi:10.1111/j.1751-2980.2012.00581.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Oliveira Penaforte FR, Minelli MCS, Anastácio LR, Japur CC. Anxiety symptoms and emotional eating are independently associated with sweet craving in young adults. Psychiatry Res. 2019;271:715–720. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoun C, Nassar L, Soumi S, El Osta N, Papazian T, Rabbaa Khabbaz L . The cognitive, behavioral, and emotional aspects of eating habits and association with impulsivity, chronotype, anxiety, and depression: A cross-sectional study. Front Behav Neurosci. 2019;13:204. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramon Arbués E, Martinez Abadia B, Granada López JM, et al. [Eating behavior and relationships with stress, anxiety, depression and insomnia in university students.]. Nutr Hosp. 2019;36(6):1339–1345. doi:10.20960/nh.02641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anzueto DM. Study and Analysis of Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms Among Students at the University of Central Florida [Thesis]. Orlando, FL: University of Central Florida; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Addolorato G, Marsigli L, Capristo E, Caputo F, Dall’Aglio C, Baudanza P. Anxiety and depression: A common feature of health care seeking patients with irritable bowel syndrome and food allergy. Hepato-Gastroenterol 1998;45(23):1559–1564. PMID: 9840105.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Addolorato G, Marsigli L, Capristo E, Caputo F, Dall’Aglio C, Baudanza P. Anxiety but not depression decreases in coeliac patients after one-year gluten-free diet: A longitudinal study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2001;36(5):502–506. doi:10.1080/00365520119754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Addolorato G, Mirijello A, D’Angelo C, et al. State and trait anxiety and depression in patients affected by gastrointestinal diseases: Psychometric evaluation of 1641 patients referred to an internal medicine outpatient setting. Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62(7):1063–1069. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01763.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee EY, Mun MS, Lee SH, Cho HSM. Perceived stress and gastrointestinal symptoms in nursing students in Korea: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Nurs. 2011;10(1):22. doi:10.1186/1472-6955-10-22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Cancer Institute. Dietary Screener Questionnaire (DSQ) in the NHANES 2009–10: DSQ. Available at: http://epi.grants.cancer.gov/nhanes/dietscreen/questionnaires.html. Updated October 6 2008. Accessed April 2, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson FE, Midthune D, Kahle L, Dodd KW. Development and evaluation of the National cancer Institute’s dietary screener questionnaire scoring algorithms. J Nutr. 2017;147(6):1226–1233. doi:10.3945/jn.116.246058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Cancer Institute (NCI). Dietary screener questionnaire in the NHANES 2009–10: Data Processing & Score Procedures. Available at: http://epi.grants.cancer.gov/nhanes/dietscreen/scoring/. Updated July 24 2020. Accessed August 1, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Grös DF, Antony MM, Simms LJ, McCabe RE. Psychometric properties of the state-trait inventory for cognitive and somatic anxiety (STICSA): Comparison to the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI). Psychol Assess. 2007;19(4):369–381. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bovenschen HJ, Janssen M, Van Oijen M, Laheij R, Van Rossum L, Jansen J. Evaluation of a gastrointestinal symptoms questionnaire. Dig Dis Sci. 2006;51(9):1509–1515. doi:10.1007/s10620-006-9120-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dam NT, Gros DF, Earleywine M, Antony MM. Establishing a trait anxiety threshold that signals likelihood of anxiety disorders. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2013;26(1):70–86. doi:10.1080/10615806.2011.631525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kılınçel Ş, Kılınçel O, Muratdağı G, Aydın A, Usta MB . Factors affecting the anxiety levels of adolescents in home-quarantine during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Asia Pac Psychiatry. 2021;13(2):e12406. doi:10.1111/appy.12406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlucci L, Watkins MW, Sergi MR, Cataldi F, Saggino A, Balsamo M. Dimensions of anxiety, age, and gender: Assessing dimensionality and measurement invariance of the State-Trait for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA) in an Italian sample. Front Psychol. 2018;9:2345. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikocka-Walus A, Skvarc D, de Acosta MB, et al. Exploring the relationship between self-isolation and distress among people with gastrointestinal disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2021:1–12. doi:10.1007/s10880-021-09818-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025. 9th Edition. Available at: https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/files/202012/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans_2020-2025.pdf. Published December 2020. Accessed January 1, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Vilaro MJ, Colby SE, Riggsbee K, et al. Food choice priorities change over time and predict dietary intake at the end of the first year of college among students in the US. Nutrients 2018;10(9):1296. doi:10.3390/nu10091296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis JM, Galloway AT, Zickgraf HF, Whited MC. Picky eating and fruit and vegetable consumption in college students. Eat Behav. 2018;30:5–8. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2018.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilholm C, Larsson E, Roth B, Gustafsson R, Ohlsson B. Irregular dietary habits with a high intake of cereals and sweets are associated with more severe gastrointestinal symptoms in IBS patients. Nutrients 2019;11(6):1279. doi:10.3390/nu11061279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung CW, Wolfson JA, Lahne J, Barry MR, Kasper N, Cohen AJ. Associations between food security status and diet-related outcomes among students at a large, public midwestern university. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2019;119(10):1623–1631. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2019.06.251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emerenziani S, Guarino MPG, Trillo Asensio LM, et al. Role of overweight and obesity in gastrointestinal disease. Nutrients 2019;12(1):111. doi:10.3390/nu12010111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alemany-Arrebola I, Rojas-Ruiz G, Granda-Vera J, Mingorance-Estrada ÁC. Influence of COVID-19 on the perception of academic self-efficacy, state anxiety, and trait anxiety in college students. Front Psychol. 2020;11:570017. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.570017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balmus I, Robea M, Ciobica A, Timofte D. Perceived stress and gastrointestinal habits in college students. Acta Endocrinol (Buchar). 2019;15(2):274–275. doi:10.4183/aeb.2019.274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çakmak BB, Özkula G, Işıklı S, et al. Anxiety, depression, and anger in functional gastrointestinal disorders: A Cross-sectional observational study. Psychiatry Res. 2018;268:368–372. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar